四六級(jí)搶分沖刺0611研學(xué)姐19全年群

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingInthebeginningofthemovieI,Robot,arobothastodecidewhomtosaveaftertwocarsplungeintothewater—DelSpoonerorachild.EventhoughSpoonerscreams“Saveher!Saveher!”therobotrescueshimbecauseitcalculatesthathehasa45percentchanceofsurvivalcomparedtoSarah’s11percent.Therobot’sdecisionanditscalculatedapproachraiseanimportantquestion:wouldhumansmakethesamechoice?Andwhichchoicewouldwewantourroboticcounterpartstomake?WhatquestiondoestheexampleinthemovieHowrobotsmaymakebadHowrobotsshouldbeIsaacAsimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghisthreelawsofrobotics,whichholdthat1.Robotscannotharmhumansorallowhumanstocometoharm;2.Robotsmustobeyhumans,exceptwheretheorderwouldconflictwithLaw1;and3.Robotsmustactinselfpreservation,unlessdoingsoconflictswithLaws1or2.TheselawsareprogrammedintoAsimov’srobots—theydon’thavetothink,judge,orvalue.Theydon’thavetolikehumansorbelievethathurtingthemiswrongorbad.Theysimplydon’tdoit.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAsimov’sthreelawsofTheydidnotfollowthecodingsystemofTheylaidasolidfoundationforTheydidnottakemoralissuesintoTherobotwhorescuesSpooner’slifeinI,RobotfollowsAsimov’szerothlaw:robotscannotharmhumanity(asopposedtoindividualhumans)orallowhumanitytocometoharm—anexpansionofthefirstlawthatallowsrobotstodeterminewhat’sinthegreatergood.Underthefirstlaw,arobotcouldnotharmadangerousgunman,butunderthezerothlaw,arobotcouldkillthegunmantosaveothers.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAsimov’sTheyknowwhatisgoodorbadforhumanTheyareprogrammednottohurthumanTheystopworkingwhenamoralissueisWhetherit’spossibletoprogramarobotwithsafeguardssuchasAsimov’slawsisdebatable.Awordsuchas“harm”isvague(whataboutemotionalharm?Isreplacingahumanemployeeharm?),andabstractconceptspresentcodingproblems.TherobotsinAsimov’sfictionexposecomplicationsandloopholesinthethreelaws,andevenwhenthelawswork,robotsstillhavetoassesssituations.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheword“harm”inAsimov’sItishardforrobotstomakeRobotsmaydoharmincertainAsimov’slawsusetoomanyvagueAssessingsituationscanbecomplicated.Arobothastoidentifytheplayers,conditions,andpossibleoutcomesforvariousscenarios.It’sdoubtfulthatacomputerprogramcandothat—atleast,notwithoutsomeundesirableresults.AroboticistattheBristolRoboticsLaboratoryprogrammedarobottosavehumanproxies(替身)called“HbotsfromdangerWhenoneHbotheadedfordanger,therobotsuccessfullypusheditoutoftheway.ButwhentwoHbotsbecameimperiled,therobotchoked42percentofthetime,unabletodecidewhichtosaveandlettingthemboth“die.Theexperimenthighlightstheimportanceofmorality:withoutithowcanarobotdecidewhomtosaveorwhat’sbestforhumanity,especiallyifitcan’tcalculatesurvivalodds?RobotscanbemadeasintelligentashumanbeingssomeQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingOurworldnowmovessofastthatweseldomstoptoseejusthowfarwehavecomeinjustafewyears.ThelatestiPhone6s,forexample,hasadualcoreprocessorandfitsnicelyintoyourpocket.Bycomparison,youwouldexpecttofindatechnologicalspecificationlikethisonyourstandardlaptopinanofficeanywhereintheworld.WhatdoestheexampleofiPhone6sservetoThehugecapacityofthesmartphonespeoplenowThewidespreaduseofsmartphonesallovertheTherapidtechnologicalprogressinaveryshortperiodofIt’snowonderthatnewapplicationsfortheInternetofThingsaremovingaheadfastwhenalmosteverynewdevicewebuyhasaplugontheendofitorawirelessconnectiontotheInternet.Soon,ourcurrentsmartphonelifestylewillexpandtocreateourownsmarthomelifestyletoo.Allresearchesagreethatcloseto25billiondevices,thingsandsensorswillbeconnectedby2020whichincidentallyisalsothemomentthatMillennials(千禧一代)areexpectedtomakeup75percentofouroverallworkforce,andthefullyconnectedhomewillbecomearealityforlargenumbersofpeopleworldwide.WhatcanweexpecttoseebytheyearAppsfortheInternetofTheemergenceofHowever,thisisjustthetipoftheproverbialicebergassmartbuildingsandevencitiesincreasinglybecomethenormasleadersandbusinessownersbegintowakeuptothemassivesavingsthattechnologycandeliverthroughconnectedsensorsandnewformsofautomationcoupledwithintelligentenergyandfacilitiesmanagement.WhatwillbusinessownersdowhentheybecomeawareofthebenefitsoftheInternetofGainautomaticcontroloftheirOnlinesecuritycameras,intelligentlightingandawealthofsensorsthatcontrolbothtemperatureandairqualityareofferinganunprecedentedlevelofcontrol,efficiency,andimprovementstowhatwereonceclassednecessarycostswhenrunningabusinessormanagingalargebuilding.Wecanexpectthattheevergrowinglistofdevices,systemsandenvironmentsremainconnected,alwaysonlineandtalkingtoeachother.Thebigbenefitwillnotonlybeinthehousingofthisenormousandrapidlygrowingamountofdata,butwillalsobeintheabilitytorunrealtimedataanalyticstoextractactionableandongoingknowledge.Thebiggestandmostexcitingchallengeofthistechnologyishowtocreativelyleveragethisevergrowingamountofdatatodelivercostsavings,improvementsandtangiblebenefitstobothbusinessesandcitizensofthesesmartcities.WhatisthemostexcitingchallengewhenwepossessmoreandmoreHowtoturnittoprofitableHowtodorealtimedataHowtolinktheactionableHowtodevisenewwaystostoreThegoodnewsisthatmostofthistechnologyisalreadyinvented.Let’sfaceititwasn’ttoolongagothattheideaofworkingfromanywhereandatanytimewassomeformofadistantutopian(烏托邦式的)dream,andyetnowwecanperformalmostanyofficebasedtaskfromanylocationintheworldaslongaswehaveaccesstotheInternet.It’stimetowakeuptothefactthatmakingsmartbuildings,citiesandhomeswilldramaticallyimproveourqualityoflifeintheyearsahead.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutworkingfromanywhereandatItisfeasiblewithaconnectiontotheItwillthriveinsmartbuildings,citiesandItisstilladistantUtopiandreamforordinaryItwilldelivertangiblebenefitstobothbossandQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAtthebaseofamountaininTanzania’sGregoryRift,LakeNatronburnsbrightred,surroundedbytheremainsofanimalsthatwereunfortunateenoughtofallintothesaltywater.Bats,swallowsandmorearechemicallypreservedintheposeinwhichtheyperished,sealedinthedepositsofsodiumcarbonateinthewater.Thelake’slandscapeisbizarreanddeadly—andmadeevenmoresobythefactthatit’stheplacewherenearly75percentoftheworld’sflamingos(火烈鳥)areborn.WhatcanwelearnaboutLakeItissimplyuninhabitableformostItremainslittleknowntotheoutsideItisabreedinggroundforavarietyofItmakesanidealhabitatforlotsofThewaterissocorrosivethatitcanburntheskinandeyesofunadaptedanimals.Flamingos,however,aretheonlyspeciesthatactuallymakeslifeinthemidstofallthatdeath.Onceeverythreeorfouryears,whenconditionsareright,thelakeiscoveredwiththepinkbirdsastheystopflighttobreed.Threequartersoftheworld’sflamingosflyoverfromothersaltlakesintheRiftValleyandnestonsaltcrystalislandsthatappearwhenthewaterisataspecificlevel—toohighandthebirdscan’tbuildtheirnests,toolowandpredatorscanmovebrisklyacrossthelakebedandattack.Whenthewaterhitstherightlevel,thebabybirdsarekeptsafefrompredatorsbyacorrosiveditch.Flamingosnestonlywhenthelakewaterisataspecificlevelsothattheirbabiescangrowthickfeathersontheirgetaccustomedtothesalty“Flamingoshaveevolvedveryleatheryskinontheirlegssotheycantoleratethesaltwater,”saysDavidHarper,aprofessorattheUniversityofLeicester.“Humanscannot,andwoulddieiftheirlegswereexposedforanylengthoftime.”Sofarthisyear,waterlevelshavebeentoohighfortheflamingostonest.FlamingosintheRiftValleyareuniqueinthattheycanmoveswiftlyacrosstheycansurvivewellinsaltytheyknowwhereandwhentoSomefish,too,havehadlimitedsuccessvacationingatthelakeaslesssaltylagoons(瀉湖)formontheouteredgesfromhotspringsflowingintoLakeNatron.Threespeciesoftilapia(羅非魚)thrivethereparttime.“Fishhavearefugeinthestreamsandcanexpandintothelagoonswhenthelakeislowandthelagoonsareseparate,Harpersaid.“Allthelagoonsjoinwhenthelakeishighandfishmustretreattotheirstreamrefugesordie.Otherwise,nofishareabletosurviveinthenaturallytoxiclake.WhycancertainspeciesoftilapiasometimessurvivearoundLakeTheycantakerefugeinthelesssaltyTheycanfleequickenoughfromTheycanmovefreelyfromlagoontoTheycanstandtheheatofthespringThisuniqueecosystemmaysoonbeunderpressure.TheTanzaniangovernmenthasonceagainstartedminingthelakeforsodaash,usedformakingchemicals,glassanddetergents.Althoughtheplannedoperationwillbelocatedmorethan40milesaway,drawingthesodaashinthroughpipelines,conservationistsworryitcouldstillupsetthenaturalwatercycleandbreedinggrounds.Fornow,though,lifeprevails—eveninalakethatkillsalmosteverythingittouches.Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingItistheseasonforsomefranticlastminutemath—acrossthecountry,employeesofallstripesarecountingbackwardinanattempttofigureoutjusthowmuchpaidtimeofftheyhaveleftintheirreserves.Moreofthem,though,willskipthosecalculationsaltogetherandjustpowerthroughtheholidaysinto2017:MorethanhalfofAmericanworkersdon’tuseupalloftheirallottedvacationdayseachyear.WhatdomostemployeesplantodotowardstheendoftheGoforaKeeponSetanobjectivefornextReviewtheyear’sNotsolongago,peoplewouldhaveturneduptheirnosesatthatkindofdedicationtothejob.AsmarketingprofessorsSilviaBellezza,NeeruPaharia,andAnatKeinanrecentlyexplainedinHarvardBusinessReview(HBR),leisuretimewasonceseenasanindicatorofhighsocialstatus,somethingattainableonlyforthoseatthetop.Sincethemiddleofthe20thcentury,though,thingshaveturnedtheoppositeway—thesedays,punishinghoursatyourdesk,ratherthandaysoff,areseenasthemarkofsomeoneimportant.HowwouldpeopleviewdedicationtoworkintheTheywouldregarditasamatterofTheywouldconsideritamustforTheywouldlookuponitwithTheywoulddeemitatrickofInaseriesofseveralexperiments,theresearchersillustratedjusthowmuchwe’vecometoadmirebusyness,oratleasttheappearanceofit.Volunteersreadtwopassages,oneaboutamanwholedalifeofleisureandanotheraboutamanwhowasoverworkedandoverscheduled;whenaskedtodeterminewhichofthetwohadahighersocialstatus,themajorityoftheparticipantssaidthelatter.Thesameheldtrueforpeoplewhousedproductsthatimpliedtheywereshortontime:Inoneexperiment,