山東省淄博市2022-2023學年高一下學期7月期末英語試題

2022—2023學年度第二學期高一教學質(zhì)量檢測英語注意事項：1.答題前，考生先將自己的姓名、考生號、座號填寫在相應(yīng)位置，認真核對條形碼上的姓名、考生號和座號，并將條形碼粘貼在指定位置上。2.選擇題答案必須使用2B鉛筆(按填涂樣例)正確填涂;非選擇題答案必須使用毫米黑色簽字筆書寫，字體工整、筆跡清楚。3.請按照題號在各題目的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答，超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效;在草稿紙、試題卷上答題無效。保持卡面清潔，不折疊、不破損。第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)做題時，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)(共5小題;每小題分，滿分分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.Whatwillthemanwatchfirsttonight?A.Afilm.B.Agame.C.Adocumentary.2.Howdoesthemanfeel?A.Tired.B.Excited.C.Stressed.3.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inanoffice.B.Inarestaurant!C.Inasupermarket.4.Whydoesthewomanmakethecall?A.Toaskforhelp.B.Toexpressthanks.C.Tomakeasuggestion.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Aholidayplan.B.AnEnglishcourse.C.Anexchangeprogram.第二節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1,5分，滿分22.5分)聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘;聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatdothespeakersneedahotelfor?A.Aparty.B.Awedding.C.Ameeting.7.Whatdoesthemandislikeaboutthehotel?A.Thesize.B.Theprice.C.Thelocation聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Whathappenedtothewoman?A.Shelostherbuspass.B.Shetookthewrongbus.C.Shemissedtheschoolbus.9.Whatdayisittoday?A.Wednesday.B.Thursday.C.Friday.10.Whatwillthewomanprobablydoaftergettingtoschool?A.Talktoherteacher.B.Borrowsomemoney.C.Gotothefrontoffice.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthebookforherreport?A.It’slost.B.It’sdamaged.C.It’ssoldout12.Whyistheman’sunclementionedintheconversation?A.Heisafamouswriter.B.Heusedtoworkinthelibrary.C.Hehasmanybooksonarchitecture.13.Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?A.Makeacall.B.Attendaclass.C.Gotothelibrary.聽第9段材料，回答第14至16題。14.Whatistheman’spositionintheschoolnewspaper?A.Aneditor.B.Areporter.C.Aphotographer.15.Howdidthemanknowthewomanisagoodwriter?A.Hereadherwritinglastyear.B.Herteacherremendedher.C.Shewonawritingpetition.16.Whatdoesthemanwantthewomantodo?A.Writeabookreview.B.Interviewateacher.C.Reportonagame.聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.Whoisthespeakertalkingto?A.Visitorsingtothefestival,B.Villagershelpingrunthefestival.C.Newsreporterscoveringthefestival,18.Whatwillthevillageraisemoneyfor?A.Repairingahall.B.Buildingapark.C.Helpingthestudents.19.Howmuchdidthevillagegetforadultticketslastyear?A.￡1,250.B.￡2,000.C.￡2,750.20.Whatwillthespeakerdiscussnext?A.Thecostofthefestival.B.Theplaceofthefestival.C.Theinfluenceofthefestival.第二部分閱讀(共兩節(jié)，滿分50分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題分，滿分分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。AHertzInternationalCarRentalGuideWeletoHertzinternationalcarrentalsite!WelookforwardtoassistingyouwithHertzcarrentalworldwide.DrivetheworldwithHertz!WhyHertzFoundedin1918,Hertzistheworld’slargestandmostpopularcarrentalpany,withmorethan750,000vehiclesstoredinover10,800rentalshops(2,000airportlocations)worldwide.Youcanenjoythefastestcarrentalserviceworldwide.Nolongqueues.Nounnecessarypaperwork.BookingwithyourHertzmembership,youjustgostraighttoyourcaranddriveaway.Returnwithoutwaiting,andtheelectronicbillwillbesenttoyourmailboxintime.Renters’Qualification&Requirements●Passport●Min.21yearsold●Valid(有效的)drivinglicense,min.1yeardrivingexperience●InternationalDrivingPermit(IDP)orChinaDrivingLicenseEnglishTranslation(onlyapplytoChinaDrivingLicenseholders)●Validinternationalcreditcard(Pleasenotethatyourbankcardshouldbevalidatleast3monthsfromthedateofreturn)●BookingConfirmationIDPleaseNote:HertzlocationsinUSA,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,mostcountriesinEuropeandAsia(excludingJapanandKorea)nowacceptChinaDriver’sLicensewhenitisacpanied(伴隨)withanEnglishtranslation.PleasecontactHertzChinaCallCenter4008423604orfollowHertzChinaofficialWeChat“HertzGuoJiZuChe”toapplyforEnglishtranslationofChinaDriver’sLicenseforfree.1WhatisanadvantageofHertz?A.Itgivespaperbillswithoutdelay.B.Itprovidescertainfreecars.C.Ithasover750,000rentalshops.D.Itoffersthemostconvenientservice.2.WhatisnecessaryforaChinesetorentacarfromHertz?A.Anageover18.B.Ashorttimecreditcard.C.AnEnglisheditionofdriver’slicense.D.Atleast3monthsdrivingexperience.3.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Awebpage. B.Atravelplan.C.Asalesadvertisement. D.Aguidebook.【答案】1.D2.C3.A【解析】【導語】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。本文是赫茲國際租車公司的租車指南，文章介紹了赫茲租車公司的基本情況和租車的相關(guān)條件?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)WhyHertz中的“Youcanenjoythefastestcarrentalserviceworldwide.Nolongqueues.Nounnecessarypaperwork.BookingwithyourHertzmembership,youjustgostraighttoyourcaranddriveaway.Returnwithoutwaiting,andtheelectronicbillwillbesenttoyourmailboxintime.(您可以享受到全球最快的租車服務(wù)。不用排長隊。沒有不必要的文書工作。用你的赫茲會員預約，你只需要直接去找你的車，然后開車離開。不用等待返回，電子賬單將及時發(fā)送到您的郵箱。)”可知，赫茲公司不用排長隊，沒有不必要的文書工作等等，提供了非常便利的租車服務(wù)。故選D項?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Renters’Qualification&Requirements中的“InternationalDrivingPermit(IDP)orChinaDrivingLicenseEnglishTranslation(onlyapplytoChinaDrivingLicenseholders)(國際駕照或中國駕照英文翻譯件(僅適用于持有中國駕照者))”可知，中國人租車需要有中國駕照的英文版。故選C項。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句話“WeletoHertzinternationalcarrentalsite!(歡迎光臨赫茲國際租車網(wǎng)站！)”可知，這篇文章出自赫茲國際租車網(wǎng)站。故選A項。BLaKeiceewastryingtoplanaparty,butJaxsonhadn’tmadeuphismindonhowhewantedtocelebrate.“Tellmewhatyouwanttodoforyourbirthday,”LaKeiceesaidashisson’sbirthdayapproached.Sherememberedhersonlookingatherforamomentbeforesaying,“Let’sfeedthehomeless.”Shethoughthemeantthathewantedtodonatecans,orspendadayvolunteeringatasoupkitchen.ButJaxsonhadsomethingbiggerinmind.“TheyneedafullEastermeallikewedo,”hesaid.LaKeiceeaskedhimhowmanypeoplehewantedtofeed.“Asmanyaspossible,”Jaxsonreplied.“That’showitallbegan,”LaKeiceerecalled.“He’sbeengoingeversince.”JaxsonTurner,now13,isthefounderofhisowncharity—N2Y2C,anonprofithehasbeenrunningwithhismother’shelpforthreeyears.Hehasfourmainprojects:feedingthehomeless,domesticviolenceawareness,backtoschoolsuppliesforclassmatesinneed,andaChristmasprojectinpartnershipwithSamaritanInn.Jaxson’sinspirationcamefromseeingpeopleoncornersbeggingforfood.Hesawitthroughoutthecityandrealizedthatpeopleinneedwereeverywhere.Healsogrewupcookingwithhismother,whomadeabigSundaydinnereveryweek,andhewantedtogivethatexperiencetootherpeople.JaxsonraisedmoneythroughgrassrootseffortslikelemonadestandsandGoFundMepages.Someofitwasusedtobuyschoolsuppliesforover100kidsayear,andsomewasusedforaChristmaspartyhethrewforthekidsstayingatSamaritanInn,ahomelessshelterinMcKinney.Intotal,hehasraised$72,444forN2Y2Cproject.N2Y2Cdoesn’thaveawebsite,butit’sing.Mostofthewordsarespreadoversocialmedia,butJaxsonhasbigplansforthefuture.AsLaKeiceesays,there’salwayssomeoneouttherewhoneedshelp,andsheishonoredtohelphersondoit.4.WhatdidJaxsonwantforhis10thbirthday?A.HoldingapartyB.SupplyingthehomelesswithfoodC.DonatingcansD.Volunteeringatasoupkitchen5.WhatdroveJaxsontofoundtheN2Y2C?A.ThedesiretocareforthebeggarsB.TheneedtosetupawebsiteC.ThedemandforraisingmoneyD.Thethirstforpartners6.WhatcanweknowaboutN2Y2C?A.ItmakesgreatprofitsB.ItisintendedforstayathomechildrenC.ItturnsouttobeasuccessD.Itgainspopularityamongtheyoung7.Whatmightbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.HardWorkPaysOffB.NeverTooYoungtoCareC.OneGoodTurnDeservesAnotherD.AGoodHeartIsBetterThanaNoblePosition【答案】4.B5.A6.C7.B【解析】【導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章介紹了Jaxson成立自己的慈善機構(gòu)N2Y2C的原因和過程?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Sherememberedhersonlookingatherforamomentbeforesaying,“Let’sfeedthehomeless.”(她記得兒子看了她一會兒，然后說:“讓我們?yōu)闊o家可歸的人提供食物吧?！?”可知Jaxson十歲生日的時候，想給無家可歸的人提供食物。故選B項。【5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Jaxson’sinspirationcamefromseeingpeopleoncornersbeggingforfood.Hesawitthroughoutthecityandrealizedthatpeopleinneedwereeverywhere.(Jaxson的靈感來自于看到街角乞討的人。他看到整個城市都是這樣，意識到到處都是需要幫助的人。)”可知，Jaxson看到街角乞討的人，意識到到處都有人需要幫助。這驅(qū)使Jaxson創(chuàng)立了N2Y2C。故選A項?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Intotal,hehasraised$72,444forN2Y2Cproject.N2Y2Cdoesn’thaveawebsite,butit’sing.Mostofthewordsarespreadoversocialmedia,butJaxsonhasbigplansforthefuture.(他總共為N2Y2C項目籌集了72,444美元。N2Y2C目前還沒有網(wǎng)站，但網(wǎng)站即將創(chuàng)建。大多數(shù)詞條都在社交媒體上傳播，但Jaxson對未來有很大的計劃。)”可知，Jaxson小小年紀，不僅創(chuàng)立了N2Y2C，而且還為該項目籌集了72,444美元，甚至還在社交媒體上傳播，說明N2Y2C成功了，C項正確；根據(jù)文章第三段“N2Y2C,anonprofithehasbeenrunningwithhismother’shelpforthreeyears.(N2Y2C是他在母親的幫助下經(jīng)營了三年的非營利組織。)”可知，N2Y2C是非營利性組織，A項錯誤；根據(jù)第三段“Hehasfourmainprojects:feedingthehomeless,domesticviolenceawareness,backtoschoolsuppliesforclassmatesinneed,andaChristmasprojectinpartnershipwithSamaritanInn.(他有四個主要項目:為無家可歸者提供食物、關(guān)注家庭暴力、為有需要的同學歸還學校用品，以及與撒瑪利亞酒店合作的圣誕節(jié)項目。)”可知，N2Y2C有四個不同項目，并非是為留守兒童，B項錯誤；D項文章未提及。故選C項?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。閱讀文章內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了Jaxson小小年紀就創(chuàng)立了慈善組織N2Y2C，去幫助有需要的人的故事，而N2Y2C實際上就是NeverTooYoungToCare的縮寫。由此可知，B項NeverTooYoungtoCare最能概括本文內(nèi)容。故選B項。CHaveyouevernoticedanantinyourhome,onlytofindthataweeklaterthewholegrouphasmovedin?Thetrapsyousetupcatchonlyafewoftheseants,butsoon,therestofthegrouphasmysteriouslydisappeared.NowastudypublishedinthejournalCellexploreshowcertaindangersignalingpheromones(信息激素)—thescentmarkersantsgiveofftomunicatewitheachother—activateaspecificpartoftheants’brainsandcanchangethebehaviorofthewholenest.Thisresearchsuggeststhatantshavetheirownkindofmunicationcenterintheirbrains,similartohumans.Thiscentercaninterpretalarmpheromones,or“dangersignals”,fromotherants.TheresearchersusedanengineeredproteincalledGCaMPtoscanthebrainactivityofclonalraiderants(克隆蟻)thatwereexposedtodangersignals.GCaMPworksbyattachingitselftocalciumions(鈣離子),whichlightupwithbrainactivity,andtheresultingchemicalpoundcanbeseenonhighresolutionmicroscopesadaptedtoviewthem.Whenperformingthescans,theresearchersnoticedthatonlyasmallsectionoftheants’brainslitupinresponsetodangersignals,buttheantsstillshowedimmediateandplexbehaviorsinresponse.Thesebehaviorswerenamedthe“panicresponse”becausetheyinvolvedactionssuchasfleeing,andtransportingtheiryoungfromthenesttowardasaferlocation.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,researcherschoseclonalraiderantsasaspeciesbecausetheyareeasytocontrol.Theyusedantsofonesexwithinoneclassandrole(femaleworkerants)toguaranteeconsistencyandthereforemakeiteasiertoobservewidespreadpatterns.8.Whatdoesthestudyfocuson?A.ThetrapsusedtocatchantsB.HowtoactivatedangeroussignalsC.ThereasonwhythewholeantgroupmovesD.Howpheromonesaffecttheants’behavior9.WhatispresentedinParagraph2?A.Thestudyprocedure.B.Theresearchprinciples.C.Thechemicalbination.D.Theadaptionofmicroscope.10.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?A.Paniccausestheantstoflee.B.GCaMPcanactivatethebrain.CTheantsaresensitivetothepheromones.D.Theants’brainswilllightupduringtheresearch.11.Whydidtheresearcherschooseantsofthesamekind?A.ToshortentheexperimenttimeB.Toensurethereliabilityoftheresult.C.TocontroltheantsproperlyD.Tosimplifytheexperimentalprocess【答案】8.D9.B10.C11.C【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。一項研究探索了螞蟻發(fā)出的危險信號信息激素是怎樣激活螞蟻大腦中的一小部分并引起整個巢穴改變行動的?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“NowastudypublishedinthejournalCellexploreshowcertaindangersignalingpheromones(信息激素)—thescentmarkersantsgiveofftomunicatewitheachother—activateaspecificpartoftheants’brainsandcanchangethebehaviorofthewholenest.(現(xiàn)在，發(fā)表在《細胞》雜志上的一項研究探討了某些危險信號信息素——螞蟻發(fā)出的用來互相交流的氣味標記物——如何激活螞蟻大腦的特定部分，并改變整個巢穴的行為。)”可知，這項研究關(guān)注的是信息激素影響螞蟻行為的方式。故選D?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“TheresearchersusedanengineeredproteincalledGCaMPtoscanthebrainactivityofclonalraiderants(克隆蟻)thatwereexposedtodangersignals.GCaMPworksbyattachingitselftocalciumions(鈣離子),whichlightupwithbrainactivity,andtheresultingchemicalpoundcanbeseenonhighresolutionmicroscopesadaptedtoviewthem.(研究人員使用了一種名為GCaMP的工程蛋白來掃描暴露于危險信號的克隆蟻的大腦活動。GCaMP通過將自己附著在鈣離子上來運行，鈣離子會隨著大腦活動而發(fā)光，由此產(chǎn)生的化合物可以在經(jīng)過調(diào)整可以觀察它們的高分辨率顯微鏡上看到。)”可知，研究人員使用GCaMP來掃描克隆蟻的大腦活動，因為GCaMP可以附在鈣離子上，而鈣離子會隨著大腦活動發(fā)光，這樣就可以在顯微鏡上看到產(chǎn)生的化合物。由此可推測出，這里主要解釋了GCaMP的工作原理，從而呈現(xiàn)出整個研究所基于的原理。故選B?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Whenperformingthescans,theresearchersnoticedthatonlyasmallsectionoftheants’brainslitupinresponsetodangersignals,buttheantsstillshowedimmediateandplexbehaviorsinresponse.(在進行掃描時，研究人員注意到，螞蟻的大腦中只有一小部分會對危險信號做出發(fā)光反應(yīng)，但螞蟻仍然表現(xiàn)出即時而復雜的反應(yīng)行為。)”可知，雖然在接收到危險信號信息激素時，螞蟻的大腦中只有一小部分有反應(yīng)，但螞蟻仍然會立即做出復雜的反應(yīng)行為。由此可推測出，螞蟻對信息激素非常敏感。故選C?！?1題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Forthepurposeofthisstudy,researcherschoseclonalraiderantsasaspeciesbecausetheyareeasytocontrol.(出于這項研究的目的，研究人員選擇克隆蟻作為一個物種，因為它們很容易控制。)”可知，研究人員選擇同種螞蟻是為了合理控制螞蟻。故選C。