SAT真題匯編：201803北美及答案

2018年3月北美SAT真題1111PAGE10PAGE10CONTINUEReading:Question1Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.adaptedfromDinawMengestu,TheBeautifulThingsThatHeavenBears.?2007byDinawMengestu.Naomi,aneleven-year-oldonaschoolbreak,isvisitingthenarrator,afamilyfriendfromEthiopia,atthestorehemanages.TheyhavemadeaplantoreadthenovelTheBrothersKaramazovtogether.Line51015202530

Ireadfortyorfiftypagesthatfirstday.Naomireadnone.AfterIreadthefirstpageIwaitedforhertopickupwhereIhadleftoff,butsheinsisted,inavoicethatborderedonpleading,thatIcontinue.shesaidatfirst.Andwhenthatpagehadbeencompleted,sheaddedanother“onemore”tothat,untileventuallythereweresomany“pleases”and“prettypleases”and“comeon,pleases”thatIwasleftutterlydefenseless.payingattention,andofcourseshewas.Herattention,infact,neverseemedtowaver.Ifeltherstaringatmesometimeswhenitallin,notjustthewords,butme,andthescenethatwehadcreatedtogether.Itriednottonoticetoomuch,tosimplyjustlive,butthatwasimpossible.EverytimeIlookedatherIbecameawareofjusthowseeminglyperfectthistimewas.IthoughtabouthowyearsfromnowIwouldrememberthiswithacrushing,heartbreakingnostalgia,becauseofcourseIkneweventhenthatIwouldeventuallyfindmyselfstandingherealone.Andjustasthatknowledgewouldthreatentodestroythescene,Naomiwoulddosomethingsmall,liketurnthepagetooearlyorshiftinherchair,andIwouldbehappyonceagain.eachinterruptiontoourreadingasanassaultonmyprivacy.WhensomeoneIdidn’tknowenteredthestore,NaomiwouldmarkwhereIhadleftoffsothatIcouldkeepmyeyesonthepersonwanderingaroundtheaisles.Shewouldtakethebookoutofmyhand,putherfingerontheexactwordorsentenceIhadjustconcluded,andholditthereuntilIreturned.Ikeptoneman,whocametothecounterwithasinglerolloftoiletpaperunderhisarm,waitingformorethanaminutewhileIfinishedreadingapageIhadjustbywhathesaw.

ThecharmworeoffwhenIrefusedtoacknowledgehim.Heonthecounter,inchesfrommy35face,andstormingout.NaomiandIreadon.IslippedintothecharactersasIread.Igrumbledandbellowed,slammedmyfistontothecounter,andthrewmyarmswideopen.Iknewthiswasexactlywhatmyfatherwouldhavedonehadhebeentheonereading.Hewouldhavemadethe40storyanevent,asgrandandrealaslife.Hemusthavetoldmehundreds,perhapseventhousands,ofstories,notjustatnight,butthroughoutthecourseofanygivenday,overbreakfast,duringlunch,inthemiddleofaconversationhemighthavebeencarryingonwithmymotherorfriends.Therewasnowrongtime45withhim,oriftherewas,hedidn’tlivelongenoughformetoseeit.Theyallbeganthesameway,withthesamelightheartedtone,withasmallwaveofthehand,asiftheworldwerebeing50brushedtotheside,whichIsupposeforhimitactuallywas.“Ah,thatremindsme.DidItellyouabout—ThefarmerwhowastoolazytoplowhisfieldsThehyenawholaughedhimselftodeathThelionwhotriedtostealthemonkey’sdinner55 Themonkeywhotriedtostealthelion’sdinner?”performancewasthatgood,hisloveofastorythatobvious.WhenFyodorKaramazovspoke,Iwavedmyhandswildlyintheair.IgrumbledinadeepbaritoneandtriedashardasIcouldto60domyfatherproud.“Ah,youfools,”Ishoutedout,andNaomismiledindelight.Naomifoundeachofthecharactersasrealasanyoneshemetinthestreet.65anticonthepartoftheelderKaramazov.Whenitcametobrothers,shewaswillingtofallcompletelyinlove.11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainshiftinfocusisfromananecdoteaboutanamusingeventtoarecollectionofsimilareventsfromthenarrator’schildhood.anaccountoftheearlystagesofafriendshiptoaofthatfriendship’sultimatedemise.adescriptionofanemotionallysignificantactivitytoareflectiononthenarrator’searlyexperienceswiththatactivity.acharactersketchofanindividualtoaconsiderationofhowthatindividualhaschangedthelifeofthenarrator.22Whichchoicebestsupportstheconclusionthatreadingtoline5(“One...first”)lines20-22(“Andjust...again”)lines24-27(“When...aisles”)lines29-32(“Ikept...started”)

