糖代謝（英文版）完整版

MetabolismofCarbohydratesDescribetheprimaryprocessofsugaranaerobicglycolysis.Indicatetheprimaryprocessofaerobicoxidation,thekeyenzymesinparticularsteps.LearningOutcome3ProteinsCarbohydratesFatsandlipidsAcetylCoA

RespiratoryChainAminoacidsMonosaccharideGlycerolFattyacidCitricacidcycle

CO22HADP+PiATP

H2O

SubstancemetabolismSection1OverviewCarbohydratesareclassifiedintofourtypesaccordingtotheirhydrolysates:monosaccharideoligosaccharidepolysaccharideglycoconjugateglucose,fructose

maltose,sucrose,lactosestarch,glycogen,cellulose

glycolipid,glucoproteinclassesofcarbohydratesToprovideyourbodywithenergyandcarbon.e.g.Carbohydrateprovidesmaterialforsynthesisofaminoacid,nucleotide,coenzyme,fattyacid,orothermetabolicintermediate.StructuralelementsofcellsandtissuesSourceofmaterialforanabolisme.g.Carbohydratesarecomponentsofglycoprotein,proteoglycansandglycolipids.Themainphysiologicalfunctionofcarbohydrate:OxidationoffuelBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogendegradationNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis

liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose

PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactateSection2Anaerobicglycolysis1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsDefinitionofanaerobicglycolysisAprocessinwhichamoleculeofglucoseisbrokendowntotwomoleculesoflactatebycellsinenzymereactionsthatdonotneedoxygen.Positionofglycolysis：cytoplasm1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+TwoPhases:PhaseI---glycolysis:Thesix-carbonglucosebreakdownintotwomoleculesofthethree-carbonpyruvate.PhaseII---Pyruvateisconvertedto

lactate.ProcedureofanaerobicglycolysislactateGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+ATP

ADPHexokinasePhaseI--glycolysis:

1.PhosphorylationofGlucoseGlucose

Glucose-6-phosphate

(G-6-P)ThefirstkeyenzymeGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Glucose-6-phosphate

(G-6-P)2.ConversionofGlucose6-Phosphateto

Fructose6-PhosphateFructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)PhosphohexoseisomeraseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Fructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)3.PhosphorylationofFructose6-PhosphatetoFructose1,6-BisphosphateMg2+phosphofructokinaseATP

ADPFructose1,6-Bisphosphate(F-1,6-2P)ThesecondkeyenzymeGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateDHAP4.CleavageofFructose1,6-BisphosphateAldolaseFructose1,6-Bisphosphate(F-1,6-2P)DHAPGAP+GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+DihydroxyacetonephosphateGlyceraldehyde3-phosphate5.InterconversionoftheTriosePhosphatesTriosephosphateisomeraseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Glyceraldehyde3-Phosphate1,3-BisphosphoglycerateProducesthereducedformoftheNADHProducestheenergy-richintermediate6.OxidationofGlyceraldehyde3-Phosphateto1,3-BisphosphoglyceratePi、NAD+

NADH+H+

Glyceraldehyde3-phosphatedehydrogenaseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-phosphoglyceratesubstrate-levelphosphorylation:

theinformationofanenergy-richintermediate,whichisthenusedforthesynthesisofATP.7.PhosphorylTransferfrom1,3-BisphosphoglyceratetoADPADPATP

Phosphoglyceratekinase

GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+3-Phosphoglycerate2-Phosphoglycerate8.Conversionof3-Phosphoglycerateto2-PhosphoglyceratePhosphoglyceratemutaseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)9.Dehydrationof2-PhosphoglyceratetoPhosphoenolpyruvateEnolase2-PhosphoglycerateProducestheenergy-richintermediateGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+PyruvateThethirdkeyenzymeThesecondsubstrate-levelphosphorylation10.TransferofthePhosphorylGroupfromPhosphoenolpyruvatetoADPADP