DForsomepeople,theterm“blackbox”bringstomindtherecordingdevicesinairplanesthatarevaluableforlateranalysesiftheunthinkablehappens.Butblackboxisalsoanimportanttermintheworldofartificialintelligence.AIblackboxesrefertoAlsystemswithinternalworkingsthatareinvisibletotheuser.Youcanfeedtheminputandgetoutput,butyoucannotexaminethesystem’slogicthatproducedtheoutput.Machinelearningisthemainaspectofartificialintelligence.ItisthebasicofAIsystemslikeChatGPT.Therearethreepartstomachinelearning:analgorithm(算法)orasetofalgorithms,trainingdataandamodel.Analgorithmisasetofprocedures.Inmachinelearning,analgorithmlearnstoidentifypatternsafterbeingtrainedonalargesetofexamples—thetrainingdata.Onceamachinelearningalgorithmhasbeentrained,theresultisamachinelearningmodel.Themodeliswhatpeopleuse.Anyofthethreepartsofamachinelearningsystemcanbehidden,orinablackbox.Sotoprotecttheirintellectualproperty,Aldevelopersoftenputthemodelinablackbox.Theoppositeofablackboxissometimesreferredtoasaglassbox.AnAlglassboxisasystemwhosealgorithms,trainingdataandmodelareallavailableforanyonetosee.Inmanycasesthereisagoodreasontobecarefulofblackboxmachinelearningalgorithmsandmodels.Supposeamachinelearningmodelhasmadeadiagnosisaboutyourhealth.Wouldyouwantthemodeltobeinablackboxoraglassbox?Foryears,manypeopleintheputingfieldthoughtthatkeepingsoftwareinablackboxwouldpreventhackers(黑客)fromexaminingitandthereforeitwouldbesecure.Thisassumptionhaslargelybeenprovedwrongbecausehackerscanreverse(逆向)engineersoftwareanddiscovervulnerabilitiestomakeuseof.Ifsoftwareisinaglassbox,thensoftwaretestersandwellintentionedhackerscanexamineitandinformthecreatorsofdisadvantages,therebyreducingcyberattacks.12.Whydoestheauthormention“blackbox”inairplanesinthefirstparagraph?A.Toexplainarule. B.Tointroducethetopic.C.Topresentafact. D.Todefineaconcept.13.What’sthevalueoftheAIblackboxes?A.Warningthehackers.B.Recordingimportantdata.C.Reducinginternetcrimes.D.Protectingsoftwaresystems.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerabilities”meaninthelastparagraph?A.Possibilities. B.Flexibilities.C.Weaknesses. D.Advantages.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheAIboxes?A.Objective. B.Doubtful. C.Indifferent. D.Approving.【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.A【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了人工智能中的黑匣子概念。同時文章還提到了黑匣子的安全性問題，黑客可以通過逆向工程來發(fā)現(xiàn)漏洞，而玻璃盒可以減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Butblackboxisalsoanimportanttermintheworldofartificialintelligence.AIblackboxesrefertoAlsystemswithinternalworkingsthatareinvisibletotheuser.Youcanfeedtheminputandgetoutput,butyoucannotexaminethesystem’slogicthatproducedtheoutput.(但是黑匣子在人工智能領(lǐng)域也是一個重要的術(shù)語。人工智能黑匣子指的是具有用戶不可見的內(nèi)部工作原理的人工智能系統(tǒng)。你可以向它們提供輸入并獲得輸出，但是你不能檢查產(chǎn)生輸出的系統(tǒng)邏輯。)”以及第二段中“Machinelearningisthemainaspectofartificialintelligence.ItisthebasicofAIsystemslikeChatGPT.Therearethreepartstomachinelearning:analgorithm(算法)orasetofalgorithms,trainingdataandamodel.(機器學習是人工智能的主要方面。這是ChatGPT等人工智能系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。機器學習有三個部分：一個算法(或一組算法)、訓練數(shù)據(jù)和模型。)”可知，此處指出黑匣子指的是用戶無法查看其內(nèi)部工作原理的人工智能系統(tǒng)。由此文章通過介紹介紹黑匣子的工作原理來引出文章說明的內(nèi)容即機器學習是人工智能的主要方面，它包括算法、訓練數(shù)據(jù)和模型。故第一段中提到黑匣子的目的是引出文章主題。故選B?