2021年考研英語(yǔ)（二）真題試卷及答案（含解析）

2021年考研英語(yǔ)（二）真題試卷及答案（含解析）SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,

1

,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.

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oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll

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seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto

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thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare

5

.Howaboutjumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.

Why?Becausethetargetis

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.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.

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,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere

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orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey

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hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto

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,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmore

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driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.

Thereisanother

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:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou

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thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea

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ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.

The

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ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell

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others.Everythingcanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa

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.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploringconsequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria

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criticalfactorssuchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto

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justoneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter

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theobjective.1、

A.therefore

B.again

C.moreover

D.however2、

A.identify

B.assess

C.emphasize

D.explain3、

A.curiously

B.quickly

C.eagerly

D.nearly4、

A.check

B.prove

C.recall

D.claim5、

A.threatened

B.mocked

C.ignored

D.blamed6、

A.hospitality

B.competition

C.punctuality

D.innovation7、

A.Yet

B.Besides

C.Still

D.So8、

A.rewarded

B.trained

C.grouped

D.hired9、

A.rather

B.also

C.once

D.only10、

A.comfort

B.efficiency

C.security

D.revenue11、

A.cautious

B.quiet

C.diligent

D.friendly12、

A.purpose

B.prejudice

C.policy

D.problem13、

A.revealed

B.noticed

C.admitted

D.reported14、

A.break

B.departure

C.transfer

D.trip15、

A.moral

B.background

C.style

D.form16、

A.sacrifice

B.criticize

C.tolerate

D.interpret17、

A.secret

B.cost

C.product

D.task18、

A.relatingto

B.callingfor

C.accountingfor

D.leadingto19、

A.predict

B.restore

C.specify

D.create20、

A.review

B.achieve

C.present

D.modify

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

Text1Reskillingissomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe"coreskills"withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.

Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerdemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy,ultimatelyretraining18,000employees.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomy,though,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkersevenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.

Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.

Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobeadoctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden,wherethepandemickick-startedaretrainingprogramwherebusinessaswellasgovernmenthadarole.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.TheeffortwasacollectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.

ReskillinginthiswaywouldbechallenginginaNorthAmericancontext.Youcaneasilyimagineachorusof"youcan'tdothat",becauseteachersornursesorwhoeverhavespecialskills,andusinganysupportstaffwhohasbeenquicklytrainedisboundtoendindisaster.Maybe.OrmaybeitissomethingthatcanworkwellinSweden,withitshistoryofco-operationbetweenbusiness,labourandgovernment,butnotinNorthAmericawhereourhistoryisverydifferent.Thenagain,maybeitisakintowartime,whenextraordinarythingstakeplace,butitisbusinessasusualafterthefact.

Andyet,asinwarthepandemicisteachingusthatmanythings,includingrapidreskilling,canbedoneifthereisawilltodothem.Inanycase,Sweden'sworkforceisnowmoreskilled,inmorethings,andmoreflexiblethanitwasbefore.

Ofcourse,reskillingprograms,whetherforpandemicneedsorthepost-pandemicworld,areexpensiveandatatimewheneveryone'sbudgetsareleanthismaynotbethetimetoimplementthem.Thenagain,extendingincomesupportprogramstogetusthroughthenextmonthsisexpensive,too,tosaynothingofthecostofhavingaswathoflong-termunemployedinthePOST-COVIDyears.Giventhat,perhapsweshouldthinkhardaboutwhetherthepandemiccanjump-startustoaplacewherereskillingbecomesmuchmorethanabuzzword.21、

ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests______.

A.anincreaseinfull-timeemployment

B.anurgentdemandfornewjobskills

C.asteadygrowthofjobopportunities

D.acontroversyaboutthec(coreskills"22、

AT&Tiscitedtoshow______.

A.analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy

B.animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport

C.theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards

D.thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms23、

EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada______.

A.havedrivenuplabourcosts

B.haveprovedtobeinconsistent

C.havemetwithfierceopposition

D.haveappearedtobeinsufficient24、

WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas______.

A.acallforpolicyadjustment

B.achangeinhiringpractices

C.alackofmedicalworkers

D.asignofeconomicrecovery25、

ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto______.

A.createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed

B.preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs

C.retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices

D.financetheirstaff'scollegeeducation

Text2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.

BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenation'shealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?

AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.

Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfields,andmorefactory-styleproduction.

Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.

Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.26、

Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould______.

A.behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth

B.becomeapriorityofthegovernment

C.poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry

D.contributetothenation'swell-being27、

ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK______.

A.farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized

B.factory-styleproductionneedsreforming

C.mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction

D.moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming28、

Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto______.

A.itsfarmingtechnology

B.itsdietarytradition

C.itsnaturalconditions

D.itscommercialinterests29、

ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople______.

A.relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce

B.enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption

C.areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake

D.aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains30、

Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-sufficientintheUKis______.

A.defensive

B.doubtful

C.tolerant

D.optimistic

Text3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft'sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor"productivity"software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.

Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany"acquirers"thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortechtalent.

ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,"complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.

Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrArnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:"Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.

ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow."

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.

Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5tn,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals—manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise—mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespentanaverageofonly$3.4bnayearonsub-$1bnacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears—adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130bnofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.

However,criticssaythatthebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa"buyandkill"tactictosimplyclosethemdown.31、

WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?______

A.Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.

B.Theirtechfeaturesimproved.

C.Theirengineerswereretained.

D.Theirproductswerere-priced.32、

Microsoft'scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto______.

A.ignorepublicopinions

B.treatnewtechtalentunfairly

C.exaggeratetheirproductquality

D.eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors33、

PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight______.

A.harmthenationaleconomy

B.worsenmarketcompetition

C.discouragestart-upinvestors

D.weakenbigtechcompanies34、

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto______.

A.examinesmallacquisitions

B.limitBigTech'sexpansion

C.supervisestart-ups'operations

D.encourageresearchcollaboration35、

Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave______.

A.broughtlittlefinancialpressure

B.raisedfewmanagementchallenges

C.setanexampleforfuturedeals

D.generatedconsiderableprofits

Text4We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototoafive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshedubbed"thinslicing",thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents'end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.

Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgmentbeforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.

Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionandsexualorientationfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection."It'sasifyou'redrivingastickshift,"saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,"andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you'refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat."

Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts'opinionswhenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex—whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.

Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings""hunches""myheart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceorthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.36、

NaliniAmbady'sstudydealswith______.

A.instructor-studentinteraction

B.thepowerofpeople'smemory

C.thereliabilityoffirstimpressions

D.people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers37、

InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants______.

A.gavetheratinginlimitedtime

B.focusedonspecificdetails

C.watchedshortervideoclips

D.discussedwithoneanother38、

JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat______.

A.memorycanbeselective

B.reflectioncanbedistracting

C.socialskillsmustbecultivated

D.deceptionisdifficulttodetect39、

Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto______.

A.followyourfeelings

B.listyourpreferences

C.seekexpertadvice

D.collectenoughdata40、

Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?______

A.Generatingnewproductstakestime,

B.Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.

C.Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.

D.Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

PartBDirections:

ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingsfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

A.Staycalm

B.Stayhumble

C.Don'tmakejudgments

D.Berealisticabouttherisks

E.Decidewhethertowait

F.Askpermissiontodisagree

G.Identifyasharedgoal

HowtoDisagreewithSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYou?

Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Hereishowtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.

41

Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyou'reinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.

42

Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybe"thecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime".You'remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.Whenyoudospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.

43

Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,"Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon'twork.I'dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?"Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowingthemtoverballyoptin.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.

44

Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhattoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanickywetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpscalmtheotherpersondownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren't.

45

Emphasizethatyou'reofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit'sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyandslightlyunderstateyourconfidence.Insteadofsayingsomethinglike"Ifwesetanend-of-quarterdeadline,we'llnevermakeit,"say,"Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon'tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline".Havingassertedyourposition(asaposition,notasafact),demonstrateequalcuriosityaboutotherviews.Remindthepersonthatthisisyourpointofviewandtheninvitecritique,Beopentohearingotheropinions.

SectionⅢTranslationDirections:

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.46、

Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersareourbiggestsourcesofconnection,laughterandwarmth.Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongingthatwedidn'texpect.

Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.Onaverage,participantswhofollowedtheinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhohadbeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionswithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietythattheymightnotwanttotalktous.

Muchofthetime,however,thisbeliefisfalse.Asitturnsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalk—andmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.

SectionⅣWriting

PartA47、Directions:

Supposeyouareorganizinganonlinemeeting.

WriteanemailtoJack,aninternationalstudent,

1)invitehimtoparticipate,and

2)tellhimthedetails.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET.