44WhichchoicebestreflectstheperspectiveofthenarratorregardinghisreadingtoNaomi?delighted,becausereadingtoNaomihasprovidedhimwithamuch-neededcreativeoutlet.Heispleasantlysurprised,becausehedidnotexpectNaomitobesoenthusiasticaboutreading.Heisoccasionallyregretful,becauseheisnotasskilledareaderashisfatherwas.Heissomewhatambivalent,becauseheknowsthathisreadingtimewithNaomiwillinevitablyend.55Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines9-10(“Ilooked...shewas”)lines15-lines32-35(“Atfirst...readon”)lines58-60(“When...proud”)66Asusedinline28,“concluded”mostnearlymeansdecided.finished.inferred.dismissed.33Thenarrator’sdescriptionsofNaomisuggestthatsheisnotableforherempathytowardotherpeople.toconcentrateandobserve.talentfordramatizingfiction.optimismdespitemanyhardships.

77Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthenarrator’vidingamodelforthedramaticrecountingofastory.exposingthenarratortoanumberofclassicnovelswrittenbyrenownedauthors.8 10810Thepassageindicatesthatthenarrator’videdameansofbringinghistoricaleventstolife.helpedchildrentodistinguishgoodchoicesfrombadones.waspartofthefabricofthefamily’severydaylife.99Asusedinline44,“wrong”mostnearlymeansA.inappropriate.unjust.immoral.inaccurate.

Whichsituationismostsimilartotheonedescribedinlines57-58(“IfI...obvious”)?eagerlyanticipatesthenewepisodesofatelevisionserieseachweek.Anartistpaintsafavoritelandscapeatseveraldifferenthoursoftheday.seesaparticularlymemorablefilmforasecondtime.Anactressrepeatedlyrecitesthelinesofherscripttoimproveherperformance.Reading:Question11Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.Behave.?2013byAdamAlter.Line51015202530

Perhapsthefirstexperimenteverconductedinthefieldofsocialpsychologysuggeststhathumansareoftenfasterandstrongerwhentheytesttheirspeedandstrengthinthecompanyofotherpeople,ratherthanalone.wasthebrainchildofNormanTriplett,acyclingenthusiastandasportsaficionado.Indozensofexperimentshepushedcycliststorideasfastastheycouldonstationarybikes.Acrosshisobservations,Triplettnoticedthatthecycliststendedtoridefasterwhenothercyclistsrodenearby.Onecyclistrodeamilein2minutes49secondswhenalone,butmanagedtoridethesamemilein2minutes37secondsinthecompanyoffourpacingcyclists;similarlyherodetenmilesin33minutes17secondswhileridingalone,butrodethesamedistancetwominutesfasterwhenridingwithseveralpacers.Triplettacknowledgedthathisobservationswerefarfromrigorous,soheconductedanexperimenttoshowthattheeffectpersistedinatightlycontrolledlabstudy.recruitedfortychildren,ageseighttothirteen,tocompletehisstudyin1897.Hemeasuredhowquicklythestudentscouldwindafishingreelsothatasmallflagattachedtothelinetraveledadistanceofsixteenmeters.Thetaskwassimplebutnovel,andnoneofthechildrenhadplayedwithfishingrodsbeforetheexperiment.Theyperformedthetaskbothaloneandinthepresenceofotherchildren,andTriplettnoticedthattheywoundthereelsfasterinthepresenceofothers.Heconcludedthatanaudienceenablespeopleto“l(fā)iberatelatentenergy”notnormallyavailablewhentheyperformalone.Sciencedoesn’talwaystellsimplestories,andotherwellintothetwentiethcentury.Whilesomeresearchersreplicated