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Sotoprotecttheirintellectualproperty,Aldevelopersoftenputthemodelinablackbox.(因此，為了保護他們的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)，人工智能開發(fā)人員經(jīng)常把模型放在一個黑匣子里。)”以及最后一段中“Foryears,manypeopleintheputingfieldthoughtthatkeepingsoftwareinablackboxwouldpreventhackers(黑客)fromexaminingitandthereforeitwouldbesecure.(多年來，許多計算機領(lǐng)域的人認為，把軟件放在黑匣子里可以防止黑客檢查它，因此它是安全的。)”可知，多年來黑匣子的價值是確保計算機系統(tǒng)的安全，即保護軟件系統(tǒng)。故選D。【14題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞前面的句子“Foryears,manypeopleintheputingfieldthoughtthatkeepingsoftwareinablackboxwouldpreventhackers(黑客)fromexaminingitandthereforeitwouldbesecure.Thisassumptionhaslargelybeenprovedwrong(多年來，許多計算機領(lǐng)域的人認為，把軟件放在黑匣子里可以防止黑客檢查它，因此它是安全的。這種假設(shè)在很大程度上被證明是錯誤的)”可知，多年來很多人認為把軟件放在黑匣子中是可以防止黑客攻擊的，這是安全的，可是這種假設(shè)被證明是錯誤的。因為黑客可以通過逆向工程來檢查軟件并發(fā)現(xiàn)其存在的缺點（漏洞），并加以利用。故劃線詞與C選項“Weaknesses”為同義詞，意為“缺點”。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Foryears,manypeopleintheputingfieldthoughtthatkeepingsoftwareinablackboxwouldpreventhackers(黑客)fromexaminingitandthereforeitwouldbesecure.Thisassumptionhaslargelybeenprovedwrong(多年來，許多計算機領(lǐng)域的人認為，把軟件放在黑匣子里可以防止黑客檢查它，因此它是安全的。)”以及“Ifsoftwareisinaglassbox,thensoftwaretestersandwellintentionedhackerscanexamineitandinformthecreatorsofdisadvantages,therebyreducingcyberattacks.(如果軟件是在一個玻璃盒子里，那么軟件測試人員和善意的黑客可以檢查它，并告知創(chuàng)建者的缺點，從而減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊。)”可知，此處作者認為智能黑匣子既有優(yōu)點又有缺點，故作者對它的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選A。第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題分，滿分分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。WinandLosewithGraceDuringmyyearsasanearlychildhoodteacher,Ilearnedveryquicklywhichchildrenweredriventobethebest—thewinner.Somechildrenwerenotespeciallybotheredbylosing,whereasothersturnedeveryopportunityintoapetition.____16____.However,wecanhelpourchildrenlearntohandleit.●AcknowledgedisappointmentfromlosingTeachyourchildthatit’sokaytofeeldisappointedafterlosing.____17____.Somechildrenmaybereadytojumpbackinandplayagain.Othersmayneedtoaskforahug,spendalittletimealone,orreadabooktocalmdown.Itisneverokaytosaymeanwordsaboutothers.●____18____Sharewithyourchildthateveniftheyfeelupsetordisappointed,theycancongratulatethosewhodidwin.Findmeaningfulwaystobeagoodloser.Shareapraisewithotherplayerstoletthemknowsomethingtheydidwasreallypositive.Thinkingaboutothers’feelingscanoftenhelpchildrenmanagetheirown(e.g.,“Theyworkedreallyhardjustlikeme!”).●TalkaboutluckandchanceSomegamestakeverylittleefforttowinorlose,relyingmostlyonchance.Talkwithchildrenaboutluckandchanceandletthemknowthatsometimesyouchoosecardsthathelpyouwinandsometimesyoudon’t.____19____.●Focusoneffort____20____.Whenchildrenarepreparingforapetition,praisethemforhowhardtheyworked.Focusoneffortevenafterapetitionendswhetheryourchildwonorlost.Thisencourageschildrentorecognizethattheycanimproveandgrow,makingitmorelikelythattheywilltryagain.A.SharepraiseswithothersB.PracticegoodsportsmanshipC.Don’tmakewinningorlosingtoobigofadealD.TherearedifferentwaystoexpressthatfeelingE.ItcanfeelhardertoloseatagamethatreliesonpersonalorteamperformancethanloseagamebasedonchanceF.ThisisnotyourfaultanddoesnotreflectwhoyouareG.Managingfeelingsthatewithlosingcanbechallenging【答案】16.G17.D18.B19.F20.E【解析】【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了幾個幫助孩子體面地接受輸贏的方式，【16題詳解】前文“Somechildrenwerenotespeciallybotheredbylosing,whereasothersturnedeveryopportunityintoapetition.