名師指導(dǎo)定語從句無憂

定語從句大連市第八中學(xué)孫君高級教師2003年名師課堂輔導(dǎo)講座—高中部分1、本講內(nèi)容：學(xué)習(xí)定語從句2、學(xué)習(xí)要求：（1）掌握引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞。（2）學(xué)會限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。（1）本講重點：掌握和運用關(guān)系詞。（2）本講難點：as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。4、典型例題解析：（1）引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞：定語從句在從句中起定語作用，修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞，被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句需用下列關(guān)聯(lián)詞：3、學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)：關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞起連詞作用，本身又作從句中的主語、賓語、表語或定語即起連接作用，本身又在從句中作時間、地點或原因狀語who,whom(…的人）whose(某人的…）which(…東西，指物)that(…的人或物，指物或人）as(象…那樣的，和…相同，正如)when(…的時候，修飾的時間名詞)where(…的地方修飾場所、方位等名詞)why(…原因；…理由)2、定語從句例句解析：定語從句中主要考察學(xué)生使用關(guān)系詞的能力，所以掌握關(guān)系詞的含義及使用規(guī)則是十分必要的。請看下面例句：(1)Thegirlwho/thatisstandingthereisMary.(who,that指人，在從句中作主語）(2)Theman(whom/who/that)mymothersawinthestreetismyteacher.(whom,who,that指人，在從句中作賓語，也可省略)(3)Thebookwhich/thattellsusabouttheearthisinteresting.(which,that指物，在從句中作主語,不可省略)(4)Thebuilding(which/that)hereferredto

isbeautiful.(which,that指物，在從句中作賓語，可省略）(5)Shelivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.(whose指物，在從句中作windows的定語）(6)ThecompanywillemployapersonwhoseEnglishisgood.(whose在從句中指人，作定語)Whose即可指人，也可指物，是所有格，在從句中作定語，指物時可與ofwhich互換。(7)I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedthearmy.(when指時間，在從句中做時間狀語)(8)Iwon’tforgetthefactorywheremyfatherworked.(where指地點，在從句中作地點狀語)(9)Tellmethereasonwhyyoucamelate.(why表示原因，在從句中作原因狀語)以上是對連接定語從句的關(guān)系詞作的分析，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、表語或定語，作賓語時可省略，關(guān)系副詞是做狀語，有時間、地點和原因狀語。(1)that指物時一般可以與which互換，但在下列情況中一般不可以用which。3、注意以下幾點：①當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時，如：a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle(that)theenemycandobesidessurrender.②先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修飾時：I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.③先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。a.Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.b.It’sthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.④先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast修飾時a.Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.b.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.⑤先行詞是疑問詞who,which,what時，定語從句用that而不用who,(whom)和which引導(dǎo)。a.Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?b.Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?c.Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?⑥當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時，這個定語從句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引導(dǎo)。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時：Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.

