任務(wù)型閱讀解題技

任務(wù)型閱讀考查學(xué)生的邏輯能力1.對(duì)整篇語言和邏輯關(guān)系的判斷2.對(duì)句與句之間及上下文邏輯關(guān)系的判斷.3.對(duì)語篇、語段的連貫性、一致性的理解.第一頁第二頁，共24頁。命題特點(diǎn)本題型的材料是一篇長度為180-250詞的文章,其中有5處空白,文章后有7句話,要求根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容從這7句話中選出5句作為答案,分別放進(jìn)文章中的5個(gè)空白處,有2個(gè)選項(xiàng)是多余的干擾項(xiàng).空白處可能位于材料主干部分的段首、段中或段末,但一般不會(huì)是閱讀材料的第一句或者最后一句.語言材料將會(huì)涉及文化、教育、經(jīng)濟(jì)、體育、娛樂、廣告、科學(xué)研究與發(fā)現(xiàn)等內(nèi)容,從而進(jìn)一步突出語言的實(shí)用性、人文性、時(shí)代性和思想性.第二頁第三頁，共24頁。能力要求1.了解所讀文章的主旨要義和具體信息.2.掌握作者的寫作意圖及觀點(diǎn).3.能區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù).4.把握文章的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和脈絡(luò)層次.5.理解文章寫作思路和結(jié)構(gòu)組織安排.第三頁第四頁，共24頁?？键c(diǎn)解讀

●通讀整篇文章，把握整段語脈，理出文章的中心。 ●根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)確定有幾個(gè)句子。 ●除中心詞、關(guān)鍵詞外，將所有句子按意義分出層次，如果是承接、平列、層進(jìn)關(guān)系，則可分為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的層次，如果是解釋、轉(zhuǎn)折一般就可以一分為二。 ●再分析各層次之間的關(guān)系。 ●最后檢查核對(duì)層次劃分有無錯(cuò)誤。如一篇文章或語段有幾個(gè)句子單位，幾個(gè)層次，特別是長難句構(gòu)成的語段層次是否明確。第四頁第五頁，共24頁。閱讀填空題詳解分析：

語篇與段落是有區(qū)別的，語段是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的中間層次，是由句子到篇的一種過渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些語體（如記敘文、議論文）中比語段更大的意義單位，較小的段落可以只包括一個(gè)語段或一個(gè)句子，一般來說，一個(gè)段落通常由幾個(gè)語段構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成語段的方式有兩種，一是靠句際間意義的結(jié)合，二是靠句際間的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，邏輯性插入語來連接，我們?cè)诜治稣Z段層次時(shí)，可以借助句際間的連接詞語作出判斷，但最主要的還是要真正體會(huì)句際間的意義關(guān)系，把握作者的思路，從語序上去發(fā)現(xiàn)斷續(xù)點(diǎn)，理清層次，好文章的層次非常清晰，只要層層入手，才能真正理解文章。第五頁第六頁，共24頁。（2010遼寧卷） IwastenwhenIfirstsatwithmygrandmotherbehindthecashier（收銀臺(tái)）inhergeneralstore.1Iquicklylearnedtheimportanceoftreatingcustomerspolitelyandsaying“thankyou.” AtfirstIwaspaidincandy.2Iworkedeverydayafterschool,andduringthesummerandonweekendsandholidaysfrom8a.m.to7p.m.Myfatherhelpedmesetupabankaccount.3

BythetimeIwas12,MygrandmotherthoughtIhaddonesuchagoodjobthatshepromotedmetosellingcosmetics（化妝品）.Idevelopedtheabilitytolookcustomersdirectlyintheeye.EventhoughIwasjustakid,womenwouldaskmesuchthingsas“WhatcolordoyouthinkIshouldwear?”Itookarealinterestintheirquestionsandwasabletotranslatewhattheywantedintomakeup（化妝）ideas.4

