協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院病理呼吸系統(tǒng)課件

1PulmonarydiseaseInfectionsObstructivePulmonaryDiseaseRestrictivepulmonaryDiseaseTumors2ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDiseaseChronicbronchitisEmphysemaBronchiectasisasthma3Chronicbronchitispersistentcoughwithsputumproductionforatleast3monthsinatleast2consecutiveyears.4FormsofChronicbronchitissimplechronicbronchitisproductivecoughmucoidsputumnoairflowobstruction.ChronicasthmaticbronchitisChronicobstructivebronchitis5pathogenesisChronicirritation

Cigarettesmoking(最重要的病因)airpollutants(SO2,NO2)

MicrobialinfectionHypersensitivityOthers

67Chronicbronchitismorphology(與支擴(kuò)比較)Bronchialepitheliumdegeneration：desquamation（脫落）,squamousmetaplasiagobletcellhyperplasia

mucousglandhyperplasia

inflammationFibrosisandsmoothmusclehyperplasiachronicbronchioles:

Gobletcellmetaplasia,mucousplugging,inflammation,andfibrosis.8Thedistinctivefeatureofchronicbronchitis:Hypersecretonofmucus:gobletcellhyperplasiamucousglandhyperplasia--Alsothemorphologicbasisofmuciodsputum（未感染的白色黏痰）9REIDINDEX=b-c/a-d>0.5(Normally0.4)1011InChronicobstructivebronchitis,themorphologicbasisofairflowobstruction:chronicbronchioles(smallairwaydisease):

gobletcellmetaplasiamucousplugging,inflammation,fibrosis.12Clinical:CoughmucoidsputumWheezing13Complications:Bronchiectasisemphysema（最主要的）chroniccorpulmonalebronchopneumonia14Emphysema

aconditionofthelungcharacterizedbyabnormalpermanentenlargementoftheairspacesdistaltotheterminalbronchiole,

accompaniedby

destructionoftheirwall.（過(guò)度充氣+管壁破壞）

compensatoryEmphysemaSenile（老年性）EmphysemaOverinflation（過(guò)度膨脹）15TypeofEmphysemaAcinar(alveolar)EmphysemaobstructiveEmphysemaInterstitialEmphysemaParacicatrialEmphysemaBullaelung(>2cm)16TypeofAcinarEmphysemaCentroacinarEmphysema(Centrilobular)PanacinarEmphysema(Panlobular)PeriacinarEmphysema(Distalacinar)IrregularEmphysema17IrregularDistalpanacinarnormalcentral18阻塞性肺氣腫的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié):小氣道炎癥肺泡間隔斷裂1920Oxidant-antioxidantimblance21CentrilobularemphysemaLobularseptum22Longtimesmoker2324a1-ATdeficencyIntravenousdrugabuse252627Panacinaremphysema28Paraseptal(DistalAcinar)EmphysemaSubpleuralupperlobesFibrosisbullae29Clinical:dyspneabarrel-chested,breathsound↓,percussionnoteishyperreaonantX-ray:hyperinflation30Complications:chroniccorpulmonaleSpontaneouspneumothoraxAcuteinflammatory31chroniccorpulmonale

--pulmonarymorphologySmallerarteriesandarteriolesthickeninginternal/medialhypertrophyLuminanarrowmuscularizationofarterioles

32chroniccorpulmonale33Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasisisthepermanentdilatinofbronchiandbronchiolescausedbydestructionofthemuscleandelasticsupportingtissue,resultingfromorassociatedwithchronicnecrotizinginfections.34Twoprocessesarecrucialandintertwinedinthepathogenesisofbronchiectasis:obstructionandchronicpersistentinfection.35BronchiectasisoriginsBronchialobstructionTumorsForeignbodiesOccasionallymucousimpactionCongenitalorhereditaryconditionsCysticfibrosisImmotileciliaandKartagenersyndromesNecrotizingorsuppurativepneumonia36Bronchiectasis（與慢支不同點(diǎn)）LowerlobesEpitheliumdamageBronchial/bronchiolarwalldestruction,fibrosis

