老高考適用2023版高考英語二輪總復習第1部分閱讀能力突破篇專題1閱讀理解第4講主旨大意題課件

第一部分閱讀能力突破篇專題一閱讀理解第4講主旨大意題高頻考點·研析透主旨大意題考查考生對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象，既考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求?？键c1標題歸納題辨明題類標題歸納題要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，

結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標題。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(2)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage/text?(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?(4)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis“________”．最佳標題應(yīng)具備以下三大特征：①概括精準而簡潔。②針對性強，標題外延與文章內(nèi)容恰好相符。③醒目，能引發(fā)讀者閱讀欲望。技法點撥1．一般文章的標題可根據(jù)主題句來判斷，但在某些文章中，如記敘文，沒有明確的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中的事實細節(jié)，查找文章的“主線”，歸納出文章的主題。2．所選文章標題須能概括全文的中心內(nèi)容。標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。為吸引讀者的注意，標題往往比較醒目。真題體驗(2022·全國甲卷B)Goffin?scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”．Intheexperiment,Goffin?scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin?scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.27．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？________A．Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB．Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC．Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD．Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【解題示范】第一步：閱讀文章，概括文章大意。文章主要介紹了一種會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡；第二步：分析各選項，進行斟酌判斷，揣摩哪個選項能準確概括主旨。通讀全文，再結(jié)合第一段“Coffin?scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似。)”可知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。選項“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(鳳頭鸚鵡：識別形狀的熟練工)”符合文意，最適合作為本文標題。故選

D。考點2文章大意題辨明題類文章大意題要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文中提取有效信息，概括歸納出文章的主旨大意、中心思想。此類題目沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，是對文章深層次的理解。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis________.(2)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?(3)Thepassage/textismainlyabout________.(4)Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?(5)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson________.技法點撥1．定位主題句確定文章大意文章由段落組成，段落的中心思想服務(wù)于文章的中心思想，因此找到每個段落的主題句，總結(jié)概括后便不難得出文章的主旨大意。一般情況下，段落的主題句通常在該邏輯段落的首尾，但也有些難度較大的試題會隱含在段落之中，此時要理解全文結(jié)構(gòu)，找到支撐性細節(jié)內(nèi)容。以下為快速找到主題句的5個小竅門：(1)段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)時，其后的句子通常為主題句。(2)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該句的回答很可能就是主題句。(3)作者有意識地反復強調(diào)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞(主旨句通常包含關(guān)鍵詞)。(4)首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時，例子或假設(shè)后的內(nèi)容通常為主題句。(5)表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,inshort,conclude,conclusion,thus等詞。2．根據(jù)不同文體的結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作方法來定位主題句(1)議論文主要是論述作者的某個觀點，往往采用“總—分”或“總—分—總”的模式，所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。(2)說明文則是說明一個事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。(3)記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子，則這個句子為主題句。真題體驗(2022·全國甲卷C)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI?dfindthereandIwasn?tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe?dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas，”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？________A．Achildhooddream.B．Anunforgettableexperience.C．Sailingaroundtheworld.D．MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.【解題示范】第一步：閱讀文章，概括文章大意。文章主要介紹了71歲的GinniBazlinton從小就對旅行有著深深的熱愛，渴望探險。當她不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開始周游世界，并在2008年開始了前往南極洲的旅程。第二步：分析選項，斟酌判斷。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBazlinton去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第一段“Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.(這些溫柔可愛的看門人歡迎了她，并開始了一次Ginni永遠不會忘記的旅行。)”和倒數(shù)第二段GinniBazlinton對南極之旅的評價可知，文章主要介紹了GinniBazlinton去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，“Anunforgettableexperience.(一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)”能夠概括文章主旨。故選

B?？键c3段落大意題辨明題類段落大意題主要考查文章某一段落的主要意思，是對一個段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。考生要用準確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來。設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?(2)WhatisParagraph1mainlyabout?(3)Whatdoesthefirstparagraphmainlytalkabout?技法點撥1．定位段落主題句，做到首尾兼顧做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準確性更高。2．通過暗示揣摩段落大意有時，作者不直接寫出主題句，而是通過情感態(tài)度等方法暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題，此時要根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實和線索綜合判斷去揣摩并概括出段落大意。真題體驗(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷D)Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld?slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”，weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn?thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn?tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewtha