統(tǒng)編版中外歷史綱要下冊(cè) （資本主義國(guó)家的新變化）20世紀(jì)下半葉世界的新變化新課件

第19課資本主義國(guó)家的新變化第八單元20世紀(jì)下半葉世界的新變化

一、國(guó)家的宏觀調(diào)控

預(yù)習(xí)提醒第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后與第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前資本主義世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的區(qū)別(1)形成方式不同:第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前是通過(guò)殖民擴(kuò)張和殖民侵略的方式確立;戰(zhàn)后是通過(guò)會(huì)議協(xié)商的方式確立。(2)金融中心不同:第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前以歐洲為中心,世界金融中心在英國(guó);第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)成為世界上最大的債權(quán)國(guó),世界金融中心由英國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移到美國(guó)。(3)組織形式不同:第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前世界上大多數(shù)國(guó)家被卷入資本主義世界市場(chǎng),整個(gè)資本主義世界經(jīng)濟(jì)缺乏體系;第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后則向著制度化和體系化的方向發(fā)展。二、科學(xué)技術(shù)的新發(fā)展

知識(shí)拓展科學(xué)技術(shù)新發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)(1)科學(xué)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化成為生產(chǎn)力的速度加快。(2)科學(xué)技術(shù)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域之間相互滲透,一種技術(shù)革命引發(fā)了其他技術(shù)革命。(3)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的各種因素中,科技進(jìn)步所占的比例不斷上升。三、社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的新變化1.就業(yè)人口比重的變化:農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)的就業(yè)人口所占比重逐漸下降,從事服務(wù)業(yè)的人口所占比重增加。2.“中間階層”的人數(shù)增加(1)特點(diǎn):“中間階層”一般不擁有生產(chǎn)資料,但有較高的收入,有可觀的生活資產(chǎn),如住房、汽車、股票等。(2)趨勢(shì):20世紀(jì)80年代,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中間階層的發(fā)展趨于穩(wěn)定,保持在人口比例的25%—30%。四、“福利國(guó)家”與社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)1.“福利國(guó)家”(1)內(nèi)涵:國(guó)家通過(guò)構(gòu)建社會(huì)保障體系,保證個(gè)人和家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)安全;通過(guò)加大社會(huì)服務(wù)開(kāi)支,保證全體公民享受較好的公共福利。(2)作用:在緩和收入分配不平等、保持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定方面起到一定積極作用,但也增加了國(guó)家財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。(3)調(diào)整:20世紀(jì)80年代,美、英、法等國(guó)都不同程度地減少政府公共開(kāi)支,改革社會(huì)保障制度,在提高社會(huì)效率和維護(hù)社會(huì)公平之間尋求新的平衡。知識(shí)拓展福利制度的實(shí)質(zhì)福利制度是壟斷資本家為緩和國(guó)內(nèi)矛盾、挽救資本主義制度而不得不支付的一種代價(jià),并不能改變資本主義國(guó)家“按資分配”的制度,也不能徹底消滅貧困和兩極分化。2.社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)

3.評(píng)價(jià):第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后資本主義國(guó)家發(fā)生的這些新變化,所觸及的主要是統(tǒng)治的手段和方法,并沒(méi)有消除資本主義的基本矛盾。2008年爆發(fā)的金融危機(jī),充分暴露了資本主義固有的弊端。知識(shí)歸納戰(zhàn)后資本主義國(guó)家的新變化

探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二

國(guó)家壟斷資本主義史料實(shí)證史料

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)對(duì)一些新興工業(yè)部門(mén)、重大科研項(xiàng)目、現(xiàn)代化公共設(shè)施等投入大量資金……美國(guó)還通過(guò)國(guó)家力量擴(kuò)張國(guó)外市場(chǎng)……對(duì)一些出口產(chǎn)品實(shí)行補(bǔ)貼。——摘編自《中學(xué)歷史教學(xué)參考資料》讀史技巧史料主要講述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)利用財(cái)政手段干預(yù)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的兩大策略:一是直接投資,二是出口補(bǔ)貼。這些均體現(xiàn)了戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)推行國(guó)家壟斷資本主義的重要特點(diǎn)?；?dòng)探究根據(jù)史料和所學(xué)知識(shí),你認(rèn)為美國(guó)為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)采取了哪些策略?提示:策略:美國(guó)通過(guò)政府直接投資的方式拉動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng);通過(guò)國(guó)家財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼的方式大力擴(kuò)展國(guó)外市場(chǎng)。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二歷史解釋全面認(rèn)識(shí)國(guó)家壟斷資本主義(1)實(shí)質(zhì):國(guó)家壟斷資本主義是一種國(guó)家政權(quán)和私人壟斷資本相結(jié)合的資本主義,其實(shí)質(zhì)是資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的局部調(diào)整。(2)發(fā)展歷程探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二(3)措施①國(guó)內(nèi):建立國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè),實(shí)行國(guó)有化;制定經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃,指導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展;利用國(guó)家財(cái)政稅收政策,調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)生產(chǎn);調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),建立“福利國(guó)家”等。②國(guó)際:建立國(guó)際貨幣基金組織、世界銀行、關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定等國(guó)際組織,使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)走向體系化、制度化。(4)特點(diǎn):壟斷資本與國(guó)家政權(quán)相結(jié)合,并以其巨大的力量,對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)和調(diào)節(jié);國(guó)家壟斷資本主義所追求的是國(guó)家壟斷利潤(rùn)。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二(5)評(píng)價(jià)①積極性:首先,它突破了私人壟斷資本主義的局限,使生產(chǎn)、技術(shù)改造過(guò)程更加社會(huì)化,從而可在更大程度上容納生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展;其次,它在一定程度上緩和了生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)的矛盾,使資本主義市場(chǎng)的供需關(guān)系得到調(diào)整,促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展。②局限性:不可能從根本上消除資本主義制度的基本矛盾。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二典例剖析例11961—1971年,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展,國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值從5233億美元上升到10634億美元,這一時(shí)期促進(jìn)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要措施是(

)A.推行重商主義 B.推行自由主義C.政府加大對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù) D.實(shí)行計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)題目立意本題以第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)“黃金時(shí)期”的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)作為切入點(diǎn),旨在考查對(duì)不同時(shí)段經(jīng)濟(jì)政策及思想的準(zhǔn)確理解,同時(shí)也考查了時(shí)空觀念、史料實(shí)證、歷史解釋的學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二解題指導(dǎo)

答案:C探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二

辯證認(rèn)識(shí)“福利國(guó)家”制度史料實(shí)證史料

(英國(guó))社會(huì)福利計(jì)劃的各項(xiàng)開(kāi)支占到了公共支出總額的50%?！?瑞典)主要靠借債和赤字預(yù)算來(lái)維持社會(huì)福利的各項(xiàng)開(kāi)支。……在各國(guó)社會(huì)福利開(kāi)支仍在不斷增加的同時(shí),各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度大幅度下降?！?lián)邦德國(guó)從1970年到80年代中期,領(lǐng)取維持日常生活救濟(jì)的人數(shù)增加了一倍?！?0%以上的美國(guó)人反對(duì)政府在福利救濟(jì)方面花更多的錢(qián)。——摘編自陳銀娥《現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的福利制度》讀史技巧史料主要從財(cái)政開(kāi)支、經(jīng)濟(jì)增速、貧困人數(shù)及社會(huì)反響等角度反映了西方資本主義國(guó)家推行福利政策帶來(lái)的消極影響,揭示了20世紀(jì)80年代西方國(guó)家調(diào)整福利政策的必然性?；?dòng)探究根據(jù)史料,歸納西方國(guó)家調(diào)整福利政策的原因。提示:福利開(kāi)支大(政府不堪重負(fù));經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度降低;貧困人數(shù)增加;社會(huì)不滿。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二歷史解釋辯證認(rèn)識(shí)“福利國(guó)家”制度(1)“福利國(guó)家”制度實(shí)質(zhì)上是國(guó)民收入再分配的一種形式。它促進(jìn)了社會(huì)平等,縮小了貧富差距,緩解了因貧困引發(fā)的許多社會(huì)問(wèn)題,展示了西方民主的價(jià)值和普遍的社會(huì)關(guān)懷。(2)“福利國(guó)家”制度也存在一些弊端。它培植社會(huì)惰性,降低社會(huì)發(fā)展效率,并成為國(guó)家的沉重財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān),進(jìn)而引發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯和通貨膨脹。政府在試圖平衡社會(huì)各階層的利益時(shí),一定要從社會(huì)公正角度出發(fā),在建立有效的“福利國(guó)家”制度的同時(shí),必須兼顧公平和效率,這樣才能趨利避害。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二典例剖析例2第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,法國(guó)社會(huì)住房在20年間獲得高速發(fā)展;20世紀(jì)70年代后期,政府住房改革的目標(biāo)之一調(diào)整為鼓勵(lì)住房自有化,部分質(zhì)量好的社會(huì)住房被購(gòu)買(mǎi)而成為私產(chǎn)。其主要目的是(