ATP

K+Mg2+PyruvatekinasePhosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPEPMg2+Positionofanaerobicglycolysis：cytoplasm

ananaerobicprocess

throughwhichATPissynthesized.Threekeyenzymes:Hexokinase,Phosphofructokinase&PyruvateKinase.AsmallamountofenergySummaryofanaerobicglycolysislactateHexokinasePhosphofructokinasePyruvateKinase1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsBiosignificanceofanaerobicglycolysisaneffectivewaytoprovideenergyquickly

under

anaerobicconditions.themainwaytoproduceATPinsometissues,eventhoughtheoxygensupplyissufficient.Cellswithoutmitochondria：erythrocytesMetabolicactivecells：leucocyte、myeloidcellSection3AerobicOxidationofGlucose1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsTheaerobicoxidationofcarbohydratesisreferredtoglucoseisoxidizedtoCO2

andH2Ounderaerobicconditions.It’sthemainenergysupplymode.Position:cytoplasmandmitochondriaDefinition1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPhaseI:GlycolysisPhaseII:OxidativedecarboxylationPhaseIII:Tricarboxylicacidcycle

Acetyl-CoAPyrutateGPyrutateH2O[O]ATPADPCO2NADH+H+FADH2TCAcycleProcedure

PhaseIV:Oxidativephosphorylationcytoplasmmitochondria1.Glucosebreakdownintotwomoleculesofthethree-carbonpyruvateinglycolyticpathwayPyruvateAcetyl-CoA

NAD+,HSCoACO2,NADH+H+

pyruvatedehydrogenasecomplexOverallreaction:2.PyruvateisoxidizedtoAcetyl-CoAandCO2inmitochondriaThecyclecomprisesthecombinationofamoleculeofacetyl-CoAwithoxaloacetate,resultingintheformationofasix-carbontricarboxylicacid,citrate.TherefollowsaseriesofreactionsinthecourseofwhichtwomoleculesofCO2arereleasedandoxaloacetateisregenerated.AlsocalledcitricacidcycleorKrebscycle.3.TricarboxylicacidcycleNAD+NADH+H+CO2GDP+PiGTPNAD+NADH+H+FADFADH2NAD+

NADH+H+CO2①Citratesynthase②aconitase③isocitratedehydrogenase④α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase⑤succinyl-CoA

synthetase⑥succinatedehydrogenase⑦fumarase⑧malatedehydrogenase①②②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧SummaryofTCACycleUndergo:

onesubstrate-level

prosphorylationtwodecarboxylationfourdehydrogenation1SummaryofTCACycleGeneration:

oneGTPtwoCO2oneFADH2threeNADH+H+2SummaryofTCACycleKeyenzyme:citratesynthase

isocitratedehydrogenaseα-ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplex31.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsAerobicoxidationofcarbohydrateisthemainmethodtogetATPoforganism.BiosignificanceTCAcycleactsasthefinalcommonpathwayfortheoxidationofcarbohydrates,lipids,andproteins.TCAcycleisakeypointtocommunicatethemetabolismofprotein,carbohydrateandlipids.Section4Gluconeogenesis1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGluconeogenesis

isthesynthesisprogressofglucoseorglycogenfromnon-carbohydratesources.Position：Materials：Mainlyliver,kidney.Pyruvate,lactate,

glycerol,glycogenicaminoacid.Definition1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP

ADPATP

ADP

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPEPMg2+GluconeogenicpathwayisnotareversiblereactionofglycolyticpathwaycompletelyProgress：Mostreactions

ofgluconeogenicpathwayandglycolyticpathwayaresharedandreversible.Threeirreversiblereactionscatalyzedbythreekeyenzymesinglycolysismustbebypassedingluconeogenesis.

gluconeogenicpathwayisthesynthesisprogressofglucosefrompyruvate.Fructose6-Phosphate

Fructose1,6-Bisphosphatephosphofructokinase

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphataseADPATP

PiGlucose6-PhosphateGlucoseglucose6-phosphatasehexokinaseATP

ADPPiPEP

PyruvateoxaloacetatePyruvatekinasepyruvatecarboxylaseADPATPCO2+ATPADP+PiGTPPEP-carboxykinaseGDP+Pi+CO21.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsBiosignificanceThemainfunctionofgluconeogenesisistomaintainthestableofbloodglucose.Gluconeogenesisisanimportantpathwaytoreplenishandrestorethestorageofliverglycogen.Theenhanceofrenalgluconeogenesisishelpfultothemaintenanceofacid-basebalance.C3pathway:Aftermeal,mostglucoseisbrokendowntolactateorpyruvatewhichcontainthreecarbonsoutsidethelivercells,thentheseC3substratesenterthelivercellsandgeneratetoglycogenbygluconeogenesis.Section5PentosephosphatepathwayBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogendegradationNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis

liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose

PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactate1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPentosephosphatepathwayistheprogressofglucoseproducesribose-5-phosphateandNADPH+H+,thenthepentosephosphatesisconvertedintoglyceraldehyde3-phosphateandfructose6-phosphate.DefinitionPosition：Cytoplasm1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPhaseI:TheOxidativePhaseThereactionhastwophases:PhaseII:TheNonoxidativePhaseProducesribose-5-phosphate,NADPH+H+andCO2IncludingaseriesofgrouptransferProcedurePhaseIPhaseIIGlucose6-phosphate(C6)6-Phosphoglucono-lactone(C6)6-Phosphogluconate(C6)Ribulose5-phosphate(C5)Ribose

5-phosphateC5NADP+NADPH+H+

6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenaseNADP+NADPH+H+

glucose6-phosphate

dehydrogenaseCO2Xylulose5-phosphateC5Sedoheptulose7-phosphateC7Glyceraldehyde3-phosphateC3Erythrose4-phosphateC4Fructose6-phosphateC6Fructose6-phosphateC6Glyceraldehyde3-phosphateC3Xylulose5-phosphateC5ashydrogendonorNADP+NADPH+H+CO2transformationNADP+NADPH+H+Glucose6-phosphateglucose6-phosphate

dehydrogenase6-Phosphoglucono-lactone6-PhosphogluconateRibulose5-phosphateXylulose

5-phosphateRibose5-phosphateGlyceraldehyde

3-phosphate

Fructose

6-phosphateEnterglycolysisbiosynthesisofnucleotidesSummary1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContents2．ProvideNADPHashydrogendonortoparticipateinvariousmetabolicreactions.1．Provideriboseforbiosynthesisofnucleotides.BiosignificanceNADPH

isthehydrogendonorinvariousanabolism;NADPHparticipatethehydroxylationinvivo;NADPHcouldkeeptheregenerationofreducedglutathione(GSH).Section6GlycogenmetabolismBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogenNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis

liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose

PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactatedegradation1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGlycogenisapolymerofglucoseresidueslinkedbyglycosidicbonds.DefinitionStructureofglycogenShape：branchedpolymerReducingend：oneNonreducingends：polyDistributionofglycogenMainlyliverandskeletalmuscleNonreducingendsReducingend1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPosition：

Cytoplasmofliver,muscle(main)

Definition：

Thesynthesisprogressofglycogenfrommonosaccharide.

Monosaccharide:

Glucose(main),fructose,galactose…MostanabolismofglycogenoccurredinliverandmusclePosition:

Cytoplasm*UDPG:Gactivepattern,Gactivedonor.ATP

ADPPPiUTP

+glucoseglucose6-phosphateglucose1-phosphateUDPGglycogenprimer(Gn)Gn+1+UDPGlycogensynthesisglycogensynthaseUDP-glucoseKeyenzyme:Glycogensynthasehexokinase,glucokinasephosphoglucomutaseRiboseUracilUDP-Glcpyophosphorylase

Position:

Liver

Production:

Glucose

Glycogendegradation:

Theprogressthatglycogenisdegradedtoglucose.(liverglycogen)Theproductionofglycogendegradation:glucosecouldreplenishthebloodglucoseTomaintainrelativelystableofbloodglucoseGlycogendegradation(skeletalmuscle)(liver,kindey)glycogenn+1glycogenn+glucose1-phosphateglucose6-phosphateglycogenphosphorylaseglucoseglucose6-phosphataseglycolysisTomeettheenergyrequirementofmusclesinstrenuousexercisephosphoglucomutase1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsliverglycogenMuscleglycogenrawmaterialmonosaccharide/no-carbohydratematerialglucosecleavageproductglucoselactatefunctiontomaintainrelativelystableofbloodglucosetomeettheenergyrequirementofmusclesinstrenuousexerciseconsumption12-18haftermealafterheavyexerciseComparisonofliverglycogenand