四大語法整理

NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ動詞NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ一、被動語態(tài)1、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用來說明主語和謂語動詞間的關(guān)系，英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，在句中be動詞要有人稱和數(shù)的變化?！究谠E】被動語態(tài)be字變，過去分詞跟后面。注意：只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。時態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時am/

is/

are

+過去分詞一般過去時was/

were

+過去分詞一般將來時will

be

+過去分詞或am/

is/

are/

going

to

+

be過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/

is

/

are

+

being

+過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時was

/

were

+

being

+過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時have

/

has

+

been

+過去分詞過去完成時had

+been

+過去分詞過去將來時would

be

+過去分詞或was/

were

+

going

to

be

+過去分詞情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+

be

+過去分詞2、被動語態(tài)的用法：【口訣】誰做動作不知道，說出誰做沒必要；承受者需被強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動語態(tài)運(yùn)用到。用法說明例句不知道動作的執(zhí)行者Salt

is

produced

in

East

and

South

China.沒必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者Our

school

was

set

up

in

1973.需突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者Chinese

is

spoken

by

the

largest

number

of

people.3、主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換：①主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。把謂語變成被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)（be

+過去分詞）

把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by后作賓語，將主格改為賓語?？谠E：賓變主，主變賓，by短語后面跟。謂語動詞變被動，be后“過分”來使用。如：---He

mended

that

bike

yesterday.

---The

bike

was

mended

by

him

yesterday.

②含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：

含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時，由“情態(tài)動詞+be

+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來帶to的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。口訣：情態(tài)動詞變被動，情態(tài)加be加“過分”，原來帶to要保留。如：---We

have

to

look

after

the

dog.

---The

dog

has

to

be

looked

after

by

us.

③含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的被動語態(tài)：

好久不見別來無恙

含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子，賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z后，賓語補(bǔ)足語改為主語補(bǔ)足語，原來的位好久不見別來無恙置一般不變。NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZNIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ如：---We

keep

food

cold

in

the

fridge.

---Food

is

kept

cold

in

the

fridge.

注意：主動句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語如果是不帶to

的不定式，在變成被動句的主語補(bǔ)足語時，to不能省去。如：---She

heard

him

sing

a

song

just

now.

---She

was

heard

to

sing

a

song

just

now.二、過去完成時4、用法：

by，

，

三、情態(tài)動詞2、分類：①只做情態(tài)動詞：must,can(could),may(might),

②可做情態(tài)動詞又可做實(shí)意動詞：need,dare

③可做情態(tài)動詞又可做助動詞：shall(should),will(would)

,oughtto

④具有情態(tài)動詞特征：have(had,has)

to,used

to

⑤情態(tài)動詞表猜測3、位置：下雨了你有在想我嗎

下雨了你有在想我嗎4、用法：NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZNIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ

情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞原形首先它是動詞，而且不同于行為動詞，行為動詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達(dá)的動作，而情態(tài)動詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法。5、功能：

助動詞主要有兩類：基本助動詞和情態(tài)助動詞?；局鷦釉~有三個：do,

have和be；情態(tài)助動詞基本的有十四個：may,

might;

can,

could;

will,

would;

shall,

should;

must，need,

dare,

used

to,

ought

to.had

better，6、can和could的用法：①表示能力或客觀可能性，還可以表示請求和允許。

②表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。（主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中）【注意】could可表示請求，語氣委婉，主要用于疑問句，不可用于肯定句，答語用can（即could不能用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的簡略答語中）。

can表示能力時，還可用be

able

to代替。我在等一個我在等一個可以陪我走很久的人賓NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ語從句NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。1.語序：無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句，賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序，即“主句+連詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+……)”句式。1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有：who，what，which等。2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見連接詞有：whose，what，which，howmany，howmuch等。3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有：who(m)，what，which，howmany，howmuch，when，why，how，where，if/whether(在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分)等。4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有：what，which，howmany，howmuch，how等。2.連接詞：1)陳述句充當(dāng)賓語從句時，用that引導(dǎo)，that無詞義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略2)一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時，用if或whether引導(dǎo)，意為“是否”①具選擇意義,有or或ornot時,直接與ornot連用時,用whether(if…ornot也可使用)②在介詞之后用whether③在不定式前用whether④whether置于句首時，不能換用if⑤引導(dǎo)主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether別告訴他別告訴他我還想他3)如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句，NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ3.時態(tài)：1)如主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)需要，選用相應(yīng)的任何時態(tài)。2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時，賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據(jù)需要，選用過去時態(tài)即一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式。3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動作等，不管主句用什么時態(tài)，從句時態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時。4.注意：if和when既可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句，應(yīng)注意它們在兩種從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，分別意為“是否”和“何時”，其時態(tài)應(yīng)和主句時態(tài)相呼應(yīng);它們引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，意思分別為“如果，假如”和“當(dāng)……時候”，當(dāng)主句時態(tài)是一般將來時時，其時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時。它們常常放在含有狀語從句和賓語從句的題干中進(jìn)行綜合考查。故事很長故事很長只有風(fēng)聽我講NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ定語從句NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ詳細(xì)的定語從句講解

