曲阜和孔子的英文資料

Qufu,ConfuciusandConfucianismAboutQufUQufuisthehometownofConfucius,agreateducator,thinker,philosopher,andthefounderoftheConfucianSchoolofThought(儒家思想).Qufuhasthreebasicattractions:theConfuciusTemple(thelargestConfuciantempleintheworld.TheHallofGreatAchievements大成殿isusuallyconsideredtobethetemple’smostimpressivebuilding.),theConfuciusMansion(isalsoreferredtoasYanshenggongMansion衍圣公府)，andtheConfuciusForest(isalsoreferredtoasTheConfucianFamilyCemetery).Besidesthese,thereareothersightsrelatedtoConfucius,suchas:theCityofSixArts (六藝城：禮rites、樂music、射archery、御charoiteering、書calligraphy、數(shù)mathematics),theCaveofConfucius(夫子洞).AboutConfuciusConfuciuswaslistedinthefirstplaceamongtheworld’stengreatthinkersbythePeoplesAlmanac《人民年鑒手冊》whichwaspublishedinAmericain1984.Confuciuswasbornin551B.CinQufu.QufuwasthenthecapitaloftheLuState,aplacerichwithhistoricaldocumentsandabundantinculturalrelics.TheenvironmenthadgreatinfluenceonthegrowthofyoungConfucius.YoungConfuciuswasunfortunate.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasonlythreeyearsold.Withthepainstakingcareofthemother,Confuciusgrewtobeateenager,wellbredandwellcultivated.Whenhewasabout16,hismotherpassedawayandhewasleftalonetoliveahardlife,butitseemedthathemanageditquitewell.At19,ConfuciusmarriedMadameQiguan,andoneyearlatertheirsonwasborn.InordertoshowrespecttoDukeZhao,henamedhissonKongLi(inChineseLijustmeanscarp)becausetheDukegrantedhimacarp.WhenConfuciuswasabout30,hestartedthefirstprivateschoolinChinesehistory.Becausehebelieved“therearenodistinctionsineducation'(有教無類)，heenrolledstudentsofvarioussocialstatus.Thus,hehadchangedthesituationinwhicheducationwasrunonlybytheofficialgovernmentandmonopolizedbythearistocrats.Duringhislifetime,hetrainedandtaught3,000disciples,72ofthemwereoutstandingandlaterbecameimportantgovernmentofficials.Probablybecauseofhisgreatcontributionineducation,hewasconferredthetitle“TheTeacherofallages'bythefollowingemperors.Intheyearof501B.C.,whenhewas51,Confuciusstartedhispoliticalcareer.HewasfirstappointedHeadofZhongDu(aplacewestofQufu,whichisnowcalledWenShangCounty),thentheministerofconstructionandroadbuilding,andthenchiefofjusticeandforeignaffairs.Attheseposts,histalentasastatesmananddiplomatwaswelldisplayed.However,shortlyafterhetookoffice,disputesarosebetweenConfuciusandsomeministersonhowtogovernthestate.Threeyearslater,ConfuciusgaveuphispositionandlefttheLuState,beginninghistravelingfromstatetostate.Since497BC,withdozensofhisdisciplesandfollowers,ConfuciustraveledtotheStatesofWei,Cao,Song,Zheng,Chen,Cai,andChu.Bydoingthis,hewantedtofindsomeotherchancestorealizehispoliticalprinciples,i.e.tohelptherulerstorunthestateswithbenevolenceandbyvirtues,andtorestorepeace,prosperityandharmonyinthesociety.Buthefailedagainandagain,soattheageof68,hereturnedtohishomecountry---theLuState.Hepassedawayattheageof73.Inhislastfiveyears,hecompiledandeditedsixbooks:BookofChanges,BookofHistory,BookofPoetry,BookofRites,BookofMusic,SpringandAutumnAnnals（六經(jīng)：《易》、《書》、《詩》、《禮》、《樂》、《春秋》）whichareregardedas“Classics”bytheConfuciansandfeudalrulersoflatergenerations,andregardedadthesourceofthetraditionalChineseculturebypeopletoday.TheAnalectsofConfucius語），arecordedworkofConfucius’conversationsandconducts,embodyingmuchofhispersonalityandthought,wasmadebyhisdisciplesafterhisdeath.IIAboutConfUcius9thoughtsIIConfUcius’thoughtisrichandprofound,mainlyconsistsofthetheoriesofbenevolence（仁），GreatHarmony（大同），rites（禮）andthedoctrineofthemean（中庸），coveringvariousfieldsofsocialsciences,suchasphilosophy,sociology,ethics,educationandpoliticalscience.Hisexamplesandteachinghavecastgreatimpactonthedevelopmentofhumansociety,havingnotonlyafar-reachinghistoricalsignificance,butalsoanimportantandrealisticsignificance.In1988,theNobelPrizewinnersmadetheassertioninParisthatifmankindistosurviveitmustgoback25centuriesintimetotapthewisdomofConfucius.Confucius’thoughtofBenevolenceBenevolenceisthenucleusandthefoundationofConfucius’thought.Itcontainsvariousconnotations.Thefirstandthegeneralconnotationofbenevolenceis“tolovethepeople”.“Tolovethepeople”embodiesthespiritofhumanitarianismthatreflectshumannature.AccordingtoConfucius,“tolovethepeople”meanstoloveallpeople,nomatterwhatkindofsocialstatustheymaintain.Theconnotationofbenevolencecanbeunderstoodfromthreeaspects:family,governmentandone’sself-cultivation.FilialpietyandfraternaldutyarethemoralnormstowhichConfuciusattachedgreatimportance.TheytakeanimportantpositioninConfucius’theoryofbenevolence.Tolovethepeople,oneshould,firstofall,lovehisparents,brothers,andsisters,andhisfamilymembers.Ifonedoesnotlovehisparents,itisabsolutelyimpossibleforhimtoloveotherpeople.“Benevolentgovernment”isanextensionofConfucius’idesofbenevolence.ItisConfucius’socialandpoliticalidealhepursuedallhislife.Whentalkingofhowtherulershouldgovernhiscountry,hesaid,“Inrulingastateofonethousandwar-chariots,therulershouldattendstrictlytobusiness,punctuallyobservehispromises,economizeinexpenditure,showaffectiontohissubjects,anduselaborofpeasantryonlyintheslackseasonoftheyear.（道千乘之國，敬事而信，節(jié)用而愛人，使民以時(shí)）"WhatConfuciussaidisofgreatrealisticsignificancetoday.AccordingtoConfucius,tolovethepeopleonemustbebenevolent.Tobebenevolent,onemustpayattentiontoself---cultivation,andovercomeselfishness.Hesaid,“Ifyouyourselfdesireestablishment,thenhelpotherstogetestablishment;ifyouyourselfwantsuccess,thenhelpotherstoattainsuccess.（己欲立而立人，己欲達(dá)而達(dá)人）"And“Neverdotootherswhatyouwouldn’tlikethemtodotoyou.（己所不欲，勿施于人）”Confucius9thoughtofGreatHarmony“Greatharmony"isthehighestrealmofConfucius’socialideal.Itistheblueprintofhisidealizedsociety.Hedescribed,“IntheidealsocietyofGreatHarmony,theworldbelongstothepublic.Thevirtuousandcompetentareselected.Faithfulnessisfosteredandgoodneighborlinessiscultivated.Peopledonotonlylovetheirownparentsorcarefortheirownchildren.Theagedwillhavetheirhomes,themiddle-agedwillfindtheiruseandtheyoungstersarewell-bred.Allsolitarypersonssuchaswidowsandwidowers,thedeformedanddiseased,adultswithoutchildrenorchildrenwithoutparents,haveaplacetoliveinandaretakengoodcareof.Allmenhavetheirpositions;allwomeneachhavetheirhome.Itishatefultolaygoodsasidewastefullyandunnecessarytohideforoneself.Itisalsohatefultomakenoeffortsofone’sownandunnecessarytomakeeffortsforoneself.Consequently,conspiraciesareprevented,theftandrobberyarestopped,andthereisnoneedtoshuttheoutdoorofahouse.ThisisthesocietyofGreatHarmony.