DuctirregulardilatationPeribronchiolarfibrosisChronicandactiveinflammation3738Bronchiectasis39Bronchiectasis40Bronchiectasis41Clinical:1.Episodic2.Severe,persistentcoughCopiousamountsofpurulentsputum(fetid)Hemoptysis3.Clubbingofthefingers42Pulmonaryinfections43LobarpneumoniaAcutebacterialinfectionInitiallyfromalveoli,involvessegamentaloranentirelobe.DiffusefibrinousexudateinfectionMale>Female,30-50yearsAbruptmalaise,fever,chestpain,coughproductiveofBrownsputum44LobarPneumoniaEtiologyLobarpneumonia,90-95%arecausedbypneumococciMostcommonaretypes1,3,7and2.Type3causesaparticularlyvirulentformoflobarpneumonia.Occasionally,Klebsiellapneumoniae(肺炎克雷伯桿菌),staphylococci（葡萄球菌）,streptococci（璉球菌）,H.influenzaeandsomeofthegram-negativeorganisms.45Lobarpneumonia(morphology)adiffusefibrinousexudateinfectionthatleadstospreadthroughtheporesKohnconsolidationoflargeareas&evenlobesofthelung.46fourstagesofthehistopathology

1.congestion(1-2days)2.redhepatization(3-4days)3.grayhepatization(5-10)4.resolution(10-days)471.Congestion此期細(xì)菌大量繁殖1-2daysLobeisheavy,redandboggyVascularcongestionProteineousfluid（漿液性滲出）,scatteredneutrophilsandredcellsinthe

alveoliManybacteria482.redhepatization纖維素通過(guò)肺泡間孔相連，限制細(xì)菌擴(kuò)散3-4daysLobe（s）isheavy，darkred，liver-likeconsolidationVascularcongestionAlveolarspacesarepackedwithmanyneutrophils,redcellsand

fibrin

Manybacteria493.Grayhepatization無(wú)菌，病人自覺(jué)癥狀減輕，咳鐵銹色痰，胸痛5-10daysLobe(s)islarge、dry、grayandfirmVascularcompressed（毛細(xì)血管受壓充血消退，菌不入血）Redcellsarelysed,fibrinpersistswithsinthealveoli.Bacteriadisappear504.resalutionAfter10daysLobe(s)issoftasnormalAlveolarexudatesareenzymaticallydigested,resorbedandingested.51lobularuniformlyconsolidationgrayhepatization525354Clinical:Abruptmalaise,fever,X-ray：consolidation

Cyanosiscough

Brownsputumchestpain55Complications(lobarpneumonia)OrganizingpneumoniaPulmonarycarnificationAbscessesExudativepleuritisEmpyema56Bronchopneumonia

(lobularpneumonia)It’saninflammationthatoriginatesinbronchiolesandextendsintothesurroundingalveoli.Childrenorelderperson

57Bronchopneumonia

OftenmixedBacterialinfection:staphylococci,streptococci,pneumococci,H.InfluenzaeInhalationofnoxiousgasesanddustsAspirationoffluidandsolidcontentsofthealimentarytract58MorphologyofBronchopneumonia

Patchyconsolidation

（實(shí)變?cè)畲笮〔坏?，散在多發(fā)，不規(guī)則）Onelobe/multilobar,frequentlybilateralandbasalpartofthelung（分布）Thelesionsare3-4cmindiameter,slightlyelevated？

,dry,gray-redtoyellow,poorlydelimitedatthemargins（病灶直徑，顏色，邊界）59Bronchopneumoniahistology

Asuppurative,neutrophil-richexudatethatfillsthebronchi,bronchioles,andadjacentalveolarspaces60616263Complicationsofbronchopneumonia

LungabscessesEmpyemaSuppurativepericarditisBacteremiawithmetastaticabscessformationinotherorgansandtissueinthebody64Legionellapneumonia

Anoutbreakofseverepneumoniaaffected180ofabout4400personsattendingtheAnnualConventionofAmericanLegionnairesinPhiladolphia,USAduringJuly1976,causing29deathes.Gram(-)fibrinopurulentbronchopneumoniaabundantfibrin,variablemacrophageandneutrophils65AtypicalpneumoniaUsualyabsenceofphysicalfindingsofconsolidationandonlymoderateelevationofwhitecellcountApulmonaryinflammatorylargeconfinedtoalveolarseptaandpulmonaryinterstitium,Lackofalveolarexudate(interstitialpneumonia)Commonlycausedbymycoplasma,viruses…mycoplasmapneumoniaviralpneumonias66Histologically:

theinflammatoryreactionislargelyconfinedwithinthewallofthealveoli.67Clinically,respiratorydistressseeminglyoutofproportiontothephysicalandradiographicfindings68Severeacuterespiratroysyndrome(SARS)Coronavirus(SARS-CoV)InfectthelowerrespiratorytractandinduceviremiaThehistopathologyoflungofSARSusuallydemonstratedDiffusealveolardamagePneumocystis（卡氏肺孢菌）pneumoniaP.cariniiAnopportunisticinfectionsoccurredinimmunocompromisedpersonAIDSOrgantransplantationchemotherapymalnourishedchildren