（2）關(guān)系代詞:as用于thesame…as…,such…as…，as…as…,so…as…中，as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常采用省略形式。如：①Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).②Heisofthesameageasyou(are).③Ihaveneverseensuchalazymanasyou.④Takeasmanyasyouwant.⑤Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.⑥Thisissuchabookaswasgiventome.這種用法中的關(guān)系代詞as在定語從句中可作主語、賓語或狀語。（3）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。①限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制、確定的作用，是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就會不完整，不明確或不合邏輯。這種定語從句和主句之間不能用逗號隔開。Themanwhocamehereyesterdayhascomeagain.關(guān)系副詞when和why用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時，在口語和非正式文體中可以省去，但是where通常不可以省去。如：a.Besuretocallonusnexttime(when)youcometotown.b.Thisisoneofthereasons(why)youmayliketoeatit.②非限制性定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系松散，只是對先行詞作附加說明，如果省去，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。這種定語從句和主句之間須用逗號隔開。如：a.AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasmurderedonApril14,1865.b.Hesentaspecialgovernor,amannamedGessler,whowouldrulewithafirmhand.c.Helivesinanothertown,whichisonlyaboutanhour’sridefromhere.d.Soontheyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.e.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.注意：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞不可用that，指人時用who(主語),whom(賓語)，指物時須用which.（4）只能用which不能用that的情況①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾某物或整個句子時。如：a.Brucewenttowardthefire,whichwasstillsmoking.b.Hecamelateagain,whichmadetheteacherangry.②先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置。如：ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.如果介詞后置：ThisisthehousewhichLuXunlivedin.或是ThisisthehousewhereLuXunlived.that(5)先行詞被thesame修飾時，關(guān)系代詞可用as也可用that，但意義不同，前者是“同樣的”，后者是“同一的”。試比較：ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.這是我昨天借給你的那種書。ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.這是我昨天借給你的那本書。(6)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why其含義相當(dāng)于onwhich,inwhich,forwhich，所以可以交替使用。如：①ThedayonwhichImethimfirstwasMay1st.②TheyearinwhichIcameherewas1998.③Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathegotuplate.whenwhenforwhichinwhichheliveswhich/thathelivesinwherehelivesfacessouthTheroom④

(7)whose指物時可與ofwhich等互換，但應(yīng)注意與冠詞的位置關(guān)系。如：Thisisthebookthecoverofwhichwhosecoverisblue.(8)有時可用that代替關(guān)系副詞，在口語中?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾篢hisisthereason(why/forwhich/that)hecamelate.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.(9)關(guān)系代詞as和which都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句代表整個句子內(nèi)容，as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可位于句首或句末；which引導(dǎo)的定語從句卻不能位于句首。如：

Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70%oftheearth.

Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.Hewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.

Theelephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.Hefailedintheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.(不光彩的)Hewasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.※對這兩個詞作如下歸納：

1、如果定語放主句后，即引用as也可以用which.Hefailedtotheexam,as(=which)isnatural.Sheseemsascientist,as(=which)infactsheis.Grammarisnotadeadrule,which(=as)Ihavesaidbefore.2、如果從句在主句前，這時要用as而不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：

Asweallknow,hisparentswerekilledinthewar.3、as代表前面主句意思時，有“正如…”之意，而which沒有此意思，從句中的動詞常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。Hewonthematch,aswehadexpected.Heagreedtotheplan,aswastobeexpected.Thepolicewerelookingforhim,ashethought.4、如果從句的內(nèi)容對主句內(nèi)容起著消極作用，或者說導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，則用which.a.Hecheatedhisfriendofmachmoney,

whichwasverydisgraceful.b.Hecamebacklate,whichmadehismother.worried練習(xí)題1、All______isusefultousisgood.A、whichB、whatC、thatD、whetherC2、Isthisfactory____wevisitedlastweek.A、whereB、thatC、whichD、theoneD3、Shewillneverforgettheday_____shespentinBeijing.A、whenB、whatC、whichD、whyC4、Thisistheschool_______myfatherworked20yearsago.A、thatB、whenC、whichD、whereD5、Thisisthefactory_______wevisitedlastyear.A、thatB、whichC、whatD、theoneA6、Thetextisoneofthemostinterestingstories_______learntinthepastthreedays.A、thathaveB、thathavebeenC、whichhasD、whichhasbeenB7、Thecollegewon’ttakeanyone_____eyesightisweak.A、whoB、whoseC、ofwhomD、whichB8、Letmethinkofapropersituation_______thissentencecanbeused.A、whereB、thatC、ofwhomD、whichA9、Theman_______youaretalkingisinthenextroom.A、towhomB、aboutwhomC、aboutwhoD、whomB10、Thisisthelastfactory___heusedtoworkat,manyworkersof_____stillhaveagoodrelationshipwithhim.A、that;itB、which;whomC、that;whichD、which;thatC11、Those_____totakepartinthegamewritedownyournames.A、whoB、whowantC、whatwantsD、wantB12、I，______yougoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A、whoisB、whatis