knownasthesocialfacilitationeffect—othersfoundtheoppositeeffect,knownassocialinhibition.35JosephPessinandRichardHusbandaskedparticipantsintheirstudytolearnasimplemazeeitherblindfoldedaloneorblindfoldedinthepresenceofotherpeople.Theblindfoldedparticipantstracedtheirfingersalongthemaze,andreversedeachtimetheyencounteredoneoftendeadends.Insteadof40performingbetterinfrontofanaudience,PessinandHusband’sparticipantscompletedthemazemorequicklywhentheywerealone.Inconsistencieslikethesepersistedforyears,untilsocialpsychologistBobZajoncproposedasolution:italldependson45thenatureofthetask.Audiencesaccentuateourinstinctiveresponsesandmakeitmoredifficulttooverridethoseresponsesofmorecarefullyconsideredalternatives.ThechildreninTriplett’sexperimentdevotedlittlethoughtandattentiontofranticallywindingtheexperimentalfishingreel.Incontrast,50learningamazeisdifficult,anditrequiresconcentration.PessinandHusband’smazelearnerswereprobablydistractedbytheknowledgethattheywerebeingwatched,andfearedmakingamistakeinfrontofanaudience.55toobservethebehaviorofseventy-twocockroachesinstead.Withasmallteamofresearchers,hedevisedtwosmallathletictasksthatrequiredthecockroachestoscuttlefromabrightlylitareainasmallboxtoamoreappealingdarkercompartment.Someofthecockroachescompletedasimplertask,inwhich60theyranalongastraightrunwayfromtheglareoftheboxtothedarkenedgoalcompartment.Theremainingcockroachescompletedamoredifficulttask,traversingamorecomplexmazebeforetheycouldescapethelight.Someofthecockroachescompletedthesetasksalone,buttheresearchersalsobuilta65smallaudienceboxtoforcesomeoftheathleticcockroachestocompeteinfrontofanaudienceofroachspectators.Justastheresearcherspredicted,thecockroachesweremuchquickertocoverthestraightrunwaywhenwatchedbyanaudience,reachingthedarkenedgoalcompartmentanaverageoftwenty-70threesecondsmorequicklywhentheywereperformingbeforeacrowd.Butthecockroachathletesrespondedverydifferentlytoanaudiencewhentheywerefacedwiththecomplexmaze,reachingthegoalseventy-sixsecondsmorequicklywhentheywerealone.Thesameaudiencethatpushedthecockroachesto75performthesimplertaskmorequicklyalsodelayedthemwhenthetaskwasmorecomplex.AdaptedfromHazelMarkus,“TheEffectofMerePresenceonSocialPress,Inc.wereobservedperforminganeasytask(suchasputtingontheirshoes)andadifficulttask(suchasputtingonaback-tyinglabcoat).1111Themainpurposeofthepassageistoassertthatthemajorityofpeoplelearnmoreeffectivelyinagroupthantheydoalone.presentthecontradictoryresultsoftwostudiesaboutlearningthathaveeachbeenconsideredgroundbreaking.showhowvariousexperimentshelpedestablishandrefinetheunderstandingofanaudience’seffectonperformance.chroniclethehistoricaldevelopmentofcompetingtheoriesofsocialinteraction.

1212Whichchoicebestrepresentsthedifferentmeaningsof“simple”asusedinline23andline30?sincere1313Basedonthepassage,thedesignofTriplett’sfishing-reelexperimentmostlikelyruledoutwhichpotentialobjectiontohisfindings?performanceafterbeingaskedtoperformthetaskinfrontofanaudiencemayreflectthecompetenceatthetask.performancewithantheirperformancewithoutanaudiencemaybesubjects’priorexperiencewiththetask.Variationsinperformanceamongthesubjectsundereitherconditionmaybeattributedtovariationsinthedevelopment.afterbeingputinfrontofanaudiencemayresultfromsomesubjectsobservingandimitatingtheperformanceofmorehighlyskilledsubjects.1414WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertotheA.lines15-18(“Triplett...study”)B.lines19-20(“Triplett...1897”)C.lines22-24(“Thetask...experiment”)D.lines24-27(“They...others”)15 181518Aspresentedinthepassage,Triplettwouldmostlikelyagreethathumanbeingsarecapableofultimatelymasteringalmostanytaskwithwhichtheyarepresented.exhibitageneraltendencytoavoidattemptingdifficulttaskswhentheyarealone.haveastrongdesiretocooperatewithothermembersofagroup.possessabilitiesthattheyarenotalwaysabletoexploit.1616Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothelines7-8(“Indozens...bikes”)lines27-29(“Heconcluded...alone”)lines30-32(“Science...century”)lines32-34(“While...inhibition”)1717Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestdescribeswhathappenedwhenthecockroachesinZajonc’sexperimentattemptedtocompletethecomplexmazeinfrontofacockroachaudience?Thecockroachesbecamelesshesitantinmakingchoicesthantheyhadbeenwithoutanaudience.Thecockroachescompletedthemazemoreslowlythantheyhadwithoutanaudience.Thecockroachesinthemazeappearedtocommunicatedirectlywiththeaudience.Thecockroachessoughtoutthesimplertaskinsteadofthemaze.

