實(shí)用外貿(mào)英語2省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件市賽課百校聯(lián)賽優(yōu)質(zhì)課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

InternationalTrade(2)We’velearnedthatinternationaltradetookplacefortwomainreasons:Thedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven;Internationalspecialization.Wheretherearenodifferencesamongcountriesinbasiccapabilitiesatproducinggoods,otherbasesfortradeamongthemmaystillexist.即使各國(guó)在生產(chǎn)商品基礎(chǔ)能力方面沒有差異，它們之間進(jìn)行貿(mào)易基礎(chǔ)依然可能存在。1/14

Otherreasonsforinternationaltrade:A.Patternsofdemandmaydifferamongnations.

各國(guó)需求結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)有所不一樣。比如，一個(gè)國(guó)家大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者會(huì)認(rèn)為狗肉是一個(gè)美味，而在另一個(gè)國(guó)家，吃狗肉是可憎。在這種情況下，第二個(gè)國(guó)家可能將本國(guó)狗肉賣給第一個(gè)國(guó)家。

So,tradewillbebasesnotondifferencesintheproductioncapabilitiesofthetwocountriesbutondifferentconsumptionpreferences.

所以，貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)能力差異上，而是建立在不一樣消費(fèi)興趣上。B.Trademayoccuroutofeconomyofscale__thecostadvantageoflarge–scaleproduction.

貿(mào)易可能產(chǎn)生于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)__即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。C.Tradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.

Eventhoughacountryproducesenoughcommoditiesatreasonablecosttomeetitsowndemandandeventoexportsome,itmaystillimportcommoditiesfromothercountriesforinnovationorvarietyofstyle.

貿(mào)易發(fā)生是因?yàn)楦镄禄蚩钍叫枰?。即使一?guó)能用合理成本生產(chǎn)足夠商品滿足自己需求，甚至還出口一些。不過，因?yàn)楦镄禄蚋鞣N不一樣款式需要，它們依然可能從其它國(guó)家進(jìn)口該商品。2/14Tosummarize,thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.Differencesinproductionconditions,theelementhighlightedbythetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,providethemostimportantpartoftheanswer.Butcompleteanswermustalsotakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchaspatternsofdemand,economiesofscaleandinnovationsorstyle.總來說，國(guó)際分工理論尋求回答是哪些國(guó)家將生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，以及采取什么樣貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)。生產(chǎn)條件差異，這一被比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論所強(qiáng)調(diào)要素為這一問題作出了最主要回答。不過，完整答案也必須同時(shí)考慮到其它原因，如需求結(jié)構(gòu)，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，革新或款式。3/14

Inreality,however,completespecializationmayneveroccurevenwhenitiseconomicallyadvantageous.

實(shí)際上，即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)上看是完全有利，完全專門化也永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。Forstrategicordomesticreasons.Acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.Thebenefitsofspecializationmayalsobeaffectedbytransportedcost.Goodsandrawmaterialshavetobetransportedaroundtheworldandthecostofthetransportreducesthebenefitoftrade.Thecasewillbemoreseriouswithtransportingbulkyorperishablegoods.Tradebarriersforprotectionofthecountry.Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentarealsobarrierstotrade.Thetypicalexamplesaretariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.出于戰(zhàn)略或國(guó)內(nèi)原因，一個(gè)國(guó)家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)不具優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)品。專門化好處也可能受到運(yùn)輸成本影響，貨物和原材料不得不在全世界運(yùn)來運(yùn)去，而運(yùn)輸成本降低了貿(mào)易利益。假如是運(yùn)輸大宗貨物或易腐敗變質(zhì)貨物，情況就更嚴(yán)重了。保護(hù)國(guó)家貿(mào)易壁壘。各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義辦法也是貿(mào)易障礙。經(jīng)典例子是關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘。4/14MultinationalEnterprise/multinationalCompanyWhatisMNE/MNC?MNEisabusinessorganizationthatowns,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.MNEhasthefollowingdistinctivecharacteristics:A.MNEsaregenerallyenormousinsize.Theycontrolenormousamountofresourcesintheworld.跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織都十分龐大，他們控制著世界上大量資源。B.MNEsarewidegeographicalspread.

