天路歷程的寫(xiě)作特色分析英語(yǔ)論文

.Introduction1.1TheResearchBackgroundoftheStudyJohnBunyan’sallegoricalworkThePilgrim’sProgressisoneofthemostimportantworksinthehistoryofEnglishreligiousliterature.Thisallegoricalreligiousworkinthesecondhalfofthe17thcenturyisthefirstofmodernEnglishnovels.ThePilgrim’sProgressisrecognizedasoneofthegreatestclassicalnovelsinthehistoryofworldliteraturebecauseofitsuniquewritingfeatures.Thewritingfeaturesareverydistinct,whichintegratesmanyelementsofnarrativetechniques,dreamnarrativeandallegorynarrative.TheBibleisalsodeeplyrelatedtoThePilgrim’sProgress.Itssymbolicmeaningisalsoamajorfeatureofthewriting.ThePilgrim’sProgressalsotakestheformofdialogue.Nowadays,therearemanyresearchesonThePilgrim’sProgressathomeandabroad.ButmostofthemstudyasingleelementinThePilgrim’sProgress,orcompareitwithotherworks.TherearerelativelyfewresearchesonthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgress.Therefore,IwillanalyzethewritingfeaturesoftheThePilgrim’sProgressfromthreeaspects:narration,allegoryandtheinfluenceoftheBible,whichwillhelpmetohaveadeeperunderstandingofthisworkanditswritingfeature.1.2TheAimsofthestudyThePilgrim’sProgressisthemostrepresentativereligiousfableinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Inthenarrative,thedreamlikewayofexpressionisadopted,whichexposesthecorruptionoftheBritishera,expressesthestrongdissatisfactionofthepeoplewiththereallifeofthe17thcenturyBritishsociety,andalsoreflectstheauthor’sdeepunderstandingoflife.TheauthorusesuniquewritingtechniquestodepicttheexperiencesofChristianjourneyvividly.MostoftheresearchesonthewritingcharacteristicsofThePilgrim’sProgressarenotcomprehensive.Therefore,thispaperstudiesThePilgrim’sProgressfromtheperspectiveofwritingcharacteristics,hopingtoenrichtheexistingunderstandingofThePilgrim’sProgress,soastonotonlybroadentheresearchresultsofBunyan'sThePilgrim’sProgress,butalsobetterunderstanditsvalueandimportanceinthehistoryofliterature.Inaddition,theauthorhopestohaveadeeperunderstandingoftheBunyan'swritingpurposeandthethemeofthebookbystudyingthewritingcharacteristicsofThePilgrim’sProgress.1.3TheSignificanceofThisStudyThePilgrim’sProgressisregardedasthemostfamousfableinthehistoryofBritishliterature.Inwesterncountriesandsocieties,itisusuallyregardedastheChristianclassicworksandBritishclassicworksnexttotheBible.JohnBunyanusedauniquewritingtechniqueinthewritingprocessofThePilgrim’sProgress.TheanalysisofthewritingfeaturesoftheThePilgrim’sProgressenablesustounderstandthesociallifeofEnglandinthe17thcenturywhileanalyzingtheauthor'sexquisitewritingskills.Itisanexcellentliteraryworkwithimportantvalue.Inthetraditionalsense,ThePilgrim’sProgressisastoryofpersonificationofspirit.Butunlikemostpeoplewhoarecomfortablewiththestatusquo,Christianchoosetotakerisksontheroadtosalvation,encountersetbacks,andevenalmostdie.Hestillwalkedfirmlytowardshisgoal.Thiscoincidedexactlywiththeprogressivespiritofthebourgeoisrevolutionatthattime.StudyingthewritingcharacteristicsofThePilgrim’sProgresscanhelpusunderstandtheBritishsocietyandtheBritishbourgeoisrevolutioninthe17thcenturytoacertainextent.StudyingThePilgrim’sProgressisalsoofeducationalsignificancetous.Weinevitablyhavesetbacksanddifficultiesinthepursuitofgoals.Aslongaswehaveafirmwill,wewillsucceedintheend.Inaddition,Bunyanmadeadetailedanalysisofthecomplexityofhumannature,withobviousideasagainstthefeudaldynastyandthepursuitofdemocracyandfreedom.Fordifferentpeopleindifferenttimesthebookwillalwayshavepracticalsignificance.1.4ResearchQuestions1.4.1ProblemstobeSolvedinThisStudyFirst,ThePilgrim’sProgressisawesternworkofreligiousallegory,whichisboringtoreadandrequiressomebackgroundknowledge.Sotheauthorofthethesisshouldknowitswritingbackgroundfirst.Second,theresearchofthepaperneedsalotofliterature,soIneedtocollectliteratureanddataonThePilgrim’sProgress.Thirdly,Ineedtofindrelevantmaterialsaboutdreamnarration,fableapplicationandtheinfluenceoftheBibleinThePilgrim’sProgress.1.4.2DifficultiestobeOvercomeinThisStudyThefirstdifficultywasthattheauthorofthethesisneededtofullygraspThePilgrim’sProgressandfindoutwhatIneededtoknowwhilereadingit.Theseconddifficultyistofindreferencesandmaterialsandsummarizethem.Thethirddifficultyisthattheauthorofthethesiswillwritethispaperfromthreeaspects:dreamnarrative,theapplicationofallegoryandtheinfluenceoftheBible.Theconnectionbetweeneachpartisalsoabigdifficulty.1.4.3ThePointofDepartureinThisStudyAccordingtothecurrentstatusofdomesticandforeignresearch,theauthorbelievesthatitisfeasibletointerpretthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressthethreeaspectsofdreamnarrative,allegoryandtheinfluenceoftheBible.TheuniquewritingtechniqueofThePilgrim’sProgressisobvioustoall.TheauthorofthethesishopesthatbyanalyzingthewritingfeaturesintheThePilgrim’sProgress,peoplecanhaveadeeperinterpretationoftheThePilgrim’sProgressandJohnBunyan.1.5TheStructureofThisStudyTheoverallstructureofthepaperisasfollows：Thefirstpartoftheintroduction.Itsintroducestheresearchbackground,aims,significance,researchquestions.Thesecondpartisaliteraturereview,whichgivesamoredetailedsummaryandcommentondomesticandinternationalacademicachievementsanddeficiencies.Thethirdpartintroducestheresearchmethodsusedinthisresearch.Thefourthpart,whichisthekeypartofthisstudy,analyzesthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressfromthreeaspects:dreamnarrative,applicationofallegoryandinfluenceofBible.Thefifthpartistheconclusionpart,whichsummarizestheresultsofthestudyandthelimitationsinthestudy.Finallyisworkscited.2.LiteratureReview2.1InternationalStudies:Theallegoryhadbeentranslatedintomorethan200languages.TherearemanyarticlesandbookssummarizingtheresearchstatusofThePilgrim’sProgress.Fromtheresearchmaterialsofwesterncountries,thefirstistheanalysisoftheJohnBanyan’slegendarylife:fromthetinker’ssontothesoldier,tothedisasterofprison,tothepriestandthewritingofThePilgrim’sProgress.ThemostrepresentativeisJohnBunyanbyTamsinSpargo.Second,therearerelativelymanystudiesontheanalysisanddiscussionoftheallegoricalfeaturesinThePilgrim’sProgress;JasonCrawford'sarticle“Bunyan’sSecularAllegory”discussesthatThePilgrim’sProgressisthemutualinfiltration,oppressionandpromotionofallegorycultureandSecularculture.Bunyanusesallegoryasanidiomforsecularsubjects.In“ThePilgrim’sProgress:AllegoryorNovel”,PeterCrispsuggeststhatThePilgrim’sProgressisnotonlyanindividualisticnovel,butalsoanallegory.AndtheinteractionbetweenmetaphorandmetonymyfurtherprovesthetrueallegoricalnatureofThePilgrim’sProgress.Third,theinfluenceoftheBibleonthecreationofThePilgrim’sProgress.ThemostfamiliarbookBunyanreadinhislifewastheBible,whichhadaprofoundimpactonhiscreation.