70PulmonarytuberculosisachronicgranulomatousdiseasecausedbyM.tuberculosis,usuallyaffectingthelungs,butvirtuallyanyextra-pulmonaryorgancanbeinvolvedbyisolatedtuberculosis.71Characteristictubercle–-----

tuberculousgranuloma（即結(jié)核結(jié)節(jié)tubercle）

Centralcaseousnecrosis以及四種細(xì)胞成分epithelioidcellsMultinucleatedgiantcellsLymphocytesFibroblasticcell73PrimarypulmonarytuberculosisChildrenTheformofdiseasethatdevelopsinapreviouslyunexposed,unsensitizedpersonItbeginsasasinglegranulomatouslesion(Ghonfocus即原發(fā)灶),subjacenttothepleuraintheinferiorupperlobe/superiorlowerloberegions.Thespreadtodrainingbronchialandhilar（門(mén)）nodes即引流到支氣管和肺門(mén)淋巴結(jié)CombinationoflungandlymphnodelesionscalledtheGhoncomplex74Primarypulmonarytuberculosis,Ghoncomplex原發(fā)灶，淋巴管炎，肺門(mén)淋巴結(jié)結(jié)核HilarLN7576Ziehl-Neelsenstain77Finalresultsoftheprimarytuberculosis

abenign,self-limiteddisease,Inducehypersensitivity/resistance--自限r(nóng)esultsinlocalscarringandcalcification,mayreactivation--局限progressiveprimarytuberculosis--進(jìn)展Throughthelymphohematogenousroutes,distantorgansmaybemiliarydisseminatedtuberculosisorisolatedorgantuberculousinfection--播散78Progressiveprimarytuberculosisbronchopneumonia79SecondarytuberculosisAdultInapreviouslysensitizedhostReinfectionMostcasesadultorsecondarypulmonarytuberculosisrepresentreactivationofanold,possiblysubclinicalinfection.80SecondarytuberculosisClassicallylocalizedtotheapexofoneorbothupperlobesCavitationoccursreadilyDisseminationalonetheairways81SecondarytuberculosisMorphologyLesionisalmostinvariablylocatedintheapexofoneorbothlungs.（位置）Asmallfocusofconsolidation,usuallylessthan3cm.Indiameterwithin1or2cm.Oftheapicalpleura.（大小）Thefociarefairlysharplycircumscribed,firm.gray-whitetoyellowareasthatagreaterorlessercomponentofcentralcaseationandperipheralfibrousinduration（邊界清，質(zhì)實(shí)，灰白到黃，伴不同程度的干酪樣壞死和硬化）.8283SecondarytuberculosisHistologicallygranulomas,withnecrosis(caseation)Theprogressivelesions,moretuberclescoalescetocreateaconfluentareaofconsolidatonThefavorablecase,isconvertedtoafibrocalcificscar.Mayprogressalongseveraldifferentpathways8485CavitaryfibrocaseoustuberculosisThecavityremainslocalizedtotheapexislinedbyayellow-graycaseousmaterialismoreorlesswalledoffbyfibroustissueThrombosedarteriesmaytraversethesecavitiestoproduceapparentfibrousbridgingbands.Theinfectivematerialmaydisseminatethroughtheairways.86Secondarytuberculosis:bilateralcavitarylesions8788MilitarytuberculosisLymphhematogenousdisseminationmaygivetomilitnarytuberculosislymphaticsmajorlymphaticducts/venous

rightoftheheartlungPulmonaryvenoussystemiccirculation

distantseeding89Militarytuberculosisofspleen90Secondarymilitarytuberculosis91TuberculousbronchopneumoniaHighlysensitizedTuberculousinfectionmayspreadrapidlyadiffusebronchopneumoniaorlobarpneumonia(gallopingconsumption奔馬癆)Histologicalfeatures:exudates,caseation,numerousTBbacilli9293Pneumoconiosis-silicosisPneumoconiosesencompassagroupofchronicfibrosingdiseasesofthelungresultingfromexposuretoorganicandinorganicparticulates.Silicosisiscausedbyinhalationofcrystallinesilicondioxide(silica),isthemostcommonPneumoconiosisintheworld.94SilicosisDusts5nosecavity3-5bronchialcavity2alveoliPhagocytosis(macrophages)Resp