Donot

signyourownnameattheendofthee-mail.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donot

writetheaddress.

PartB48、

Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

答案:

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

1、D[考點(diǎn)]

本題考查邏輯關(guān)系。

[解析]

空格前一句提到為員工設(shè)定目標(biāo)并不難，隨后提到理解它們的負(fù)面影響就難得多了。由notdifficult和muchharder可知，前后兩句表達(dá)的意思相反。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，however意為“然而，可是”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，符合前后文邏輯關(guān)系，故答案為D。

[參考譯文]

為員工設(shè)定目標(biāo)并不難。然而要理解它們的負(fù)面影響就難得多了。大多數(shù)與工作相關(guān)的行為有多個(gè)組成部分。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)其中一個(gè)，其余的就被忽略扭曲了。

坐上倫敦的公交車，你很快就會(huì)看到這點(diǎn)是如何體現(xiàn)在司機(jī)身上的。看人們上車并出示車票。這些票有沒(méi)有被仔細(xì)檢查?從來(lái)沒(méi)有。人們會(huì)逃票上車嗎?當(dāng)然!有檢票員檢票嗎?可能有，但很少。那些跑著趕公交車的人呢?他們被忽視了。闖紅燈的情況怎么樣呢?公共汽車闖紅燈的頻率幾乎和騎自行車的人一樣。

為什么?因?yàn)樗緳C(jī)的目標(biāo)是準(zhǔn)時(shí)。人們抱怨公共汽車晚點(diǎn)，而且班次稀少。因此，公共汽車和公共汽車專用道的數(shù)量增加了。根據(jù)他們所花的時(shí)間，司機(jī)會(huì)被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或處罰。司機(jī)們達(dá)到了這些目標(biāo)。但是他們也會(huì)誤撞騎自行車的人。如果目標(biāo)改為收益，你將會(huì)看到更多檢票員和更敏感的定價(jià)。如果標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改為安全，會(huì)有更加小心謹(jǐn)慎的并且遵守交通法規(guī)的司機(jī)。但這兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都將以犧牲時(shí)間為代價(jià)。

還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題：人們?cè)谶_(dá)到目標(biāo)方面變得極富創(chuàng)造力。你是否注意到，飛機(jī)起飛晚了一小時(shí)，卻仍然能夠準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)?順風(fēng)嗎?當(dāng)然不是!航空公司只是改變了旅程應(yīng)該花費(fèi)的時(shí)長(zhǎng)。原本一個(gè)小時(shí)的航程現(xiàn)在被宣稱為兩個(gè)小時(shí)的航程。

故事的寓意很簡(jiǎn)單。大多數(shù)工作都是多維的，擁有多個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選擇一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，你可能會(huì)犧牲其他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。一切都可以做得更快、更便宜，但肯定要付出代價(jià)。設(shè)定目標(biāo)會(huì)而且確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的負(fù)面后果。

這并不是說(shuō)要反對(duì)設(shè)定目標(biāo)。但這是一個(gè)先探索結(jié)果的根據(jù)。所有好的目標(biāo)都應(yīng)具有與關(guān)鍵因素(如時(shí)間、金錢、質(zhì)量和用戶反饋)相關(guān)的多個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。訣竅是不僅要確定目標(biāo)的一個(gè)甚至兩個(gè)方面，而且要了解如何幫助人們更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)。

A項(xiàng)therefore(因此)表示因果關(guān)系，B項(xiàng)again(又，再)表示并列關(guān)系，C項(xiàng)moreover(而且)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，均不符合原文邏輯關(guān)系，故排除。2、C[考點(diǎn)]

本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析。

[解析]

句中one和theothers兩者是對(duì)比關(guān)系，and前后語(yǔ)義相反。根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)時(shí)，其余的就被忽略扭曲了。C項(xiàng)emphasize(強(qiáng)調(diào))符合文義，故答案為C。

A項(xiàng)identify(確認(rèn)，認(rèn)出)、B項(xiàng)assess(評(píng)估)和D項(xiàng)explain(解釋，說(shuō)明)，均與題意不符，故排除。3、B[考點(diǎn)]

本題考查副詞辨析。

[解析]

根據(jù)句意可知，坐上倫敦的公交車，你______就會(huì)看到這點(diǎn)是如何體現(xiàn)在司機(jī)身上的。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，quickly意為“快速地，迅速地”，符合題意，故答案為B。