第六頁第七頁，共24頁。Thejobtaughtmeavaluablelesson:tobeasuccessfulsalesperson,youdidn’tneedtobeaRocketscientist—youneededtobeagreatlistener.__5___Excepttheyarenolongerwomenpurchasingcosmeticsfromme;instead,theyarekidswhotellmewhichtoystheywouldliketoseedesignedanddeveloped.LaterIreceived50centsanhour.Beforelong,sheletmesittherebymyself.Iendedmysellingarecordamountofcosmetics.TodayIstillcarrythatlessonwithme:Ilistentocustomers.Mygrandma’strusttaughtmehowtohandleresponsibility.SoonIfoundmyselflookingmorebeautifulthaneverbefore.WatchingmymoneygrowwasmorerewardingthananythingIcouldhavebought.第七頁第八頁，共24頁?！驹囶}答案及解析】1.B.從后一句Iquicklylearnedtheimportanceoftreatingcustomerspolitelyandsaying“thankyou.”可推知，作者的祖母先讓作者跟著她學(xué)，然后讓作者獨(dú)立工作，所以他很快學(xué)會(huì)有禮貌地對(duì)待客人的重要性。2.A.前面有atfirst，和本項(xiàng)中的later一致。3.G.根據(jù)前一句的Myfatherhelpedmesetupabankaccount.可確定答案。4C.同樣根據(jù)前一句確定答案。5.D.上文提到avaluablelesson，這里承接上下文。第八頁第九頁，共24頁。閱讀填空題的解題策略：

1.理清句際間意義的關(guān)系 文章的內(nèi)容是根據(jù)各層各段的大意有機(jī)地組合而成，各個(gè)層次，各個(gè)段落之間不管怎樣錯(cuò)落有致，但它所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都是要圍繞中心的，各句之間都有一定的語脈，從邏輯意義上來看，語段的句際關(guān)系可分為平列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。構(gòu)成語段的各個(gè)句子之間有時(shí)可以包含一種以上的句際關(guān)系。

2.找出句子之間的連接性的詞語 文章的語句間的組合，除了從語句間的意義關(guān)系分析外，還可借助句子之間的連接性詞語來把握，因?yàn)檫B接性詞語能表明這個(gè)語段句與句之間、層與層之間的基本關(guān)系是：第九頁第十頁，共24頁。 承接關(guān)系（如so,therefore,thus,hence,accordingly,consequently,asaresult等）； 平列關(guān)系（如first,second,third…;firstly,secondly,thirdly…;first,next,then…;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace…;foronething,foranotherthing…;tobeginwith,toconclude等）； 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（如however,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,though,yet,inspiteof,atanyrate,inanycase,whoever,whateveronthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,incomparison,bycomparison,conversely,otherwise等）；

層遞關(guān)系（如also,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,moreover,inaddition,what’smore,too,either,neither,not…but…,notonly…butalso等）。第十頁第十一頁，共24頁。Eg.LongbeforemanlivedontheEarth,andtherewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofthosekindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhacenodescendantsalivenow.

__71__Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshaps,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate.B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.第十一頁第十二頁，共24頁。分析

B.從語意關(guān)系上看，前文中說動(dòng)物滅絕了，暗含的意思是我們不可能得到這些動(dòng)物的任何信息，而后面的句子說我們可以對(duì)這些動(dòng)物形成準(zhǔn)確的印象，因此，前后文形成明顯的對(duì)比關(guān)系，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有選項(xiàng)B能夠表達(dá)這種關(guān)系。第十二頁第十三頁，共24頁。3.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)法復(fù)現(xiàn)法是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫作手段,即作者在上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一個(gè)概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述,從而使得同樣的意思在文章中不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn).復(fù)現(xiàn)的形式主要是指同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等第十三頁第十四頁，共24頁。KeepThingsinOrderParentsshouldencouragetheirchildtospreadout,buttoleaveitneatandorderlywhenheisn’tusinghisworkspace.Ownershipisveryimportantforself-respect,__73___Theworkpaceshouldbepersonal,butnotanotherpartoftheplayroom.G.Achildwholearnstoorganizehisspacewillcarryorganizationintoeverycornerofhislife.分析G.G項(xiàng)中的organizehisspace與這段內(nèi)容相一致。這一段主要講的是孩子學(xué)習(xí)的地方要整潔，東西擺放要有條理。第十四頁第十五頁，共24頁。4.詞匯同現(xiàn)法詞匯同現(xiàn)是指屬于同一詞匯搭配范疇或者某一領(lǐng)域的詞匯在文章中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，達(dá)到語意銜接的目的。一般來說，上下文中詞匯的范疇越小，上下文的銜接關(guān)系越緊密。Enouragethewholefamilytohelpbuildasupportiveenvironmentthatchildrenneedforsuccessinschool,Givethemagoodexampleofhowtodealwithproblems,howtomanagetimeandgetthingsdoneintherightway.__75__Studywillbemoreenjoyableandefftivewhensupportedbythewholefamily.E.Holdacan-doattitudeandyourchildwillfollowyourexample分析E.E項(xiàng)中的followyourexample與該段中的Givethemagoodexample相對(duì)應(yīng)。第十五頁第十六頁，共24頁。5.代詞線索法英語表達(dá)中代詞的出現(xiàn)頻率極高，代詞的作用無非是指代前面提及的名詞或句子。只要巧妙地利用這樣的指代關(guān)系或根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異就可以準(zhǔn)確而迅速地解題。第十六頁第十七頁，共24頁。Eg.Therewerealsocrab-likecreature,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakingofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet._74___Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchambeandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.分析A.選項(xiàng)A中的manydifferentkinds與空白處后面的指示代詞these形成了對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。第十七頁第十八頁，共24頁。6.數(shù)字線索法數(shù)字線索包括具體數(shù)字以及數(shù)字相關(guān)的詞匯，如ratio,rate等。作者列出數(shù)字，除了和其他數(shù)字進(jìn)行比較之外，還可以用數(shù)據(jù)來說明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。Eg.DavidWilliamsvisitedthecasino(賭場),lost＄20left.Onhissecondvisithelost＄800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a‘FunCard’,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivitives.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine._71___In1997helost＄21000tooneslotmachine(老虎機(jī)）intwodays.InMarch1997helost＄72186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatdockedat5a.m,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.C.Bythetimehehadlost＄5000,hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon＄5500,buthedidnotquit.第十八頁第十九頁，共24頁。分析