（大道之行也，天下為公。選賢與能，講信修睦。故人不獨(dú)親其親，不獨(dú)子其子。使老有所終，壯有所用，幼有所長。鰥寡孤獨(dú)廢疾者，皆有所養(yǎng)。男有分，女有歸。貨惡其棄于地也，不必藏于己。力惡其不出于身也，不必為己。是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作。故外戶而不閉。是謂大同。一一《禮運(yùn)大同篇》）ThoughConfucius’societyofgreatharmonyisakindofutopia,hisgoodwishmakespeoplestronglydesireit.Hiswishembodiesthefundamentalinterestsofthecommonpeopleandtheirexpectation.Sohisideaofgreatharmonywillencouragelatergenerationstofightfortherealizationofanidealsociety,andhelppromotesocialdevelopment.Confucius’thoughtofRitesRitesweresystemsandstandardsofthepatriarchalhierarchicalsociety.WhatwasemphasizedbyRiteswastheorderofthenobleandhumblepositionsandtheorderoftheagedandtheyoung.FromConfuciusethicalpointofview,Riteswereconsideredtobestandardsofhumanconductwhichembodiedtheoutwardrestrictionsofsocietytohumanbeings.ConfuciusattachedgreatimportancetoRites.Heregardedthemasthemostimportantelementsinsocialandpoliticallife.ThedoctrineoftheMeanThedoctrineoftheMeanbelongstothephilosophicalcategoryindicatingthelimit,rangandsphereofthings.Itopposes“goingbeyond"and“fallingshort",butputsstresson“moderation”.Ingeneral,thedoctrineofthemeanstressesondoingthingsmoderatelyandproperly.Itsuggeststhatwhenconfrontedwithtwoextremes,oneshouldtakethemiddlecourse.Confuciussaid,“Togotoofarisasbadasnottogofarenough.（過猶不及）”Thedoctrineofthemeanischaracteristicofflexibility.Thatistosay,thedoctrineofthemeanshouldbeusedinaflexibleway.Conditionsarealwayschanging,inacertaincondition,adeedorwordmaybeconsideredproper,butmaynotinanothercondition.Sounderdifferentconditionspeopleneedtoadjusttheirwaysofdoingthings.Confucius’thoughtoneducationConfuciuswasagreateducatorinChinesehistory.HewasthefirsttorunaprivateschoolinChina.Hebegantotakeupteachingwhenhewasabout30.Fromthentillhisdeath,heneverinterruptedhisteaching.Itwassaidthatinhislifehetaught3,000disciples,72ofthemwerequiteableandvirtuous.Confucius’educationalaimistotrainandcultivatepeoplewhohavebothabilityandmoralintegrity,andwillpracticebenevolentgovernment.Thesepeoplecanmakethecountryandsocietypeacefulandprosperous.Sohetookthephilosophyof“Benevolence”asthebasisofhiseducationalthought,andattachedimportancetomoraleducation.Confucius’instructingcontentshadawidecoverage,including:morality,knowledge,physicalculture,artandaesthetics,ritesandmusic,diplomacy,medicineandhealthcare,politicsandeconomy,militaryaffairsandlaw,etc.Hetookmoraleducationasthecoreofhisinstructionandtheinstructionsofothercontentswereallroundit.Withregardoftheobjectsofeducation,Confuciusputforwardtheprincipleof“Ininstructionthereisnoseparationintocategories."Heopenedupanewpathineducation.Heconsideredthatallthosecouldbeinstructedshouldenjoyequalchancesofbeinginstructed.Ifanyonecould,regardlessofhiswealth,rank,bringConfuciusalittlepresent,hecouldbeenrolled.Inhislongeducationalpractice,Confuciusaccumulatedawealthofteachingexperiences,summedupawholesetofeffectiveteachingprinciplesandmethodswhicharethemostimportantpartinConfucius’thought.First,thecombinationoflearningandpractice;second,thecombinationoflearning,thinkinganddoing;third,theattitudeofseekingtruthfromfacts;fourth,heinitiatedthe