Theauthorusestheterms“athleticcockroaches,”“roachspectators,”and“cockroachathletes”inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostlikelytocallattentiontothesimilarityofthetwoexperimentsdescribed.stresstheskepticismwithwhichtheauthorviewsthedesignoftheexperiment.createacasualtonethatoffsetstheseriousnessoftheworkbeingdone.reinforcetheideathattheobservedcockroachbehavioriscomparabletothatofhumans.1919Accordingtothegraph,howlongdidittakeparticipants,onaverage,toperformaneasytaskwhentheywerealone?Morethan10secondsbutlessthan15secondsMorethan15secondsbutlessthan20secondsMorethan20secondsbutlessthan25secondsMorethan25secondsbutlessthan30seconds2020InformationaboutwhichofthefollowingispresentedinthegraphbutNOTdiscussedinthepassage?ThetimeneededtocompletetasksDifficulttasksaloneAninattentiveaudienceReading:Question21Questions21-31arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromChristineDell’Amore,“WhyDoZebrasHaveStripes?NewStudyOffersStrongEvidence.”?2014byNationalGeographicSociety.Passage2isadaptedfromLauraPoppick,“WhyDoZebrasHaveStripes?It’sNotforCamouflage.”?2015byPurch.Line51015202530

Passage1Thequestionofwhyzebrashavestripeshaspuzzledscientists—includingDarwin—foroveracentury,leadingtofivemainhypotheses:thatthestripesrepelinsects,providecamouflage,confusepredators,reducebodytemperature,orhelptheanimalsinteractsocially.Forthefirsttime,scientistsplayedallofthesetheoriesagainsteachotherinastatisticalmodel—andtheresultwasprettymuch,well,blackandwhite.“Wefoundagainandagainandagain[that]theonlyfactorwhichishighlyassociatedwithstripingistobanbitingflies,”saidstudyleaderTimCaro,abiologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.rangeofsources,includingmuseumcollectionsandhistoricalmaps.First,theteamlookedatvariationsinstripingpatternsacrossthesevenlivingspeciesoftheequidgroup—whichincludeshorses,asses,andzebras—andtheir20subspecies.Mosthavesomesortofstripingsomewhereontheirbodies.instance,theface,belly,orrump.Theteamthenmappedwherecurrentandextinctequidspecieslive,wherebitingfliesarefound,therangesofpredatorslikelionsandhyenas,distributionofforests,andotherenvironmentalfactorsthatcouldinfluencetheevolutionofstripes.Thedatawasthenenteredintoastatisticalmodeltofindoutwhichvariablebestexplainsstriping.rangeofstripedspeciesoverlapswithwherebitingfliesaremostactive—regardlessofspeciesandwherethestripesoccuronthebody,accordingtothestudy.