C.根據(jù)前文的第一句話DavidWilliamsvisitedthecasino,lost＄20andleft.及后文的In1997helost＄21000tooneslotmachineintwodays可知，兩者的側(cè)重點(diǎn)都集中在lost(輸錢上，同時(shí)前后文中都出現(xiàn)了一些數(shù)字說明，因此從語意上判斷，要填入的內(nèi)容一定和此人輸錢有關(guān)，同時(shí)選項(xiàng)中很可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)數(shù)字。對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)C中出現(xiàn)了＄5000和＄5500，與前后文中的數(shù)字形成照應(yīng)。此外，從語意邏輯上看，此處與后面一句其實(shí)是用具體的事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)在描述DavidWilliams的毒癮越來越大，兩者的語意邏輯表達(dá)方向一致，因此選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。第十九頁第二十頁，共24頁。（2010北京卷）

Thenexttimeyougointoabank,astore,orasupermarket,stopandlisten.Whatdoyouhear?1It'ssimilartothemusicyoulistento,butit'snotexactlythesame.That'sbecausethismusicwasespeciallydesignedtorelaxyou,ortogiveyouextraenergy.Sometimesyoudon'tevenrealizethemusicisplaying,butyoureacttothemusicanyway.Quietbackgroundmusicusedtobecalled"elevator(電梯)music"becauseweoftenhearditinelevators.Butlatelywehearitinmoreandmoreplaces,andithasanewname"Muzak".Aboutone-thirdofthepeopleinAmericalistento"Muzak"everyday.Themusicplaysfor15minutesatatime,withshortpausesinbetween.Itisalwaysmorelivelybetweentenandeleveninthemorning,andbetweenthreeandfourintheafternoon,whenpeoplearemoretired.2

IfyoulistentoMuzakcarefully,youwillprobablyrecognizethenamesofmanyofthesongs.Somemusiciansorsongwritersdon'twanttheirsongstobeusedasMuzak,butothersarehappywhentheirsongsarechosen.Why?3

第二十頁第二十一頁，共24頁。Musicisoftenplayedinpublicplacesbecauseitisdesignedtomakepeoplefeellesslonelywhentheyareinanairportorahotel.IthasbeenproventhatMuzakdoeswhatitisdesignedtodo.TiredofficeworkerssuddenlyhavemoreenergywhentheyhearthepleasantsoundofMuzakinthebackground.4Supermarketshoppersbuy38percentmoregroceries.

5.Theysayit'sboringtohearthesamesongsallthetime.ButotherpeopleenjoyhearingMuzakinpublicplaces.Theysayithelpsthemrelaxandfeelcalm.Onewayoranother,Muzakaffectseveryone.Somefarmersevensaytheircowsgi