強化課堂句子

蝦說閱讀:托福閱讀10大解題思路[強化課]

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判斷文以及上下文之間的:代詞,,關(guān)系(詞)

Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainnts,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.{■Certainmineralsaremorelikelytobeaccumulatedinlargetiesthanothers.}Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel;cobalt,copper,z ,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.{■}Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeofthentworld.{■}Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.{■}Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasoftheworld,whereaccumulationofhighconcentrationsofmetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionnt-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.

Certainmineralsaremorelikelytobeaccumulatedinlargetiesthanothers.

PacificislandersarevariouslythoughttohavecomefromNorthAmerica,South

America,Egypt,Israel,and,aswellasSoutheastAsia.{■}ManyoldertheoriesimplicitlydeprecatedthenavigationalabilitiesandoverallculturalcreativityofthePacificislanders.{■}Forexample,BritishanthropologistsG.ElliotSmithandW.J.PerryassumedthatonlyEgyptianswouldhavebeenskilledenoughtonavigateandcolonizethePacific.{■}TheyinferredthattheEgyptiansevencrossedthePacifictofoundthegreatcivilizationsoftheNewWorld(NorthandSouthAmerica).{■Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.}In1947NorwegianadventurerThorHeyerdahldriftedonabalsa-lograftwestwardwiththewindsandcurrentsacrossthePacificfromSouthAmericatoprovehistheorythatPacificislanderswereNativeAmericans(alsocalledAmericanns).LaterHeyerdahlsuggestedthatthePacificwaspeopledbythreemigrations:byNativeAmericansfromthePacificNorthwestofNorthAmericadriftingtoHawaii,byPeruviansdriftingtoEasterIsland,andbyMelanesians.

Latertheoriesconcentrateonjourneysintheotherdirection.

Oneinterpretationregardingtheabsenceoffossilsduringthisimportant100-million-yearperiodisthatearlyanimalsweresoftbodiedandsimplydidnotfossilize.{■}Fossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsislesslikelythanfossilizationofhard-bodiedanimals,butitdoesoccur.{■Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.}Conditionsthatpromotefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimals ludeveryrapidcoveringbysedimentsthatcreateanenvironment

thatdiscouragesdecomposition.{■}Infact,fossilbedscontainingsoft-bodiedanimalshavebeenknownformanyyears.{■}

Itisrelativelyrarebecausethefossilizationofsoft-bodiedanimalsrequiresaspecialenvironment.

{■}Watt's enginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.{■}Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.{■Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometothefactories.}Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whi adepossibledeeperanddeepermining.{■}ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthenewcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithousesandevenstreets.Ironmanufacturerswhichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingoncharcoalalsobenefitedfromever-

reasingsofcoal;blastfurnaceswith-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.becamethemotiveoftheIndustrialRevolutionascoalandironoreweretherawmaterials.

Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometothefactories

NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.{■}Byfollowingthefossils,SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequence.

{■}Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.{■Thefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoexamherockandfossilrecordsindifferentpartsoftheworld.}Soonitwasrealizedthatthis

pr ipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.{■}Itwasactuallyapr ipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becausentsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.LimestonemaybefoundintheCambrianor300millionyearslaterintheJurassicstratabutatrilobite–theubiquitousmarinearthropodthathaditsbirthintheCambrian–willneverbefoundinJurassicstrata,noradinosaurintheCambrian.

Thefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoexam herockandfossilrecordsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

{■}AnothertaskfortheGlomarChallenger’sscientistswastotrytodeterm heoriginofthedomelikemassesburieddeepbeneaththeMediterraneanseafloor.{■}Thesestructureshadbeendetectedyearsearlierbyecho-soundinginstruments,buttheyhadneverbeenp ratedinthecourseofdrilling.{■Thus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutnotabouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.}WeretheysaomessuchasarecommonalongtheUnitedStatesGulfCoast,andifso,whyshouldtherehavebeensomuchsolidcrystallinesaltbeneaththeflooroftheMediterranean?{■}

Thus,scientistshadinformationabouttheshapeofthedomesbutnotabouttheirchemicalcompositionandorigin.

ModernattitudestoRomancivilizationrangefromtheinfiniyimpressedtothethoroughdisgusted.{■}Asalways,therearethepowerworshippers,especiallyamonghistorians,whoarepredisposedtoadmirewhateverisstrong,whofeelmoreattractedtothemightofRomethantothesubtletyofGreece.{■TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.}Atthesametime,thereisasolidbodyofopinionthatdislikesRome.{■}Formany,RomeisatbesttheimitatorandthecontinuatorofGreeceonalargerscale.{■}Greekcivilizationhadquality;Rome,merety.Greecewastheinventor;Rome,theresearchanddevelopmentdivision.SuchindeedwastheopinionofsomeofthemoreinlectualRomans.“hadtheGreeksheldnoveltyinsuchdisdainaswe,”askedHoraceinhisepistle,“whatworkofancientdatewouldnowexist?”

TheyesteemsymbolsofRomanpower,suchasthemassiveColosseum.

Thediffusionofagricultureandlaterofironwasaccompaniedbyagreatmovementofpeoplewhomayhavecarriedtheseinnovations.ThesepeopleprobablyoriginatedineasternNigeria.{■}Theirmigrationmayhavebeensetinmotionbyan reaseinpopulationcausedbyamovementofpeoplesfleeingthedesiccation,ordryingup,oftheSahara.{■Thesepeoplehadasignificantlinguisticimpactonthecontinentaswell.}Theyspokealanguage,prior-Bantu(“Bantu”means“thepeople”),whichistheparenttongueofalanguageofalargenumberofBantulanguagesstillspokenthroughoutsub-SaharaAfrica.WhyandhowthesepeoplespreadoutintocentralandsouthernAfricaremainsamystery,butarchaeologistsbelievethattheirironweaponsallowedthemtoconquertheirhunting-gatheringopponents,whostillusedstoneimplements.{■}Still,theprocessisuncertain,andpeacefulmigration—orsimplyrapiddemographicgrowth—mayhavealsocausedtheBantuexplosion.{■}

Thesepeoplehadasignificantlinguisticimpactonthecontinentaswell.

Helthisgroupofteacherstorevisetheirthinkingaboutclassroomeventsbecamecentral.{■}Thisprocesstooktimeandpatienceandeffectivetrainers.{■}Theresearchersestimatethattheinitialtrainingofthesameteacherstovieweventsobjectivelytookbetween20and30hours,withthesa mberofhoursagainbeingrequiredtopracticetheskillsofreflection.

{■However,changingteachers’thinkingaboutreflectionwillnotsucceedunlessthereissupportforreflectionintheteachingenvironment.}WildmanandNilesidentifythreepr iplesthatfacilitatereflectivepracticeinateachingsituation.{■}Thefirstissupportfromadministratorsinaneducationsystem,enablingteacherstounderstandtherequirementsofreflectivepracticeandhowitrelatestoteachingstudents.Thesecondistheavailabilityofsufficienttimeandspace.

However,changingteachers’thinkingaboutreflectionwillnotsucceedunlessthereissupportforreflectionintheteachingenvironment.

Lichenshelpedtospeedthedecompositionofthehardrocksurfaces,preparingasoftbedofsoilthatwasabundantlydwithmineralsthathadbeencarriedinthemoltenrockfromthebowelsofEarth.Now,otherformsoflifecouldtakehold:fernsandmo