Angeles,whostudiesstripesinplainszebras,saidthenewstudy’sapproachis“broadbrush,”andthatmorespecific35researchmaybeneeded.thisisunlikelytobethelastwordonthesubject,”saidLarison.Passage2ResearchersbasedattheUniversityofCalifornia,Los40Angeles(UCLA)haveproducedoneofthemostcomprehensivezebrastripestudiesyetbyexamininghow29differentenvironmentalvariablesinfluencethestripestylesofplainssitesfromsouthtocentralAfrica.Thescientistsfoundthatthedefinitionofstripesalonga45zebra’sbackmostcloselycorrelatedwithtemperatureandprecipitationinazebra’senvironment,anddidnotcorrelatewiththeprevalenceoflionsortsetsefliesintheregion.Thesefindingssuggestthattorsostripesmaydomoretohelpzebrasregulatetheirbodytemperaturethantoavoidpredatorsand50tsetseflies.havetohavestripesforpredation?Otheranimalshaveandtheydon’thavestripes,’”saidstudyco-authorBrendaLarison.“Andotheranimalsgetbittenbyflies,andthey55don’thavestripes,either.”O(jiān)theranimalsalsoneedtoregulatebodytemperature,orLarisonpointedout,butzebrasmayespeciallybenefitfromanextracoolingsystembecausetheydigestfoodthanothergrazersinAfrica.Assuch,60zebrasneedtospendlongerperiodsoftimeoutintheheatofthemiddaysun,eatingmorefood.Theteamfoundthattheplainszebraswiththemost-definedtorsostripesgenerallylivedintheNorthern,equatorialregionoftheirrange,whereasthosewithless-definedtorsostripeswere65morecommonintheSouthern,coolerregionsoftherange—afindingthatsupportsthethermoregulationexplanation.Still,theresearchershavenotexperimentallytestedthetheorythatblackandwhitestripesmaygeneratesmall-scalebreezesoverazebra’sbody,andsomeresearchersdon’tthink70stripescanactuallycreatethiseffect.alongthetopofyourbackifyouwantedtotrytokeepcool,”saidTimCaro,aprofessorofwildlifebiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,whostudieszebrastripesbutwasnotinvolved75inthenewstudy.“It’skindofthelastcolorthatyouwouldwant.”Carosaidregionswithwarmer,wetterclimatesareparticularlysusceptibletoseveralspeciesofdisease-carryingfliesotherthanthetsetsefliesthattheteamconsideredintheirstudy,andthattherelationshiptheresearchersfoundmay80actuallybeafunctionofflyavoidance,notthermoregulation.2121theideathatCaro’steam’sstudymayberelevanttoanimalsotherthanzebras?lines2-6(“Thequestion...socially”)lines10-13(“Wefound...Davis”)lines14-16(“For...maps”)lines29-31(“Theresults...study”)

2323AccordingtoLarisoninPassage2,thereasonstripesareparticularlybeneficialtozebrasisprobablybecausezebrasenduregreaterexposuretothemiddaysunthanothergrazersdo.cannotescapepredatorsaseasilyasothergrazersinhotregionscan.liveinhot,dryclimatesthatlackanadequatefoodsupplyformostgrazers.defendthemselvesmorepoorlyagainstpredatorattacksthanothergrazersdo.2424InPassage2,thefourthparagraph(jumptolines56-61)mainlyservestonoteadistinctionbetweenzebrasandotheranimalswithstripes.suggestthataweaknessinzebraphysiologymightbemitigatedbystripes.implythatCaro’sresearchisbasedonafalsepremiseaboutdescribedifferencesbetweenzebrasinwarmclimatesandthoseincoolclimates.252522Indescribingthenewstudy’sapproachas“broadbrush”(jumptoline34),Larisonsuggeststhatthestudy22producedresultsthatarerelevanttoanarrayofscientificdisciplines.revealedthatfurtherresearchwillrequireaspecializedfocus.theoreticalquestionsthatprovedunanswerable.collectedfarmoredatathancouldbeanalyzedproperly.

Passage2impliesthatLarison’steam’sstudyfallsshortofbeingdefinitivebecauseLarisondisregardedfactsthatdidnotsupportherconclusions.usedresearchmethodsthathavenotprovedeffective.didnotbuildontheachievementsofpriorresearchonthesubject.hasyettoconfirmakeyassumptionmadeinthestudy.26 292629Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothelines44-47(“Thescientists...region”)lines47-50(“These...flies”)lines62-66(“Theteam...explanation”)lines67-70(“Still...effect”)

Theprimarypurposeofbothpassagesistoconsiderstudiesthattheprocessbywhichstripesbecamewidespreadamongzebraspecies.regardingzebras’stripes.explorethelikelybenefitthatzebrasderivefromtheirstripes.tocolorationinotheranimalspecies.27 302730BasedonPassage2,Carowouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcolorationpatternscontainingblackstripes?Theyhaveanunknowngeneticbasis.thermoregulationinanimals.veryrarely.aestheticallyunappealing.2828InPassage2,thephrase“particularlysusceptible”(jumptoline77)mainlyservestogeographicrange.emphasizetheabundanceofpestswheresomezebraslive.highlightthechallengestheterrainpresentstozebrasinpredators.implythattheheatoftheirenvironmentaffectszebrasmorenegativelythanitdoesothergrazers.