forexample,customersofthegrocerydeliveryservicePeapodwereseenasofhigherstatusthanpeoplewhoshoppedatgrocerystoresthatwereequallyexpensive;inanother,peoplewearingwirelessheadphoneswereconsideredfurtheruponthesocialladderthanthosewearingregularheadphones,evenwhenbothwerejustusedtolistentomusic.WhatdidtheresearchersfindthroughaseriesofThebusieroneappears,themorerespectoneThemoreoneworks,themoreonefeelsThemoreknowledgeonehas,themorecompetentonewillThehigherone’sstatus,themorevacationtimeonewillInpart,theauthorswroteinHBR,thispatternmayhavetodowiththewayworkitselfhaschangedoverthepastseveraldecades.Wethinkthattheshiftfromleisureasstatustobusynessasstatusmaybelinkedtothedevelopmentofknowledgeintensiveeconomics.Insucheconomies,individualswhopossessthehumancapitalcharacteristicsthatemployersorclientsvalue(e.g.,competenceandambition)areexpectedtobeinhighdemandandshortsupplyonthejobmarket.Thus,bytellingothersthatwearebusyandworkingallthetime,weareimplicitlysuggestingthatwearesoughtafter,whichenhancesourperceivedstatus.ThefastpaceoflifeinmodernThefiercecompetitioninthejobTheroleofknowledgeinmodernEvenifyoufeeltemptedtosacrificeyourownvacationdaysforfakebusyness,though,atleastconsiderleavingyourweekendsunscheduled.It’sforyourowngood.WhatdoestheauthoradviseustodoattheendoftheScheduleourtimeproperlyforPlanourweekendsinameaningfulFindtimetorelaxhoweverbusyweAvoidappearingbusywhenweareYoumayhaveheardthatCocaColaoncecontainedaningredientcapableofsparkingparticulardevotioninconsumers:cocaine.The“cocainthenamereferredtotheextractsofcocaleafthatthedrink’soriginatorchemistJohnPemberton,mixedwithhissugarysyrup（漿汁）Atthetime,cocaleafextractmixedwithwinewasacommontonic（滋補(bǔ)品）andPemberton’ssweetbrewwasawaytogetaroundlocallawsprohibitingthesaleofalcohol.Buttheotherhalfofthenamerepresentsanotheringredientlessinfamous（名聲不好的）perhapsbutalsostrangelypotent:thekolanut.WhatdowelearnaboutchemistJohnA）Heusedastrangelypotentingredientinafoodsupplement.新東方答案B）Hecreatedadrinkcontainingalcoholwithoutbreakinglaw.C）Hebecamenotoriousbecauseofthecocadrinkhedeveloped.InWestAfrica,peoplehavelongchewedkolanutsasstimulants,becausetheycontaincaffeinethatalsooccursnaturallyintea,coffee,andchocolate.Theyalsohaveheartstimulants.HistorianPaulLovejoyrelatesthatthecultivationofkolanutsinWestAfricaishundredsofyearsold.Theleafy,spreadingtreeswereplantedongravesandaspartoftraditionalrituals.Eventhoughthenuts,whichneedtostaymoist,canbesomewhatdelicatetotransport,traderscarriedthemhundredsofmilesthroughouttheforestsandgrasslands.Europeansdidnotknowofthemuntilthe1500s,whenPortugueseshipsarrivedonthecoastofwhatisnowSierraLeone.AndwhilethePortuguesetookpartinthetrade,ferryingnutsdownthecoastalongwithothergoods,by1620,whenEnglishexplorerRichardJobsonmadehiswayuptheGambia,thenutswerestillpeculiartohiseyes.Bythelate19thcentury,kolanutswerebeingshippedbythetonnetoEuropeandtheUS.Manymadetheirwayintomedicines,intendedasakindofenergyboost.OnesuchpopularmedicinaldrinkwasVinMariani,aFrenchproductconsistingofcocaextractmixedwithredwine.ItwascreatedbyaFrenchchemist,AngeloMariani,in1863.SowhenPembertoncreatedhisdrink,itrepresentedanongoingtrend.Whencocaineeventuallyfellfromgraceasabeverageingredient,kolaextractcolasbecamepopular.WhatdoesthepassagesayaboutkolaA）TheircommercialvaluewasfirstdiscoveredbyPortuguesesettlers.B）Theycontainsomekindofenergyboostnotfoundinanyotherfood.C）ManywereshippedtoEuropeinthelate19thcenturyformedicinaluse.D）TheywerestrangetotheEuropeanswhenfirstimportedfromWestAfrica.Bythelate19thcentury,kolanutswerebeingshippedbythetonnetoEuropeandtheUS.Manymadetheirwayintomedicines,intendedasakindofenergyboost.OnesuchpopularmedicinaldrinkwasVinMariani,aFrenchproductconsistingofcocaextractmixedwithredwine.ItwascreatedbyaFrenchchemist,AngeloMariani,in1863.SowhenPembertoncreatedhisdrink,itrepresentedanongoingtrend.Whencocaineeventuallyfellfromgraceasabeverageingredient,kolaextractcolasbecamepopular.Howcomekolaextractcolasbecamepopular?A）Cocainehadbecomenotorious.Alcoholicdrinkswereprohibited.C）Fountainsweresetuptosellthem.D）Rightsweresoldtobottlethesoda.Thefirstyearitwasavailable,CocaColaaveragednineservingsadayacrossalltheAtlantasodafountainswhereitwassold.Asitgrewmorepopular,thecompanysoldrightstobottlethesoda,soitcouldtraveleasily.Todayabout1.9billionCokesarepurchaseddaily.It’sbecomesoiconicthatattemptstochangeitstastein1985—sweeteningitinamoveprojectedtoboostsales—proveddisastrous,withwidespreadangerfromconsumers.“CocaColaClassic”returnedtostoreshelvesjustthreemonthsafterthe“NewCoke”wasreleased.Thesedays,theCocaColarecipeisacloselyguardedsecret.Butit’ssaidtonolongercontainkolanutextract,relyinginsteadonartificialimitationstoachievetheflavour.WhatisknownaboutthetasteofCocaA）Itwassodesignedastocreateaddictioninconsumers.B）Itstillreliesontraditionalkolanutextract.IthasbecomemorepopularamongtheIthasremainedvirtuallyunchangedsinceitsWhatisthepassagemainlyabout?A）TheevolutionofCocaCola.B）ThesuccessstoryofCocaCola.C）ThemedicinalvalueofCocaCola.D）ThebusinessstrategyofCocaCola.Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingTwentyyearsago,theUrbanLandInstitutedefinedthetwotypesofcitiesthatdominatedtheUSlandscape:smallercitiesthatoperatedaroundstandard9-5businesshoursandlargemetropolitanareasthatranall24hoursoftheday.Analyzingandcomparingcitiesusingthelensofthisbasicdividegivesinterestingcontexttohowinvestmentcapitalflowsandhousingpriceshaveshifted.WhatdowelearnaboutAmericancitiestwentyyearsago?A）Theyweredividedintoresidentialandbusinessareas.B）Theirhousingpriceswerelinkedwiththeirprosperity.C）Therewasacleardividebetweenlargeandsmallcities.D）Theywereplaceswherelargeinvestmentcapitalflowed.Inrecentyears,manymidsizedcitieshavebeguntoadoptamiddleoftheroadapproachincorporatingtheexcitementandopportunityoflargecitieswithsmallcities’quietaftermidnight.These18hourcitiesarebeginningtomakewavesinrealestaterankingsandattractmorerealestateinvestment.Whatisunderlyingthisnewmovementinrealestate,andwhydothesecitieshavesomuchappeal?Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabout18hourcities?A）Theyespeciallyappealtosmallbusinesses.B）Theyhaveseenariseinpropertyprices.C）Theyhavereplacedquietwithexcitement.D）TheyhavechangedAmerica’slandscape.18hourcitiescombinethebestof24hourand9-5cities,whichcontributestodowntownrevitalization.Fordecades,manydowntowncoresinsmalltomidsizedwereabandonedafterworkhoursbyworkerswholivedinthesuburbs.Movementoutofcitycenterswaswidespread,anddowntowntenantswerepredominantlymadeupoftheworkingpoor.Thisgeneratedlittlecommercefordowntownbusinessesintheevenings,whichmadebusinessandgeneratingta