理性和革命時期美國文學課件

PartIITheLiteratureofReasonandRevolutionHistoricalIntroductionImportantwritersDeclarationofIndependence理性和革命時期美國文學HistoricalIntroductionTwohistoricalevents1.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-17832.EnlightenmentTheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasnowthegreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.理性和革命時期美國文學

I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783

1.ThewritersheldvitallyimportantplacesinthemovementforAmericanindependence.FreedomwaswonasmuchbytheirfieryandinspiringspeechesandwritingsasbytheweaponsofWashingtonandLafayette(IntheAmericanRevolution,Lafayetteservedasamajor-general[少將]intheContinentalArmyunderGeorgeWashington).The13originalAmericanstateswerepersuadedtobecomeasinglenationbytheargumentsofstatesmenandmenofletters.理性和革命時期美國文學GeorgeWashington&Lafayette

理性和革命時期美國文學

I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783

2.StrictrulesmadebyEnglishgovernmenthamperedtheeconomicdevelopmentofthecolonies.TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry,whichledtothecolonies’intensestrainwithEngland.SotheAmericanWarforIndependencebrokeoutin1775.

理性和革命時期美國文學I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783

(1)1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWar

(2)July4,1776,ThomasJefferson,DeclarationofIndependence

(3)1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy

(4)1778,Englisharmysurrendered

(5)1783,formalrecognitionbytheBritishgovernment

3.Theproceduresoftheestablishmentofthenewnation

(1)colonies

(2)states

(3)federalrepublic---theUnitedStatesofAmerica

理性和革命時期美國文學II.Enlightenment1.EnlightenmentThespirituallifeinthecoloniesduringtheperiodwastoagreatdegreemoldedbythebourgeoisEnlightenment.(1)OriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcentury(2)Sources:Newton’stheory;deism（自然神教派);Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)

理性和革命時期美國文學II.Enlightenment(3)Basicprinciples:stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheagehasbeencalledtheAgeofReason);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjustice;theideaofprogress.理性和革命時期美國文學II.Enlightenment2.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.AlltheleadersoftherevolutionwereinfluencedbytheEnlightenment;

3.Representatives:BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJefferson,etc.TherepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentsetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.TheyalsoactivelyparticipatedintheWarforIndependence.

理性和革命時期美國文學II.Enlightenment4.ThenewnationwassetonthebasicideasandprinciplesoftheEnlightenment.

5.InfluenceoftheEnlightenment(1)AmericanEnlightenmentdealtadecisiveblowuponthePuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.(2)ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.理性和革命時期美國文學III.Literature1.CallforAmerica’sindependenceinliteratureAssoonasAmericabecamepoliticallyandeconomicallyindependent,thecallforitsindependenceinliteraturestartedtoemerge.In1783,NoahWebsterdeclared,“Americamustbeasindependentassheisinpolitics,asfamousfortheartsasforarms”.YetthroughoutthecenturyAmericanliteraturewaslargelypatternedonthewritingof18thcenturyEnglishmen.理性和革命時期美國文學NoahWebster

&HisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage

理性和革命時期美國文學III.Literature2.

Whileimaginativeliterature(富有想象力的文學作品,fiction,mythology,poetry,drama,etc)inAmericaremainedderivative(派生的;拷貝的)anddependent,theheroicandrevolutionaryambitionsoftheagehadcreatedgreatpoliticalpamphleteering(小冊子)andstatepapers.Essayistsandjournalistshadshapedthenation’sbeliefswithreasondressedinclearandforcefulprose.理性和革命時期美國文學III.Literature3.RepresentativeworksThomasJefferson:DeclarationofIndependenceThomasPaine:TheAmericanCrisis;RightsofMan;TheFederalistBenjaminFranklin:PoorRichard’sAlmanac;TheAutobiography理性和革命時期美國文學BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)Apatriot,diplomat,author,printer,scientist,andinventorintheeighteenthcentury;oneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.

理性和革命時期美國文學BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)Hewasajackofalltrades;Borninapoorcandlemaker’sfamilyinBostonandhadnoregulareducation;

Becameanapprenticetoaprinterwhenhewas12;

Aneditorofanewspaperandpublishedlotsofessayswhenhewas16;

HewenttoPhiladelphiawhenhewas17andbecameasuccessfulprinterandpublisher;

FoundtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas;理性和革命時期美國文學I.LifeEstablishedAmerica’sfirstcirculatinglibrary;Foundedthecollege—UniversityofPennsylvania;Retiredwhenhewas42.

理性和革命時期美國文學I.Life(1)abusinessman;

(2)Ascientistwithlotsofinventionsandafamousexperiment(kite,electricity,thunderstorm);firstappliedtheterms“positive”and“negative”toelectricalcharges(電荷).(3)astatesman

AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultnegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.理性和革命時期美國文學I.LifeDeclarationofIndependence

TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance

TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland

TheConstitution

(4)awriter(5)anembodimentofthe“AmericanDream”理性和革命時期美國文學II.LiterarycareerAsanauthorhehadpowerofexpression.Hisworksarewell-knownfortheirsimplicity,subtlehumorandbeingsarcastic.