)A.減輕政府負(fù)擔(dān) B.改善平民住房條件C.發(fā)展社會(huì)福利 D.加強(qiáng)政府干預(yù)住房題目立意本題以20世紀(jì)70年代后期法國(guó)政府住房改革的相關(guān)措施作為切入點(diǎn),旨在考查對(duì)西方資本主義國(guó)家解決經(jīng)濟(jì)“滯脹”狀態(tài)措施的準(zhǔn)確理解,同時(shí)也考查了時(shí)空觀念、歷史解釋等歷史學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。探究點(diǎn)一探究點(diǎn)二解題指導(dǎo)

答案:A外研·八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Arnwickwasacitywith200,000people.Module9Population

Newwordsflatrubbishquietlocalclosedownn.套房；公寓n.垃圾；廢棄物adj.寂靜的；安靜的adj.當(dāng)?shù)氐?；本地的（永久）關(guān)閉，關(guān)停pupilpollutionpublicservicesolven.學(xué)生；（尤指）小學(xué)生n.污染adj.公共的；公眾的n.公共服務(wù)；服務(wù)v.解決問(wèn)題LookandthinkcitycountrysideWhatisacountrysidelike?It’squiet.Ithasfreshair.It’s/has…Whatisabigcitylike?toomanycarstoomanypeopleWheredoyouliketolive?Whydopeoplemovetocities?findjobspublicservicesThepopulationofcitiesisincreasing.Whataretheproblemsofbigcities?toomanypeopletooexpensivetolivealotoftrafficairpollutionnoisepollutionwaterpollutionrubbishWorkinpairs.Askandanswerthequestions.Usethewordsintheboxtohelpyou.1Whydopeoplemovetocities?2Whataretheproblemsofbigcities?1countrysidefieldflathospitaljobofficerubbishvillageReadthepassageandcheckyouranswerstoActivity1.2Coulditbeyourtown?JoisfifteenandlivesinParkville.WhenJo’sgrandparentsfirstcametoParkville,itwasaquiet

village.1安靜的Theyhadasmallhouse,closetofieldsandhills.

ParkvillewasnearArnwick,acitywith200,000people.PeoplefromParkvillemovedtoArnwicktofindjobs,andtheyneededplacestolive.However,itwasexpensivetoliveinthecitycentre,sothegovernmentbuiltflatsoutsidethecentre.2Soon,ParkvillebecamepartofArnwick,andArnwickbecameacitywithoveramillionpeople.Jo’sfamilylivesinoneofthoseflats.Itisverycrowded,andrubbishisalsoaproblem.家；家庭ThesmalllocalschoolinParkvillecloseddownfiveyearsago,soJonowhastogotoaschoolinArnwickwith2,000pupils.Ittakesanhourtogettherebybus.Thereisalotoftrafficandpollution.3當(dāng)?shù)氐模槐镜氐奈廴娟P(guān)閉ItisclearthatArnwickneedsmoreschools,busesandhospitals.Itneedsfreshair,cleanwaterandbetterpublicservices.Italsoneedsmorepolicetoprotectitspeople.Buttodoallthesethings,itneedsmoremoney.4公共服務(wù)；公共設(shè)施However,canmoneyhelpsolvealltheseproblems?Doweneedmorebigcitieslikethis?Infact,thisisjustastory.Butitdescribeswhatishappeningallovertheworld.Coulditbeyourtownsomeday?5事實(shí)上Askandanswerthequestions.countrysidefieldflathospitaljobofficerubbishvillage1Whydopeoplemovetocities?2Whataretheproblemsofbigcities?Becausetheywanttofindjobsincities.Theincreasingpopulation.Andthisincreasesthetrafficandpollution.Para.1Para.2Para.3Para.4Para.5ReadandmatchB.theoldParkvilleE.thechangesinParkvilleD.thenewneedsA.thenewproblemsC.thelessonwelearntfromthestoryCarefulreading1.WhydidpeoplefromParkvillemovetoArnwick?2.Whydidthegovernmentbuildflatsoutside

thecentre?3.WhataretheproblemsoftheflatJoe’sfamily

livesin?Para.2thechangesinParkville1.WhydidpeoplefromParkvillemovetoArnwick?2.Whydidthegovernmentbuildflatsoutside

thecentre?Theymovedtofindjobs.BecauseitwasexpensivetoliveinthecentreofArnwick.3.WhataretheproblemsoftheflatJoe’sfamily

livesin?Itisverycrowded,andrubbishisalsoaproblem.Trueorfalse.1.Thesmalllocalschoolopened.2.ThenewschoolisnearJo’shome.3.Thelongerjourneyhasalotoftrafficand

pollution.Para.3

thenewproblemsFFTfarfromJo’shome.