BasedonthedescriptionofCaro’sstudyinPassage1andthatofLarison’sstudyinPassage2,withwhichclaimregardingzebraswouldbothresearchersmostlikelyagree?Stripesinzebrasareusedprimarilyforadifferentpurposethantoprovidecamouflage.Theroleofstripesinzebrasremainsaselusivetodayasinthepast.Theevolutionofstripesinzebrasisindirectresponsetopredation.Thegeographiclocationsinwhichzebraslivedonotinfluencestripepatterns.3131Inthepassages,CaroandLarisondefendtheirconclusionsbyrelyingonseveralexperimentsthatsimulateconditionsinnature.fieldobservationsoverthecourseofseveralmonths.datacollectedfromvariousmuseumsandmaps.correlationsamongmultiplevariables.Reading:Question32Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.forGeneralCirculation.Originallypublishedin1842.AfterspendingsixDickenswroteanaccountofhistravelsandofthepeopleheencountered.Line51015202530

ButImaybepardoned,ifonsuchathemeasthegeneralpeople,andthegeneralcharacteroftheirsocialsystem,aspresentedtoastranger’seyes,Idesiretoexpressmyownopinionsinafewwords,beforeIbringthesevolumestoaclose.bynature,frank,brave,cordial,hospitable,andaffectionate.Cultivationandrefinementseembuttoenhancetheirwarmthofheartandardententhusiasm;anditisthepossessionoftheselatterqualitiesinamostremarkabledegree,Americanoneofthemostendearingandmostgenerousoffriends.Ineverwassowonupon,asbythisclass;neveryieldedupmyfullconfidenceandesteemsoreadilyandpleasurably,astothem;nevercanmakeagain,inhalfayear,somanyfriendsforwhomIseemtoentertaintheregardofhalfalife.Thesequalitiesarenatural,Iimplicitlybelieve,tothewholepeople.Thattheyare,however,sadlysappedandblightedintheirgrowthamongthemass;andthatthereareinfluencesatworkwhichendangerthemstillmore,andgivebutlittlepresentpromiseoftheirhealthyrestoration;isatruththatoughttobetold.Itisanessentialpartofeverynationalcharactertopique1itselfmightilyuponitsfaults,andtodeducetokensofitsvirtueoritswisdomfromtheirveryexaggeration.OnegreatblemishinthepopularmindofAmerica,andtheprolificparentofanisUniversalDistrust.YettheAmericancitizenplumes2himselfuponthisspirit,evenwhenheissufficientlydispassionatetoperceivetheruinitworks;andwilloftenadduceit,inspiteofhisownreason,asaninstanceofthegreatsagacityandacutenessofthepeople,andtheirsuperiorshrewdnessandindependence.

everytransactionofpubliclife.Byrepellingworthymenfromyourlegislativeassemblies,ithasbredupaclassofcandidates35forthesuffrage,who,intheirveryact,disgraceyourInstitutionsandyourpeople’schoice.Ithasrenderedyousofickle,andsogiventochange,thatyourinconstancyhaspassedintoaproverb;foryounosoonersetupanidolfirmly,thanyouaresuretopullitdownanddashitintofragments:andthis,because40directlyyourewardabenefactor,orapublicservant,youhim,merelybecauseheisrewarded;andimmediatelyapplyyourselvestofindout,eitherthatyouhavebeentoobountifulinyouracknowledgments,orheremissinhisdeserts.Anymanwhoattainsahighplaceamongyou,fromthe45Presidentdownwards,maydatehisdownfallfromthatmoment;foranyprintedliethatanynotoriousvillainpens,althoughitmilitatedirectlyagainstthecharacterandconductofalife,distrust,andisbelieved.Youwillstrainatagnatinthewayoftrustfulnessandconfidence,however50fairlywonandwelldeserved;butyouwillswallowawholecaravanofcamels,iftheybeladenwithunworthydoubtsandmeansuspicions.Isthiswell,thinkyou,orlikelytoelevatethecharacterof orthegoverned,amongyou?’Theanswerisinvariablythesame:‘There’sfreedomof55opinionhere,youknow.Everymanthinksforhimself,andwesuspicious.’1Takeprideinself-satisfaction32 353235ofthepassageisthatAmericans’warinessoftheirelectedrepresentativeshasledtopoorjudgmentonthepartofcitizensandtoinferiorcandidatesforpublicoffice.distrustofboththeirfellowcitizensandforeignersmeansinsularandunrefined.tobeastutejudgesoftheirelectedofficials.suspiciousnessoftheirpoliticianshasunderminedthetowidespreadinstability.3333Overthecourseofthepassage,Dickens’smainfocusshiftsfromgeofbeingtoconcedingthatAmericanswouldbenefitfrombeingmorerefined.describingparticularkindnessesshowntohimbywhyAmericansaresosuspiciousoftheirowncountrymen.discussingthetendencyofnationstotakeprideintheirthatAmericansviewthemselvesmorecritically.praisingadmirablequalitiesidentifiedwithAmericanstoexpressingconcernaboutcertainobjectionableAmericantraits.