“TheGreatInfluenceoftheBibleonJohnBunyanandThePilgrim’sProgress”revealsthegreatinfluenceoftheBibleonJohnBunyanandhisThePilgrim’sProgressintermsoflanguagestyle,themeandnarrativestructure.In“PilgrimExistence:AConsiderationoftheBibleinThePilgrim’sProgress”,BalmerH.KellymainlydiscussedtherelationshipbetweenThePilgrim’sProgressandtheBible,thatis,theBibleisthesourceofThePilgrim’sProgress,andtheThePilgrim’sProgressistheinterpretationoftheBible.ThePilgrim’sProgressisaninterpretationofbiblicaltruthandsymbolicmeaning,andChristianlife.Inaddition,anarticlewaspublishedin2013byDanielBoscaljon,named“SecularizationandtheLossofLoveinBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress”.ThispaperfocusesonreligionandfraternityinThePilgrim’sProgress,andcriticizessecularlovethatwakesuptheworld.BernardShawoncecommentedonThePilgrim’sProgress:“Thewholeallegoryisaconsistentattackonmoralityandrespectability,adenunciationofevilandcrime”(Rubinstin261).ItcanbeseentheoverseastudyofThePilgrim’sProgressisinadeepeningprocess,anditsresearchhaspracticalvalue.2.2DomesticStudies：InChina,ThePilgrim’sProgresshasbeentranslatedintoChineseforacenturyandahalf.Startingaround1853,theRev.WilliamBurns(1815-1868)aBritishclergyman,workedwiththeChinesetotranslateJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgressintoChineseandpublishitinXiamen.ThisisthefirsttimethatChinahastranslatedaWesternnovel.However,thestudyofThePilgrim’sProgressisrelativelyweakinChina.AccordingtotheCNKI,relevantliteraturedidnotappearuntilthe1988.ThereareaboutonehundredliteraturerelatedtoThePilgrim’sProgress,whichcanberoughlydividedintothefollowingcategories.Firstly,thereligiouselementsofThePilgrim’sProgress.Theviewofreligioncanbedividedintothreeaspects.ThefirstaspectistherelationshipbetweentheBibleandThePilgrim’sProgress.ItismainlytheinfluenceoftheBibleonthecreationandthinkingofThePilgrim’sProgress,suchas“OntheInfluenceoftheBibleonPilgrim’sProgressbyMingLi,andMonologueThroughtheBible:AnAnalysisofReligiousThoughtsinThePilgrim’sProgress”byWangLili,aswellasthe“AnAnalysisofBiblicalArchetypalImagesinThePilgrim’sProgress”byHongKe.ThesecondaspectistodiscusstheCalvinismonThePilgrim’sProgress,forexample,Liting’s“AnAnalysisofCalvinisminThePilgrim’sProgressanditsValueandInfluence.”ThethirdaspectistoanalyzethePuritanthoughtembodiedinThePilgrim’sProgress,suchasTuHuan’s“SproutRebirth:theDemonstrationofPuritanVirtuesinPilgrim’sProgress”and“OnJohnBunyan’sPuritanisminThePilgrim’sProgress”byYangLinandZhangHui.Secondly,thestudyonthetranslationofThePilgrim’sProgressanditstranslation.ThePilgrim’sProgresshasbeentranslatedintomanyversionssinceitwasintroducedintoChina.Therefore,therearemanystudiesonitstranslation.Forexample,inDuanHuaiqing’s“OntheSixVersionsofThePilgrim’sProgress”,theauthoranalyzesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthecoverandlayoutofthesixtranslationsofThePilgrim’sProgressfrom1853to1921inthelateQingDynasty.Besides,in“TranslationofBiblicalImagesinThePilgrim’sProgress—AnalysisoftheThreeChineseTranslationsfromthePerspectivesofSchemaTheoryandTranslationTeleology,”YangXuanyucomprehensivelystudiesthehistoryoftranslationinThePilgrim’sProgress.Thirdly,therearealsomanycomparativestudiesonThePilgrim’sProgressandJourneytotheWest,includingcomparativestudiesonthemes,religiouselements,criticalspirit,narrativecomparisonanddifferencesbetweenthetwoworks.In“TheComparativeThematicStudyofThePilgrim’sProgressandthePilgrimagetotheWest”,GuYunfeiconductedacomparativestudyoftwonovelsfromtheperspectiveofcomparativeliterarythemes;Thereisalsoacomparativestudyofthereligiouselementsofthetwoworks.ThetypicalresearchisWangQi’s“AResearchonReligiousIdeaswithinThePilgrim’sProgressandthePilgrimageWest”andHeYing’s“AComparativeStudyofReligionbetweenThePilgrim’sProgressandtheJourneytotheWest.”Thereisalsoacomparativestudyofthenarrativetechniquesofthetwoworks,forexample,ShenZhaodi’s“ComparativeStudyofNarrativeinThePilgrim’sProgressandtheJourneytotheWest.”O(jiān)fcourse,therearealsocomparativestudieswithotherworks,suchasXieYingjiao’s“AComparativeStudyontheMotifofRedemptioninPilgrim’sProgress,”whichcomparesThePilgrim’sProgressofredemptionthemewiththreeotherworks,Bible,JourneytotheWestandKiteRunner.Fourthly,therearealsosomestudiesontheliteraryvalueofThePilgrim’sProgress.Theresearchinthispartmainlyanalyzesthewritingmethodsusedinthework,andthenexploresthevaluebehindit.TypicalonesincludeLiuXiaohan’s“TheLiteraryValueofPilgrim’sProgress,”GanLiping’s“DiscussiononSymbolicMeaninginPilgrim’sProgress,”YuChenling’s“TheCharacteristicsofLiteraryCreationinThePilgrim’sProgress.”ThePilgrim’sProgressisanallegoricalnovel,anditsliteraryvalueismostlystudiedfromtheimages,characters,scenesandsymbolicmeaningsappearingintheworks.Finally,somepeoplealsoanalyzethewritingcharacteristicsofThePilgrim’sProgress,suchas“TheArtisticFeaturesofJohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress”byLiuJingyu,whichdiscussesthereligiousandsymbolicsignificanceofThePilgrim’sProgressbyfocusingonitsnarratingdreams,andtheapplicationofthesymbolictechniquesandwritingintheformofdialogue.Thereisalso“AnAnalysisoftheWritingCharacteristicsofPilgrim’sProgress”byChenYongming,whichanalyzesthenarrativetechnique,psychologicaldescriptionandapplicationofThePilgrim’sProgress.AsfarasIknow,arecentpaperonThePilgrim’sProgressinChinaisLiQin’s“ABriefAnalysisofPilgrimageLiteratureinTheCanterburyTales,Pilgrim’sProgressandTheUnlikelyPilgrimageofHaroldFry”,inwhichtheauthorcomparesTheCanterburyTaleswithThePilgrim’sProgressandtheUnlikelyPilgrimageofHaroldFry,andexploresBritishpilgrimageliterature.2.3SummaryAccordingtothecurrentsituationoftheresearchonThePilgrim’sProgressathomeandabroad,thereislittleanalysisonthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressworks.ChinesescholarshavedonerelativelylittleresearchonThePilgrim’sProgress,perhapsbecauseitisareligiousworkwithastrongmissionarynature.ThenovelalsoquotesalotofwordsfromtheBible,whichmakestheworktediousanddifficulttounderstand.ThearticlespublishedinChinamainlystudythetranslationofThePilgrim’sProgress,itsthemeandthecomparisonofThePilgrim’sProgresswithotherworks.ForeignscholarsaremainlystudyaboutCalvinismandallegoryinThePilgrim’sProgress.DomesticresearchonthecharacteristicsofThePilgrim’sProgresswritingisrelativelyweak,mostofwhichareonlyoneoftheaspects,suchasallegory,symbolism,andreligiousfactors.ThestudyonthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressisveryrelativelyfew.Therefore,IwillanalyzeandstudythewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgress.IwillanalyzethewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressfromtheperspectivesofnarrative,theapplicationofallegoryandtheinfluenceoftheBible.3.MethodologyThePilgrim’sProgressisanallegoricalreligiousworkadoptsthecombinationofdreamandprophecy.Italsousesalotofallegoricaltechniques,andtheBiblehasagreatinfluenceonThePilgrim’sProgress.Consideringthedirectionofthispaper,theauthorofthethesisneedstolookupalotofliteratureandideastosupportmypointofview.So,documentmethodisthefoundationinmypapermethodology.Secondly,intheprocessofpaperwriting,theauthorofthethesisneedstofindalargeamountofinformationonallegoricalnarration,dreamnarrationandotheraspects,sotheauthorofthethesiswillalsouseinvestigationmethod.Inaddition,theauthorofthethesisneedstocarefullyreadtheworksandreferences,sotheauthorofthethesisalsousetheclosereadingmethod.Finally,alargeamountofscatteredinformationcollectedintheresearchprocessneedstobeanalyzedandsummarized.Byandlarge,thedocumentmethod,comparisonmethod,closereadingandinductivemethodwillbeappliedinthispaper.4.WritingFeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressAsGeorgeSampson,aCambridgescholar,summedup:“thereisnoneedtocommentmoreonthisbook,becauseitscharacters,scenesandtermshavebecomeacommonproperty.Dogmamaychange,faithmaybreak,butthejourneyoflifecontinues.AsBanyan’ssimplelanguagedescribes,wemayencounterfriends,enemies,dangers,desperationandsoononthepainfuljourney,evenchildrenbelieveit”(375).AsGeorgeSampsonputit,ThePilgrim’sProgresshasbecomesoaccessibletochildrenthatThePilgrim’sProgressisthejourneyoflife.ThePilgrim’sProgresshasbecomeoneoftheclassicsintheworldliteraturehistorybecauseofitsuniquewritingfeatures.ThePilgrim’sProgressisrecognizedasoneofthegreatestclassicalnovelsinthehistoryofworldliteraturebecauseofitsuniquepropheticanddreamlikeforms,itsconcise,powerfulandvividnarrativestyle,anditslivelydialectofmanycharacters.Intheformofdreamsandfables,thisworktellstheuniqueexperienceofChristianseekingsalvation.Theweaknessofhumannaturerevealedbythecharactersinthebookisprofoundandsharp,whichisallegorical.ThereistheshadowoftheBibleeverywhereintheworks,whichisanimportantclassicusedbyChristianstospreadideasaftertheBible.ThePilgrim’sProgressshowsthelifeandspiritualpursuitofordinarypeopleunderthebackgroundofsocialunrestandPuritanRevolutionintheformofreligiousallegoryandplainwords.It’saverymeaningfulworkthatfocusesoneverydaylife,exposessocialreality,andpreachestheideaofheavenlyredemption.Beyondthelimitationsofreligionandtime,ithasspreadwidelyintheworldandbecomeahouseholdreligiousallegory.ThepaperwillconductacomparativelycomprehensivestudyonthewritingfeaturesofThePilgrim’sProgressfromtheperspectivesofthedreamnarrative,theapplicationofallegoryandtheinfluenceoftheBible.4.1DreamNarrativeThewriter’suniquegrowingexperiencehascreatedthewriter’sextraordinarynarrativeabilityandnarrativeart.JohnBunyan’suniquenarrativetechniqueiscloselyrelatedtohisgrowingexperience.Likemanygreatwriters,Bunyanwasbornpoorandhadnoformaleducation.Althoughhestayedinprisonfor12years,hedidnotgiveuphimself.Onthecontrary,hecompletedthemagnificentworkThePilgrim’sProgressinprison.ThisworkfullyshowsthenarrativeabilityofBanyan.4.1.1DefinitionofDreamNarrativeThePilgrim’sProgressisnotonlyagreatreligiouswork,butalsoaliteraryworkwithsuperbnarrativetechniques,inwhichdreamnarrationisoneofitsimportantnarrativemeans.