1.Representativeworks(1)PoorRichard’sAlmanac

Modeledonfarmers’annualcalendar;keptpublishingformanyyears;includesmanyclassicalsayings,suchas:“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”“Aplowmanonhislegsishigherthanagentlemanonhisknees.”

理性和革命時期美國文學PoorRichard’sAlmanac理性和革命時期美國文學II.Literarycareer(2)TheAutobiography

Writtenwhenhewas65;

Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson;

Includingfourpartswrittenindifferenttimes;

Thefirstsuccessstoryofself-madeAmericans.理性和革命時期美國文學II.LiterarycareerInTheAutobiographywewillbeabletonotice:1)influenceofPuritanism,suchasself-examinationandself-improvement(timetable,thirteenvirtues,lifestyle)

2)spiritsoftheEnlightenment(man’snatureisgood,rightsofliberty,virtuesincluding“order”)

理性和革命時期美國文學II.LiterarycareerStyle:simple,clearinorder,direct,conciseandhumorous(“Nothingshouldbeexpressedintwowordsthatcanaswellbeexpressedinone.”)(influenceofPuritanism);

Firstofitskindinliteratureandsettheautobiographyasagenre;

Popular,stillwell-readtoday.理性和革命時期美國文學II.Literarycareer2.InfluenceHisvaluesandstyleinfluencedlotsofAmericans.OneofhisfellowAmericanssaid,“Hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman’sonthisyoungnation.”理性和革命時期美國文學

ThomasPaine(1737-1809)

RevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer,borninThetford,England.Paineemigratedin1774toPennsylvania,wherehegravitated(被吸引;趨[傾]向)towardthosewhosupportedcolonialindependence.理性和革命時期美國文學I.LifeandcareerPaine'spamphletCommonSenseappearedinJanuary1776andcausedanimmediatesensation.Init,PainebothsupportedAmericanindependenceandattackedthecorruptionoftheBritishhereditary(世襲的)monarchy.理性和革命時期美國文學I.LifeandcareerHefoughtintheRevolutionaryWarandcontinuedtopublish,includinghis1776essayTheAmericanCrisis.

理性和革命時期美國文學I.Lifeandcareer理性和革命時期美國文學II.Majorworks1.TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise(1772)---hisfirstpamphlet,apetitiontoParliamentforalivingwagefortheexcisecollectors2.CommonSense(1776)

---signedsimply“ByanEnglishman”,tourgethecoloniestodeclareindependence;Painbecameforthwiththemostarticulate(表達清楚有力的)spokesmanoftheAmericanRevolution.

理性和革命時期美國文學II.Majorworks3.TheAmericanCrisis(1776-1783)

---Paine’schiefcontributionwasaseriesof16pamphlets(1776-1783)entitledTheAmericanCrisisandsigned“CommonSense”whichdealtdirectlywiththemilitaryengagementstoinspiretheContinentalArmy.

理性和革命時期美國文學II.Majorworks4.TheRightsofMan(1791-92)

---ananswertoBurke’sRecentReflectionsontheFrenchRevolution,whichnotonlychampionedRousseau’sdoctrinesoffreedom,butalsosuggestedtheoverthrowoftheBritishmonarchy.PainewasindictedfortreasonandwasforcedtoseekrefugeinFrance.理性和革命時期美國文學II.Majorworks5.TheAgeofReason(1795)---adeistictreatiseadvocatingarationalisticviewofreligion.6.AnalysisofTheAmericanCrisis

(1776–1783)---aseriesofpamphletspublishedinLondonfrom1776–1783duringtheAmericanRevolution.ItdecriedBritishactionsandloyalists,offeringsupporttothepatrioticcause.理性和革命時期美國文學TheAmericanCrisisThefirstofthepamphletswasreleasedduringatimewhentheRevolutionstilllookedanunsteadyprospect;theopeningsentencewasadoptedasthewatchword(標語,口號,格言)ofthemovementtoTrenton.理性和革命時期美國文學TheAmericanCrisisThefamousopeninglinesare:Thesearethetimesthattrymen'ssouls:Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill,inthiscrisis,shrinkfromtheserviceofhiscountry;buthethatstandsitnow,deservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman.Thepamphletattemptedtobolstermoraleandresistanceamongpatriots,aswellasshameneutralsandloyaliststowardthecause.理性和革命時期美國文學ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)

Born:13April1743Birthplace:Shadwell,VirginiaDied:4July1826(naturalcauses)BestKnownAs:AuthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence理性和革命時期美國文學

I.Lifeandcareer1.Hismindrangedcuriouslyovermanyfieldsofknowledge---law,philosophy,government,architecture,education,religion,science,agriculture,mechanics---andwhateverhetouched,heenrichedinsomemeasure.理性和革命時期美國文學

I.Lifeandcareer2.HewasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates(1801–1809),theprincipalauthorofTheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFathersforhispromotionoftheidealsofRepublicanismintheUnitedStates.HighpointsofhispresidencyincludetheLouisianaPurchasefromNapoleonandtheexplorationofthewestbyLewisandClark(1804–1806).理性和革命時期美國文學