：

定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個成分，定語從句分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句，結(jié)果狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，原因狀語從句，條件狀語從句以及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句及therebe句型。

一、限定性定語從句：1.that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時?？墒÷躁P(guān)系詞，which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在它原來的位置2.which作賓語時，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟3.代表物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all,anything,much等，這時的that常被省略4.who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語5.where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句6.when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間〔注〕值得一提的是，表示時間“time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導(dǎo)，有時不用任何關(guān)系代詞，當(dāng)然也不用that引導(dǎo)7.whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格8.當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some,any,no,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,everything或nothing時，常用thereis來引導(dǎo)二、非限定性定語從句：非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常和主句間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。1.which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分2.引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時，that有時相當(dāng)于inwhich,atwhich,forwhich或atwhich3.有時as也可用作關(guān)系代詞4.在非限定性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who,whom代表人，用which代表事物三、定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤：1.缺關(guān)系詞2.從句中缺成分外面風(fēng)大跟我回家在英文中，有兩種定語從句：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：

①外面風(fēng)大跟我回家②非限定性定語從句非限定性定語NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。

四、定語從句的講解：

定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

1.關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

①who/that在從句中作主語;whom/that在從句中作賓語NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ②Whose用來指人或物(只用作定語,若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換）③which,that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語2.關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

①when,where,why相當(dāng)于"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu),常和"介詞+which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用②that代替關(guān)系副詞

，that可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when,where,why和"介詞+which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略故事不夠動人故事不夠動人講故事的人卻總流淚構(gòu)NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ詞法NIZLUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIELUWENJIENIZ）：A）“根基”。像相像不像相像互不相像B）C）

“詞”的英語是可譯為“”等。人類在學(xué)3.那么“舉出主題并說明他”。這種表達(dá)模式我們叫“一句話”，在語言學(xué)上稱為句子。。。構(gòu)詞法：合成法：兩個或兩個以上的詞結(jié)合成一個新詞的方法稱作合成法。派生法：由詞綴(分前、后綴)和詞根相結(jié)合構(gòu)成單詞的方法。大多數(shù)詞綴都有一定的含義。人啊人啊總是不珍惜專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一、動詞1.’t

go

out

to

play

until

your

homework

_______.

A.

finishes

B.

has

finished

C.

is

finished

2.My

e-mail

_____

to

you

last

night.

C.

was

sent

A.

will

be

held

D.

would

be

held’D.

cleans

A.

Finishes

B.

will

be

finished

C.

has

finishedD.

is

finished

C.

is

cleaning

8.9.10.Look!Thestudents__________(clean)theclassroom.

11.What_________yourafter_________(do)yesterday?12.Myuncle

toseeus.He'llbeheresoon.A.comes

B.hascome

C.iscoming

D.hadcome13.Thegirlenjoys_______totheradioverymuch.

A.listen

B.tolisten

C.listening

D.listene14.Iwon'tbelieveituntilI

itwithmyowneyes.A.saw

B.haveseen

C.willsee

D.hadseen15.Inthepasttenyears,there

greatchangesinourfamilylife.A.hadbeen

B.are

C.havebeen

D.were16.OnSundayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,

somebananas,andvisitedhercousin.A.bought

B.buying

C.tobuy

D.buy17.Let’s_______atalkaboutlearningChinese.