(有些孩子并沒有因為輸而特別煩惱，而另一些孩子則把每一個機會都變成了一場比賽。)”講述了不同孩子對待輸?shù)姆绞?。后文“However,wecanhelpourchildrenlearntohandleit.(然而，我們可以幫助我們的孩子學會處理它。)”引出接下來要講述的如何幫助孩子接受輸?shù)姆绞剑揖渲械腍owever表明本句與空處形成轉(zhuǎn)折，所以空處講述的應(yīng)是應(yīng)對輸?shù)舻母杏X有時候會很困難，G項“管理伴隨著失敗而來的情緒可能很有挑戰(zhàn)性”符合題意。故選G?！?7題詳解】前文“Teachyourchildthatit’sokaytofeeldisappointedafterlosing.(教你的孩子直到失敗后感到失望是沒關(guān)系的。)”講述了要讓孩子直到失敗后有失望的情緒是正常的。后文“Somechildrenmaybereadytojumpbackinandplayagain.Othersmayneedtoaskforahug,spendalittletimealone,orreadabooktocalmdown.(有些孩子可能已經(jīng)準備好跳回去再玩了。其他人可能需要一個擁抱，花一點時間獨處，或者讀一本書來平靜下來。)”講述了不同的孩子在輸?shù)艉蟮牟煌磻?yīng)。所以空處應(yīng)是說有不同的表達失望情緒的方式，D項“有不同的方式來表達這種感覺”承上啟下，選項中的thatfeeling對應(yīng)前文中的feeldisappointed。故選D。【18題詳解】空處是本段小標題。結(jié)合上下文可知，這里應(yīng)用祈使句。根據(jù)本段中的“Sharewithyourchildthateveniftheyfeelupsetordisappointed,theycancongratulatethosewhodidwin.Findmeaningfulwaystobeagoodloser.(告訴你的孩子，即使他們感到沮喪或失望，他們也可以祝賀那些獲勝的人。找到有意義的方法來做一個好的失敗者。)”可知，本段主要講述了即使自己失敗了，也要禮貌地祝賀其他獲勝的人，體面地失敗，這表達了良好的體育精神。B項“踐行良好的體育精神”最能概括本段內(nèi)容。故選B?！?9題詳解】前文“Talkwithchildrenaboutluckandchanceandletthemknowthatsometimesyouchoosecardsthathelpyouwinandsometimesyoudon’t.(與孩子們談?wù)撨\氣和機會，讓他們知道有時你會選擇有助于你獲勝的牌，有時你不會。)”講述了要讓孩子知道有的時候輸贏是看運氣和機會的，所以接下來應(yīng)講述運氣和機會的好壞并不是個人的問題，F(xiàn)項“這不是你的錯，也不能反映你是誰”符合題意。故選F?！?0題詳解】根據(jù)本段小標題“Focusoneffort(專注于努力)”和后文“Whenchildrenarepreparingforapetition,praisethemforhowhardtheyworked.Focusoneffortevenafterapetitionendswhetheryourchildwonorlost.(當孩子們準備比賽時，要表揚他們的努力。即使在比賽結(jié)束后，無論你的孩子贏了還是輸了，都要關(guān)注努力。)”講述了在比賽前后要關(guān)注孩子所付出的努力，E項“在一場依賴個人或團隊表現(xiàn)的比賽中失利要比基于運氣而在一場比賽中失敗更難受?！睆娬{(diào)了在付出努力的比賽中失敗要比因運氣不佳而失敗會讓人更難受，照應(yīng)小標題中的“effort”，且選項中的agame與下文中的apetition相對應(yīng)。故選E。第三部分語言運用(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。AttheFlosslanderestaurantinscenicAugsburg,waiterPaulBlachut24,isbusyatwork.Notfar,somepeopleare____21____withwaterintheLechriver,amongwhomareamotherandtwoteenagedaughters.____22____Blachuthearstheshout:“Threepeoplearedrowningintheriver!”Blachutspotsthethreewomenashortdistanceaway,movingtheirarmsupanddown,____23____tograspanythingtheycan.Despitehavingnolifesayingtraining,he____24____outdowntotheriverbank.Thenhejumpsintotheriver.Ashegets____25____tothem,hecantellthatthemotherseemstobeinthemosttrouble.Without____26____Blachutdiveunderthe____27____woman,pushingherupwardandusingallhis____28____tothrowhertowardtheshore.Blachutknowsheneedsto____29____thetwodaughtersandtheyarenowfurtherdowntheriver.Hejumpsintothecurrentagain,swimsquicklydownstreamandmanagesto_____30_____one.Hepusheshertowardtheshoreinthesame_____31_____hedidtohermother,andisabletogetherout,too.Lookingbacktotheriver.Blachutcanseesomeoneishelpingthegirl’ssister,whohasbee_____32_____.Ashegentlylaysherdown,abystanderwith_____33_____trainingesforwardand_____34_____toher.Thankfully,it’snolongbeforesheesbacktolifeagain.People_____35_____theiradmirationforBlachutfollowingtheincident.21.A.dealing B.playing C.working D.municating22.A.Suddenly B.Secretly C.Eventually D.Gradually23.A.trembling