I.Lifeandcareer3.Asapoliticalphilosopher,JeffersonwasamanoftheEnlightenmentandknewmanyintellectualleadersinBritainandFrance.Heidealizedtheindependentyeomanfarmerasanexemplarofrepublicanvirtues,distrustedcitiesandfinanciers,andfavoredstates'rightsandastrictlylimitedfederalgovernment.JeffersonsupportedtheseparationofchurchandstateandwastheauthoroftheVirginiaStatuteforReligiousFreedom(1779,1786).理性和革命時期美國文學

I.LifeandcareerHewastheeponym（名祖;命名來源）ofJeffersoniandemocracyandtheco-founderandleaderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,whichdominatedAmericanpoliticsforaquarter-centuryandwastheprecursorofthemodern-dayDemocraticParty.JeffersonservedasthewartimeGovernorofVirginia(1779–1781),firstUnitedStatesSecretaryofState(1789–1793)andsecondVicePresident(1797–1801).理性和革命時期美國文學

I.Lifeandcareer4.Apolymath(學識淵博的人),Jeffersonachieveddistinctionas,amongotherthings,ahorticulturist(園藝學家),statesman,architect,archaeologist(考古學家),paleontologist(古生物學者),author,inventorandfounderoftheUniversityofVirginia.理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependenceTheDeclarationofIndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress,adoptedonJuly4,1776,whichdeclaredthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawere"FreeandIndependentStates"andthat"allpoliticalconnectionbetweenthemandtheStateofGreatBritain,isandoughttobetotallydissolved."理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependenceThedocument,formallyentitledTheunanimousDeclarationofthethirteenUnitedStatesofAmerica,explainedthejustificationsforseparationfromtheBritishcrown,andwasanexpansionofRichardHenryLee‘sResolution(passedbyCongressonJuly2),whichfirstproclaimedindependence.Anengrossed(正式寫成的)copyoftheDeclarationwassignedbymostofthedelegatesonAugust2andisnowondisplayintheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationinWashington,D.C..理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependenceTheDeclarationisconsideredtobethefoundingdocumentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whereJuly4iscelebratedasIndependenceDayandthenation'sbirthday.JohnHancock,astheelectedPresidentofCongress,wastheonlypersontosigntheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4.ItwasnotuntilthefollowingmonthonAugust2thattheremaining55otherdelegatesbegantosignthedocument.理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependenceThefollowingstatementshavebecomeworld-famoussincethen:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.

理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependence我們認為下面這些真理是不言而喻的：造物者創(chuàng)造了平等的個人，并賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。

理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependenceThattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned,ThatwheneveranyFormofGovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistheRightofthePeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewGovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirSafetyandHappiness.理性和革命時期美國文學II.TheDeclarationofIndependence為了保障這些權(quán)利，人們才在他們之間建立政府，而政府之正當權(quán)力，則來自被統(tǒng)治者的同意。任何形式的政府，只要破壞上述目的，人民就有權(quán)利改變或廢除它，并建立新政府；新政府賴以奠基的原則，得以組織權(quán)力的方式，都要最大可能地增進民眾的安全和幸福。理性和革命時期美國文學PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)

PhilipMorinFreneau(1752-1832)wasanAmericanpoet,essayist,andjournalist.RememberedasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolutionandthefatherofAmericanpoetry,hewasatransitionalfigureinAmericanliterature.理性和革命時期美國文學

I.Lifeandcareer

Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemshavevaluemainlyforhistorians,buthisplaceastheearliestimportantAmericanlyricpoetissecuredbysuchpoemsas“TheWildHoneysuckle,”“TheIndianBuryingGround,”and“EutawSprings.”理性和革命時期美國文學I.Lifeandcareer

Freneauwasperhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.1.Hispoemsare:stronglylyrical;withclearimagery;neoclassicalinform,andromanticinspirit.2.PhilipMorinFreneauwasadeistic(自然神論的)optimist.

理性和革命時期美國文學Deismcf.Deism(自然神論,自然神教派)isareligiousphilosophyandmovementthatderivestheexistenceandnatureofGodfromreasonandpersonalexperience.Thisisincontrasttofideism([哲]信仰主義,一種認為知識取決于信仰的學說)whichisfoundinmanyformsofChristianity.Islam,JudaismandCatholicteachingsholdthatreligionreliesonrevelationinsacredscripturesorthetestimonyofotherpeopleaswellasreasoning.理性和革命時期美國文學DeismDeiststypicallyrejectsupernaturalevents(prophecy,miracles)andtendtoassertthatGoddoesnotinterferewithhumanlifeandthelawsoftheuniverse.Whatorganizedreligionsseeasdivinerevelationandholybooks,mostdeistsseeasinterpretationsmadebyotherhumans,ratherthanasauthoritativesources.理性和革命時期美國文學DeismDeismbecameprominentinGreatBritain,France,andtheUnitedStatesinthe17thand18thcenturies,mostlyamongthoseraisedasChristianswhofoundtheycouldnotbelieveineitheratriune(三位一體的)God,thedivinityofJesus,miracles,ortheinerrancy