Itenablesthem:a.tohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinsouringandpricing.b.totakeadvantageofchargesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.c.toengageinworldwideintegrateproductionandmarketing.遼闊地域分布也是跨國(guó)企業(yè)一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。這使得它們?cè)谫Y源和定價(jià)決議上有了很大選擇范圍；也使它在能更方便利用世界經(jīng)濟(jì)改變；更使得它能在全球范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)和銷售一體化。C.MNEshavelongevityandrapidgrowth.Theyhaveahistoryofmanyyearsanddoubledigitgrowthofrateofrevenue.跨國(guó)企業(yè)另一個(gè)普遍特點(diǎn)是歷時(shí)長(zhǎng)久和發(fā)展快速。5/14FourdifferenttypesofMNC1.Multi-domesticcorporation:這類跨國(guó)企業(yè)由相對(duì)獨(dú)立分企業(yè)組成。母企業(yè)授予各分企業(yè)充分權(quán)力，使其按照東道國(guó)當(dāng)?shù)赜脩粜枰M(jìn)行生產(chǎn)和營(yíng)銷。當(dāng)各東道國(guó)詳細(xì)情況顯著不一樣時(shí)這種方式比較適用。2.Globalcorporation:其經(jīng)營(yíng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與第一類相反，它們把世界市場(chǎng)視為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一整體，權(quán)力和責(zé)任都集中于總企業(yè)，由總企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)管理全球生產(chǎn)和營(yíng)銷，以盡可能多實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。3.Transnationalcorporation:這類跨國(guó)企業(yè)意在將上述兩種經(jīng)營(yíng)方式結(jié)合起來，即實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率又保持靈活性。它們經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)和資源既不是高度集中又不是分權(quán)，而是有各子企業(yè)形成一個(gè)相互依賴企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。4.Worldcompany:因其國(guó)籍在很大程度上淡化了，當(dāng)前到達(dá)這么高國(guó)際化程度企業(yè)極少。如，WorldBankGroup,IFC-InternationalFinanceCorporation,IMF-InternationalMonetaryFund6/14

ProceduresofExport出口流程Themostdifficultpartofexportingistakingthefirststep.Differentcountrieshavedifferenteconomicpoliciesorsystem.Sobeforedoingbusinesswithforeigncountries,onehastounderstandthewholeproceduresofexporting.對(duì)出口貿(mào)易來說，最困難是邁出第一步。不一樣國(guó)家有不一樣經(jīng)濟(jì)政策或不一樣經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。所以，任何想要做外貿(mào)人都必須事先了解外貿(mào)出口流程。7/14

Exportingisanorderly,methodicalandasomewhattechnicalprocessofadaptingChineseproductsandexportingmethodstoconditionsoutsideChina.Exportmarketinghasmuchincommonwithinternalselling.Butbusinessenvironmentvariesgreatlybecauseofdifferentinlanguage,customsandtradition.Tosomeextent,thisgapcanbefilledbyexportmarketresearchbeforerealexportingisundertaken.Inmovingtotheforeignmarket,theexporterwhosquarelyconfrontstheproblemofseekingatarget,orlocatingthepromisingcustomerforhisproductsfindshimselffacingmanydistinctbutrelatedproblems,whichinvolveusingavarietyoftechniquesandawholesetofproceduresinasuitableandsystematicway,makingaseriousofrightdecisionsaboutmanydifferentoptionsthatonehas,andalwaysbearinginmindtherequirementsandcharacteristicsofthemarketitself.Aboveall,italladdsupto“marketingmix”.8/14

出口是把中國(guó)產(chǎn)品和出口方法適合其它國(guó)家條件一個(gè)有秩序，有方法并有一定技術(shù)性過程。出口推銷和國(guó)內(nèi)銷售在很多地方有共同之處。但商業(yè)環(huán)境卻因各國(guó)語言，習(xí)俗以及傳統(tǒng)差異而有極大不一樣。在轉(zhuǎn)向國(guó)外市場(chǎng)過程中，正在尋找目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)及有希望用戶這種問題出口商發(fā)覺他們面臨許多截然不一樣又親密相關(guān)問題，其中包含采取各種技巧及一整套適合而有系統(tǒng)辦法，在各種不一樣選擇中制訂一系列決議，同時(shí)還要切記市場(chǎng)本身要求及特點(diǎn)。最主要是這一切組成了“市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷組合”。9/14Theproceduresofanexportorimportbusinessissocomplicatedthatitmaytakequitealongtimetoconcludeatransaction.Variedandcomplicatedprocedureshavetobegonethroughinthecourseofexportorimporttransaction.Fromtheverybeginningtotheendofthetransaction,thewholeoperationgenerallyundergoesthreestages:preparationforexportingorimporting,businessnegotiationandcontractperformance.Eachstagecoverssomespecialsteps.Sincetheexportandimporttradesaretwosidesofthesamecoin,andonecountry’sexportisanothercountry’simport,hence,wewilltaketheproceduresofexporttransactioninthefollowingdiagramtoillustratethegeneralproceduresofexportandimporttransaction.Before