closeddown.Para.4thenewneedsFillintheblanks.Arnwickneeds____________,_________and___________.needs__________,___________and__________________.needs____________toprotectitspeople.moreschoolsbuseshospitalsfreshaircleanwaterbetterpublicservicesmorepolicemoneyPara.5thelessonwelearntfromthestoryDiscussCanmoneysolvealltheseproblems?Ifnot,whatelseshouldwedo?planttreespickuprubbishNo-carDaysortthewastereuseandrecycleLet’sworkhardertoprotectourworld!TimeinthepastnowParkvileArnwick’spopulationJo’shomeJo’sschoolaquietvillagebecamepartofArnwick200,000withoveramillionasmallhouseoneofthosenewflatsthesmalllocalschoolaschoolwith2,000pupilsinArnwickReadagain,thenfillintheblanks.1Parkvillewasaquietvillage.2Arnwickwasacitywith20,000people.3Arnwicknowhasapopulationofmorethanonemillion.Check(?)thetruesentences.3??4ThelocalschoolinParkvillehas2,000pupils.5Bigcitiesneedmoremoneyforpublicservices.?Completethepassagewiththecorrectformofthewordsinthebox.4flatlocalpollutionrubbishservicethousand

ManytownsandcitieshavethesameproblemsasArnwick.Peopleneedplacestolive,sothe(1)_______governmenthastobuildmore(2)_______.Peopleneedbetterbus,andtrain(3)________.flatlocalpollutionrubbishservicethousandlocalflatsservicesTheyalsoproducemore(4)_________,sothegovernmenthastomakemoreeffortstoprotectthecityagainst(5)_________.Aswesay,ahundredpeoplemakea(6)_________problems!flatlocalpollutionrubbishservicethousandrubbishthousandpollutionThesmalllocalschoolinParkvillecloseddownfiveyearsago,soJonowhastogotoaschoolinArnwickwith2,000pupils.

帕科威爾當(dāng)?shù)氐男W(xué)校在五年前關(guān)閉了，

所以喬現(xiàn)在得去阿恩威克的一個(gè)有2,000名

學(xué)生的學(xué)校上學(xué)。Languagepointsclosedown的意思是“關(guān)閉，（永久性地）停工”。那家公司去年關(guān)閉了其海外的辦事處。Thecompanycloseddownitsoverseasofficelastyear.Readandcheck(?)theproblemsthatexistinyourhometown.()Manyyoungpeoplewanttoleavethecountrysidebecausetheywanttofindjobsinthecity.()Therearenotenoughschoolsandhospitals.5()Toomuchtrafficbringsairpollution.()Thereistoomuchrubbishinthestreets.()Therearenotenoughpoliceinthecity.()Itisdifficulttogetenoughcleanwater.Writedownyoursuggestionstosolvetheproblemsinyourhometown.Homework6Possibleanswer1Problems:

Manyyoungpeoplewanttoleavethecountrysidebecausetheywanttofindjobsinthecity.Opinionsandreasons:

Thisisabigproblemforthecountrysideandcity.Moreandmoreyoungpeoplecrowdintocities,sotherearefewpeopleworkinginthecountryside.Butmeanwhile,therearesomanypeopleinthecitiesthatsomebodymaynotfindajob.Solutions:

Itmaybebettertobuildmoreuniversitiesandcreatemorejobsinsmallertownsinthecountryside,soyoungpeoplewillfinditmoreinterestingtostay.Possibleanswer2Problems:

Toomuchtrafficbringsairpollution.Opinionsandreasons:

Thisisanationalaswellasaninternationalproblem.Govermentsineverycountrydonotdoenoughtocontrolthetrafficpollution.Solutions:Thegovernmentsshoulddeveloppublictransportsothatpeopledonotusetheircarssomuchinthebigcities.1.Ittakesushalfanhour______Englishin

themorning.A.readB.toreadC.readsD.reading2.Therewasabiggarden_____alotoftrees

andflowers.A.haveB.withC.hasD.havingI.單項(xiàng)選擇。Exercise3.Ther