“Theso-calleddreamnarrativeisacommonnarrativewayinliteraryworks,whichismostlyusedtoshapetheimageoftheprotagonistanddeepenthethemeofthetext.Successfuldreamnarrationcanoftenpromotethedevelopmentofstoryplot,adjustthespeedofnarrativerhythm,andcreateahazyandhazyaestheticmood.Asadiscourseparagraphindependentofthemainnarrative,dreamnarrativeistheproductofthewriter’ssymbolicactivitiesandtheresultofhisrationalthinking”(WangYuefan48-51).“Gollutbelievesthatthekeytodreamnarrativeliesin“theinterventionofacreatorpredicateestablishesamodelofnarrativediscourse,openingupaworldofdreamimagery”(qtd.inYangYue32-37).Sinceancienttimes,therehavebeenmanyliteraryworkscontainingthedescriptionofdreams.Dreamnarrativeexpandstherealisticenvironmentofthecharacters’lifetothedreamlikelevel,andgreatlyexpandstheperformancespaceofthestoryplot.Itisnotonlyameansofconstructingplot,butalsoplaysanimportantroleincharactershapingandthemeexpression.InthePilgrim’sProgress,Bunyanskillfullyusestheformofdreamsnarratethestorythroughthebeginningandtheendofthestorytopromotethedevelopmentoftheplot.TherearetwopartsinThePilgrim’sProgress,including40storiesintotal.Thestoryframeisrelativelylarge,buttheinternalstructureiscompactandorderly,because“dream”runsthroughthewholeplayandsupportsthedevelopmentofthestory.“dreamasastrategyofnarrativeisfavoredbyvariousgroupsofwriterswhosewritingstylesorconcernsmightbecompletelydifferent.Dreamnarrativehasbeenemployedforpurposesbothidealisticandrealistic,andhasachievedspecificeffects.Itisaneffectivewayforthewriterstorevealsomethingcovert—certainknowledgeortruthtothereaders”(LinQiao7).Bunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgressbeginswithadream,“AsIwalkedthroughthewildernessofthisworld,Ilightedonacertainplacewherewasaden,andlaidmedowninthatplacetosleep;andasIslept,Idreamedadream”(3).BunyanheretellsusthatThePilgrim’sProgressbeginswithadream.Herehementionsthewilderness,whichhasspiritualsignificanceintheBible.Wecanseethatthe“wilderness”describedbyBunyanisthesocietyhelivesin.“Ilightedonacertainplacewherewasaden”and“den”isgenerallyametaphorfordangerousplacesintheBible.ThisworkiswrittenbyBunyaninprison,“den”referstotheprisonwhereBunyanis.Thedreamin“Idreamedadream”isusedtoindicatetheallegoricalmeaningsimpliedinthestory.Throughtheauthor’sexperienceandthesocialbackgroundofthepersecutionofPuritans,wecanunderstandthispassageasfollows:IaminprisoninthisdarksocietybecauseIbelieveinPuritanism.Ilayinprison,lookingbackonmylife,andwritethisallegoryworkinadreamlikewaytowakeuptheworld.Thishaslaidthetoneofthewholepaper,whichisaallegorynovelcompletedintheformofdreams.Tosomeextent,dreamsaremoreauthenticthanreality,becausetheyhavetheabilitytotransformandleadpeopletounderstandrealityfromanewanddeeperlevel.4.1.2TheRoleofDreamNarrativeAsawritingstrategyinThePilgrim’sProgress,dreamnarrativeeffectivelyrevealsthespiritualstateoftheBritishpeopleintheseventeenthcentury.ThedreamnarrativepromotesthedevelopmentofthestorylineinThePilgrim'sProgress.Inthework,theChristiandreamsthatthecitywherehelivesisabouttobedestroyed,whichmakeshimembarkontheheavenofseekingsurvival.InThePilgrim’sProgress,throughthepromotionofdreams,ChristianshavewalkedthroughHillDifficult,thePalaceofBeautiful,theValleyofHumiliation,Vanityandotherplaces.Theseplacesarefullofdifficulties,dangers,fameandtemptation.ButChristianwithastrongwill,overcomeonedifficultyafteranother,andfinallyreachedthekingdomofheaventobesaved.BunyanuseddreamnarrativesthroughoutThePilgrim’sProgresstodescribethecontrastbetweenthesocialconditionsencounteredbyChristiandreamsandtherealworld.HeexposedthecorruptionofBritishsocietyinthe17thcenturyandfullyexpressedpeople’sdissatisfactionwiththecorruptionoftherulingclass.Dreamnarrativesalsoplayaroleinshapingcharacters.Throughthedescriptionofdreams,onecanexploretheinnerworldofthecharacters,andthroughthenarrativeofdreams,onecancharacterizethecharactersandshapethecharacters.Amongthem,themostsuccessfulisundoubtedlytheChristian.Withthehelpofdreamnarrative,BunyandescribedtheChristianverycarefully.BunyandescribedChristiansas“Idreamed,Andbehold,Isawamanclothedwithrags,standinginacertainplacewithhisfacefromhisownhouse,abookinhishand,andagreatburdenuponhisback.Ilooked,andsawhimopenthebookandreadtherein,andasheread,heweptandtrembled;andnotbeingablelongertocontain.hebrakeoutwithalamentablecrysaying,‘whatshallIdo?’”(3).Bunyandescribedtheappearance,movementsandlanguageofChristiansthroughdreams.Itdepictsalifelikecharacterandshowstheinnerworldofthecharacter.WecanseetheextremepainanddespairoftheChristianheart.4.2TheApplicationofAllegoryThePilgrim’sProgressisagreatworkthatusesnotonlythenarrativetechniquesofdreams,butalsoalotofallegoricaltechniques.TherearethreegreatallegoriesinEnglishliterature:“Spenser’sFaeryQueen,Dante’sDivinaCommediaandBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.Thefirstappearstopoets,Thesecondtoscholars,Thethirdtopeopleofeveryageandcondition”(WilliamJ.Long224).Inthefollowing,Iwillanalyzetheapplicationofallegoryinpeople’snamesandplacesinThePilgrim’sProgress.4.2.1TheAllegoryofCharacterNamesandPlaceNamesWhatisanallegory?ZhangZhigong,afamouslinguistandChineseeducatorinChina,said,“thereasonofcomparingonethingwithanotheriscalledallegory”(ZhangZhigong145).Brahmsdefinesallegoryas“Anallegoryisanarrative,whetherinproseorverse,inwhichtheagentsandactions,andsometimesthesettingaswell,arecontrivedbytheauthortomakecoherentsenseonthe“l(fā)iteral”orprimary,levelofsignification,andatthesametimetosignifyasecond,correlatedorderofsignification”(5).Allegoryisproducedwiththeemergenceofclasssocietybecauseoftheideologicaldissatisfactionorstruggleoftheweakagainstthestrong.LiteraryTermsandDefinitionsoftheEncyclopaediadefineallegoryinthisway:“Asaliterarydevice,anallegoryisametaphorwhosevehiclemaybeacharacter,placeorevent,representingreal-worldissuesandoccurrences.Allegoryhasbeenusedwidelythroughouthistoryinallformsofart,largelybecauseitcanreadilyillustratecomplexideasandconceptsinwaysthatarecomprehensibleorstrikingtoitsviewers,readers,orlisteners.Writersorspeakerstypicallyuseallegoriesasliterarydevicesorasrhetoricaldevicesthatconveyhiddenmeaningsthroughsymbolicfigures,actions,imagery,orevents,whichtogethercreatethemoral,spiritual,orpoliticalmeaningtheauthorwishestoconvey.”Inshort,anallegoryisadescriptionofanobjectthathastwomeanings.Soinessence,allegoryisthemostappropriateformandstructuretowriteThePilgrim’sProgress.Allegoryisaspecialformofsymbolism.Itspurposeisnotonlytoimplypeople’swordsoutsidetheirwords,butalsotointerpretitinanothersense.ThemosttypicalofEnglishliteratureisBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgresswithitswideuseofallegory.Bunyaninheritedtheallegori