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheideathatAmericanstooreadilyacceptunfoundedcriticismoftheirelectedleaders?lines6-11(“They...friends”)lines11-15(“Inever...life”)lines44-48(“Any...believed”)lines52-53(“Isthis...you”)3636Asusedinjumptoline15,“regard”mostnearlymeanscare.motive.appreciation.aspect.3737DickenssuggeststhatthetendencytowardsuspicionbymanyAmericansisespeciallyproblematicbecauseitcausespeopletobedistrustfuloftheirneighborsandacquaintances.emboldenspeopletochallengeeachother’sjudgments.invitespeopletoactwithtoogreatadegreeofindependence.encouragespeopletoactagainsttheirbestinterests.383834Asusedinline2andline3,“character”mostnearlymeans34symbol.rank.nature.portrayal.

Asusedinjumptoline29,“reason”mostnearlymeansjudgment.explanation.cause.defense.39 413941Dickensmostlikelyadoptsthepointofviewof“thestranger”(jumptoline32)inordertoofAmericansthathebelievestobeunfounded.viewofacertainAmericanintellectualinanimaginaryconversation.aviewofAmericansthathepreviouslyheldandhassinceabandoned.reportonaconversationthathehadwithaparticularcitizen.4040impliesthatAmericanpoliticalleadersareoftentotheirconstituents.undeservingofthepositionstheyhold.toochangeableintheirjudgments.towieldtheirauthority.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothelines33-36(“Byrepelling...choice”)lines36-38(“Iverb”)line40(“directly...rewarded”)lines48-52(“Youwill...suspicions”)4242thepassage,AmericansquicklyturnagainstthetheyhadrecentlyidolizedbecauseAmericansaresuspiciousthatanyonewhoiselectedmightnotbeworthyofthehonor.havelearnedfromexperiencethatelectedrepresentativesarelikelytobecorrupt.officialsabandontheirpoliticalplatformssoonafterbeingelected.distrustthepoliticalinstitutionsthatarethefoundationofReading:Question43Questions43-52arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.FluShot’sEffects.”?2014byAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Line51015202530

Everyyear,someunluckypeoplegettheflueventhoughthey’vehadtheirseasonalshot.Onereason,accordingtoanewstudy,mightbetheirgutbacteria.Researchershaveshownthat,atleastinmice,astrongimmuneresponsetothefluvaccinereliesinpartonsignalsfromintestinalmicrobes.Thefindingscouldhelpexplainvariationintheresponsetothevaccineandsuggestwaystomaximizeitseffectiveness.Thenewevidencecameoutofacuriousobservationthatresearchersrevealedina2011paper.BaliPulendran,anUniversityinAtlanta,andcolleagueswerelookingforgeneticsignaturesinthebloodofpeopleinjectedwiththetrivalentinactivatedinfluenzavaccine—amixtureofthreeflustrains.Theywantedtoknowwhethertheexpressionofspecificgenesintheimmunesystem’swhitebloodcellscorrelatedwiththeamountofvaccine-specificantibodiesintheblood—whichindicateshowstronglyaperson’simmunesystemrespondstotheshot,andhowmuchprotectionthatpersonwillgainagainstfutureinfections.Inalonglistofgenesassociatedwithstrongvaccineresponse,theresearchersfoundanunexpectedone:thegenethatcodesforaproteincalledtoll-likereceptor5(TLR5).TLR5isasensorofflagellin,aproteinthatmakesuptheappendagesofbacteria.Whywouldareceptorthatinteractswithbacteriaintheguthaveanythingtodowiththebody’sresponsetoavirusinjectedintomuscle?Maybe,thegroupthought,Bcell