A.had

B.having

C.tohave

D.have18.——Wehaven'theardfromJaneforalongtime.——Whatdoyousuppose

toher?A.washappening

B.tohappen

C.hashappened

D.havinghappened19.We

halfanhourforthebus,butithasnotcomeyet.A.havewaited

B.arewaitingC.hadbeenwaiting

D.havebeenwaiting20.HethankedmeforwhatI

.A.hashad

B.haddone

C.did

D.havedone二、賓語從句1.Idon'tknow_________hewillcometomorrow．_________hecomes，I'lltellyou．

A.if；WhetherB.whether；Whether

C.if；ThatD.if；If2.Idon'tknow_________thedayaftertomorrow．

A.whendoeshecomeB.howwillhecome

C.ifhecomesD.whetherhe'llcome3.Couldyoutellme_________thenearesthospitalis？

A.whatB.howC.whetherD.where4.Couldyoutellme_________theradiowithoutanyhelp？

A.howdidhemendB.whatdidhemend

C.howhemendedD.whathemended5.Iwanttoknow_________．

A.whomisshelookingafterB.whomsheislooking

C.whomisshelookingD.whomsheislookingafter6.Doyouknowwhere_________now？

A.helivesB.doesheliveC.helivedD.didhelive7.Doyouknowwhattime_________？

A.thetrainleaveB.doesthetrainleave

C.willthetrainleaveD.hetrainleaves8.Idon'tknow_________．Canyoutellme，please？

A.howthetwoplayersareoldB.howoldarethetwoplayers

C.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersare9.Thesmallchildrendon'tknow_________．

A.whatistheirstockingsinB.whatisintheirstockings

C.whereistheirstockingsinD.whatintheirstockings10.Ican'tunderstand_________．

A.whatdoesChristmasmeanB.whatChristmasdoesmean

C.whatmeanChristmasdoesD.whatChristmasmeans11.Theteacherdidn'tbeginherclass_______thestudentsstoppedtalking.

A．untilB．becauseC．a(chǎn)fterD．when

12.Ifit_______tomorrow,we'llgototheGreatwall.

A．doesn'trainB．won'trainC．notrainsD．isn'train

13.Couldyoutellme_______wegettotheplane?

A．how

B．WhetherC．whereD．what

14.Whentheygottothecinema,thefilm_______forthetenminutes.

A．hadbeenonB．hasbegunC．BeganD．hadbegun

15.Theteachersays_______shewillleaveamessageontheheadmaster'sdesk.

A．if

B．WhoC．thatD．what

16.Lucylooksstronger_______Lily.

A．thanB．a(chǎn)sC．ThenD．notas

17.Iknownothingaboutit_______hetoldme.

A．BecauseB．SinceC．UntilD．a(chǎn)fter

18.Youmustmakeyournewhousecleanandsafe_______youmovein.

A．becauseB．WhenC．beforeD．until

19.Iwas_______tired_______Icouldn'twalkon.

A．so…thatB．too…toC．very…thatD．very…to

20.Ithoughthe_______toseehismotherifhe_______time.

A.willgo…h(huán)as

B.willgo…willhaveC.wouldgo…wouldhaveD.wouldgo…h(huán)ad三、定語從句1.

Don’t

talk

about

such

things

of

__________

you

are

not

sure.

A.

which

B.

What

C.

As

D.

those

2.

Is

this

the

factory

__________

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

in

which

D.

the

one

3.

Is

this

factory

__________

some

foreign

friends

visited

last

Friday?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

which

D.

the

one

4.

Is

this

the

factory

__________

he

worked

ten

years

ago?

A.

that

B.

where

C.

which

D.

the

one

5.

The

wolves

hid

themselves

in

the

places

__________

couldn’t

be

found.

A.

that

B.

where

C.

in

which

D.

in

that

6.

The

freezing

point

is

the

temperature

__________

water

changes

into

ice.

A.

at

which

B.

on

that

C.

in

which

D.

of

what

7.

This

book

will

show

you

__________

can

be

used

in

other

contexts..

A.

how

you

have

observed

B.

what

you

have

observed

C.

that

you

have

observed

D.

how

that

you

have

observed

8.

The

reason

is

__________

he

is

unable

to

operate

the

machine.

A.

because

B.

why

C.

that

D.

whether

9.

I’ll

tell

you

__________

he

told

me

last

week.

A.

all

which

B.

that

C.

all

that

D.

which

10.

That

tree,

__________

branches

are

almost

bare,

is

very

old.

A.

whose

B.

of

which

C.

in

which

D.

on

which

11.

I

have

bought

the

same

dress

__________

she

is

wearing.

A.

as