B.wandering C.volunteering D.struggling24.A.turns B.holds C.rushes D.walks25.A.closer B.straighter C.slower D.later26.A.anxiety B.hesitation C.doubt D.permission27.A.dangerous B.thrilled C.disappointed D.scared28.A.strength B.spirit C.courage D.pressure29.A.help B.train C.rescue D.remove30.A.takechargeof B.takeadvantageof C.makeuseof D.getholdof31.A.way B.purpose C.opinion D.situation32.A.homeless B.fearless C.senseless D.worthless33.A.physical B.medical C.military D.technical34.A.appeals B.attaches C.contributes D.attends35.A.describe B.expresses C.explains D.changes【答案】21.B22.A23.D24.C25.A26.B27.A28.A29.C30.D31.A32.C33.B34.D35.B【解析】【導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了24歲的PaulBlachut在工作時，看到母女三人落水，奮不顧身救人的故事?！?1題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：不遠處，一些人正在萊赫河上玩水，其中有一位母親和兩個十幾歲的女兒。A.dealing交易、解決；B.playing玩；C.working工作；D.municating溝通、交流。根據(jù)“somepeopleare____1____withwaterintheLechriver”，應(yīng)該是在河上玩水，才會掉進河里，playing符合語境。故選B項?！?2題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：突然，Blachut聽到一聲喊叫:“有三個人溺水了!”A.Suddenly突然；B.Secretly秘密地；C.Eventually最后；D.Gradually逐漸地。根據(jù)“Threepeoplearedrowningintheriver!”可知，應(yīng)該是突然間喊起來的，suddenly符合語境。故選A項?！?3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：Blachut看到了不遠處的三個女人，她們上下移動著手臂，掙扎著抓住任何能抓住的東西。A.trembling顫抖；B.wandering漫游、游蕩；C.volunteering自愿；D.struggling掙扎。根據(jù)“Threepeoplearedrowningintheriver!.”以及常識可知，人掉到河里后，會下意識的掙扎，struggling符合語境。故選D項?！?4題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管沒有接受過救生訓練，他還是沖到了河邊。A.turns轉(zhuǎn)向；B.holds把握、保留；C.rushes沖、奔；D.walks散步、行走。根據(jù)“outdowntotheriverbank.”可知，Blachut想去救人，應(yīng)該是快步?jīng)_出去，rushes符合語境。故選C項。25題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：當他靠近它們時，他可以看出這位母親似乎遇到了最大的麻煩。A.closer靠近的、更近的；B.straighter更直的；C.slower更慢的；D.later較晚的、稍后的。根據(jù)“Thenhejumpsintotheriver.”和“hecantellthatthemotherseemstobeinthemosttrouble.”可知，Blachut跳進河里去救人，只有靠近了才能知道這三個人的情況，closer符合語境。故選A項?！?6題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：Blachut毫不猶豫地跳到那個處于危險的女人身下，把她往上推，用盡全力把她拽向岸邊。A.anxiety焦慮、憂慮；B.hesitation猶豫、不情愿；C.doubt懷疑、不確定；D.permission允許。根據(jù)前面的“hecantellthatthemotherseemstobeinthemosttrouble.”可知，這位母親情況最麻煩，所以應(yīng)該是“毫不猶豫”地，hesitation符合語境。故選B項。【27題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：Blachut毫不猶豫地跳到那個處于危險的女人身下，把她往上推，用盡全力把她拽向岸邊。A.dangerous危險的；B.thrilled非常興奮的、極為激動的；C.disappointed感到失望的；D.scared感到害怕的。根據(jù)前面的“hecantellthatthemotherseemstobeinthemosttrouble.”可知，這位母親的情況最麻煩，所以應(yīng)該是“危險的”，dangerous符合語境。故選A項?！?8題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：Blachut毫不猶豫地跳到那個危險的女人身下，把她往上推，用盡全力把她拽向岸邊。A.strength力量；B.spirit精神；C.courage勇氣；D.pressure壓力。根據(jù)“pushingherupwardandusingallhis____8____tothrowhertowardtheshore”可知，Blachut要救這位母親，所以應(yīng)該是用盡“力氣”將她拽向岸邊。故選A項?！?9題詳解】考查短語辨析。句意：Blachut知道他需要拯救兩個女兒，她們現(xiàn)在在河的下游。A.help幫助；B.train訓練；C.rescue營救、援救；D.remove移開、拿開。根據(jù)后面的“Hejumpsintothecurrentagain”可知，Blachut是要“救”這兩個女兒，rescue符合語境。故選C項?！?0題詳解】考查短語辨析。句意：他再次跳入水流，迅速游向下游，并設(shè)法抓住了一個。A.takechargeof負責、掌管；B.takeadvantageof利用、占便宜；C.makeuseof利用；D.getholdof抓緊。根據(jù)“managesto____10____one”以及常識可知，要救人肯定得“抓著”她，getholdof符合語境。故選D項?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他把她推到岸邊，就像他對她媽媽做的那樣，也能把她弄出來。A.way方式、手段；B.purpose目的；C.opinion