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ABriefHistoryof
EnglishLiteratureABriefHistoryof
EnglishL1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.
凡是過去,皆為序章?!侗╋L(fēng)雨》1.Theline凡是過去,皆為序章?!侗?.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.
凡是過去,皆為序章?!侗╋L(fēng)雨》凡是過去,皆為序章。1.Theline凡是過去,皆為序章?!侗?.Thefamousaphorism,“Knowledgeispower”,isfoundintheMeditationsby_______________.FrancisBaconFrancisBacon3.Theaphorism“Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds”isby_______________.智者創(chuàng)造機會,而不是等待機會。FrancisBacon3.Theaphorism智者創(chuàng)造機會,而FrancisBacon
弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626)SirFrancisBaconFrancisBacon弗朗西斯培根(1561-1Astatesman,scientist,philosopher,andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland(1561-1626)ContemporaryofShakespeare,ElizabethI,GalileiandGuiYouguangAstatesman,(1561-11.MetQueenElizabethI(9)LifeFamouslyreplied“TwoyearsyoungerthanYourMajesty’shappyreign”2.EnteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge
(12)1.MetQueenElizabethI(9)L3.In1584,electedtoParliament(23).4.In1603,Knighted(42),5.In1617,becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal (highestpossibleposition)(56)6.In1618,madeLordChancellorLife7.In1618,elevatedtopeerage(Britishnobles)8.In1621,chargedwithcorruptionandbribery(60)9.In1626,diedindisgrace(65)3.In1584,electedtoParliamBacon’sliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBacon’sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.Bacon’sliterarypowerandsucThefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature;AnimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.FrancisBacon,thefirstmajorEnglishessayist,commentsforcefullyin
OfStudies
onthevalueofreading,writing,
andlearning.NoticeBacon'srelianceon
parallelstructures
(inparticular,
tricolons)throughoutthisconcise,
aphoristic
essay.ThefirstexampleofthatgenrBacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.
Bacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthEssay:ADefinitionItisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.Essay:ADefinitionItisarelAnAnalysisofOfStudiesAnAnalysisofOfStudies
OfStudies:MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitsofstudying.Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject,especiallythroughreading,whichisperhapswhyby‘studying’,SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading.Inthisshortessay,hestrivestopersuadeustostudy,andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread.OfStudies:Main
OfStudies:Details1.Whatdostudiesservefor?2.Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy?3.Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter?(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacterOfStudies:Detai(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies
(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter(1)theuseandabuseofstudi最廣為流傳的譯作是論學(xué)習(xí)》等,該譯語言精煉優(yōu)美傳神,為廣大讀者視為是最權(quán)威的版本。王佐良(1916-1995)浙江上虞人。詩人、翻譯家、教授、英國文學(xué)研究專家。最廣為流傳的譯作是論學(xué)習(xí)》等,該譯語言精煉優(yōu)美傳神,為廣大讀1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.
讀書足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以長才。其怡情也,最見于獨處幽居之時;其傅彩也,最見于高談闊論之中;其長才也,最見于處世判事之際。1.Studiesservefordelight,1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.
Studyasanactivity,inwhateverform,bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking,speakingandwritingability,addingcharmtoourpersonality.1.Studiesservefordelight,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.
練達(dá)之士雖能分別處理細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié),然縱觀統(tǒng)籌,全局策劃,則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。2.Forexpertmencanexecute,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.
Itenablesthelearnedmen,whohavestudiedextensively,tocriticallyexamineissues,andarriveattherightconclusion.Theycangarnerdata,factsandargumentsoragainstaparticularviewrationally.Suchintelligentanalysisoffactsimprovesthesoundnessandqualityoftheirjudgment.2.Forexpertmencanexecute,3.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.
讀書費時過多易惰,文采藻飾太盛則矯,全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness,pretentiousnessorinsularity.3.Tospendtoomuchtimeins4.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,
bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.
讀書補天然之不足,經(jīng)驗又補讀書之不足,蓋天生才干猶如自然花草,讀書然后知如何修剪移接,而書中所示,如不以經(jīng)驗范之,則又大而無當(dāng)Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge4.Theyperfectnature,andar5.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之長者鄙讀書,無知者羨讀書,唯明智之士用讀書,然書并不以用處告人,用書之智不在書中,而在書外,全憑觀察得之。5.Craftymencondemnstudies,5.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways.Simplefolks,however,greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife.Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglife’smyriadproblems.5.Craftymencontemnstudies,6.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.讀書時不可存心詰難讀者,不可盡信書上所言,亦不可只為尋章摘句,而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。Theaimofreadingandacquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteother’sviewsoracceptthewriter’sviewsasgospeltruth.Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation.Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally.6.Readnottocontradictand7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.
書有可淺嘗者,有可吞食者,少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之,有只需讀其部分者,有只須大體涉獵者,少數(shù)則須全讀,讀時須全神貫注,孜孜不倦。7.Somebooksaretobetasted7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.
Booksofvaryingcontentandgenrearetobemadeuseofdifferently.Somemaybegivenacursoryreading,someotherscanbequicklysiftedthrough.Otherimportantbooksaretobereadslowlyandminutelysoastotrulyfathomthemeaningandunderlyingsense.
7.Somebooksaretobetasted8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.
書亦可請人代讀,取其所作摘要,但只限題材較次或價值不高者,否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾,淡而無味。8.Somebooksalsomayberead8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.
Onecanaskanassistanttoreadabookandprepareashortsummaryofit.Butsuchpracticeshouldbefollowedforobtainingguidanceonmattersoflesserimportance.Therearesomebookswhichare,infact,shortenedalready.8.Somebooksalsomayberead9.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingaddsperfectiontoaman’spersonality.
讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。Discussingwithothersaboutthecontentsofabookimpartsspecialpracticalskillstothereader.Writingremovesalltheresidualweaknessesandignorancefromthepersonandenableshimtorememberthecontentsofabook.
9.Readingmakethafullman;10.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.
因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強,不常討論者須天生聰穎,不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù),始能無知而顯有知。So,writinghelpstomemorizefacts.Ifapersonisbashfulsoasnottodiscusshisreadingwithothers,hewillnotbeabletoimprovehiswit.Ifhedoesnotread,hewillremainasomewhatstupidperson.
10.Andtherefore,ifamanwr11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.
讀史使人明智,讀人靈秀,數(shù)學(xué)使人周密,科學(xué)使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人莊重,邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯;凡有所學(xué),皆成性格。11.Historiesmakemenwise;p11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.
Studyinghistorymakesamanwiser,studyingpoetrymakesamanwittier:mathematicsgivessoundlogicalsense,andphilosophyimpartsvaluablelessonsonmorality.Studiespassintoandinfluencemanners.11.Historiesmakemenwise;p12.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;
shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.
人之才智但有滯礙,無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢,一如身體百病,皆可借相宜之運動除之。滾球利睪腎,射箭利胸肺,慢步利腸胃,騎術(shù)利頭腦,諸如此類。12.Nay,thereisnostondor13.Soi
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