英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試作文題型分析與范文參考

英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試作文題型分析與范文參考一、圖表圖畫題型（Graphs/TablesandCartoons/Pictures）表格和圖表題型表格和圖表題型是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作中較為常見的題型之一，也是難度較大的一種寫作題型，故大家應(yīng)對(duì)此類題型加強(qiáng)練習(xí)，熟練掌握。表格和圖表題型寫作注意事項(xiàng)·仔細(xì)研究題目以及提示信息，看準(zhǔn)、看清圖表中的數(shù)字、線條、陰影等部分的變化趨勢(shì)和走向，然后根據(jù)圖表所顯示的中心信息確定內(nèi)容層次以及主題句?！ぷ屑?xì)觀察分析圖表所給出的大量信息，從中選取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根據(jù)全文的主旨去組織運(yùn)用所獲取的關(guān)鍵信息,切忌簡(jiǎn)單地羅列圖表所給出的信息?！け砀窈蛨D表題型寫作一般采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，但如果圖表給出了具體時(shí)間參照，則應(yīng)對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整?！け砀窈蛨D表題型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表達(dá)法，大家應(yīng)對(duì)此融會(huì)貫通?！け砀窈蛨D表題型可以細(xì)分為表格，曲線圖、柱形圖和圓形圖。除了上述共同要點(diǎn)，還應(yīng)弄懂這四種圖在寫作方面的各自特點(diǎn)?！け砀裥问揭罂忌鷮?duì)表格中所給出的大量數(shù)字進(jìn)行比較分析，從中找出其變化規(guī)律?！で€圖形式要求考生認(rèn)真觀察坐標(biāo)系所顯示的數(shù)據(jù)信息，并且密切注意交匯在坐標(biāo)橫軸和縱軸上的數(shù)字及單位?！ぶ螆D形式要求考生通過寬度相等的柱形的高度或長(zhǎng)度差別來判斷事物的動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，故考生應(yīng)密切關(guān)注坐標(biāo)線上的刻度單位及圖表旁邊的提示說明與文字?！A形圖形式旨在要求考生準(zhǔn)確理解并闡述一個(gè)被分割成大小不等切片的圓形圖所傳達(dá)的信息?？忌鷳?yīng)清楚掌握部分與整體，部分與部分之間的相互關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系通常是以百分比的數(shù)字形式給出的。·列出各段的主題句。考生可以根據(jù)所給提綱或已知信息列出每段的主題句，為全文的展開鋪平道路?！?yán)格圍繞主題句展開段落?！z查與修改。表格與圖表寫作的檢查與修改應(yīng)著重檢查文章中所列舉的信息是否與圖表所顯示的信息一致。表格和圖表題型寫作中常用的核心句型歸納如下：1.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,…2.Thischartshowsthat...3.Asisshownbythegraph,...4.Itcanbeseenfromthestatistics（chart\diagram\tablegraph\figures）that...5.Itisgenerallybelieved（accepted\thought\held）that…6.Thereisslight（slow\steady\rapid）increase（decrease\decline\reduction\fall\drop\rise）indemand（income.\population\prices\production）.7.beontheincrease（decrease\rise\decline）（...在不斷地增加，減少，上升，下降）8.Fromthetable（figures\data\results\information）,itcanbeseen（concluded\shown\estimated\calculated\inferred）that…9.Duringtheperiod1900—2000（From1900—2000\Since1900\Foradecade,from1905—2005）其它常用表達(dá)OtherUsefulExpressionsandStructures:介紹圖表Asisshown/described/illustrated/indicated/revealedinthecartoon/picture/graph/chart/table,...Ascanbeclearlyseenfromthecartoon…Whatavividpictureitis!Ittellsusthat…Accordingtothetable...,Ascanbeseenfromthetable...,Itcanbeseenfromthetable...Itisself-evidentthat…,Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…,Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的表達(dá)方法increase/fallslightly/alittle/sharply/dramatically/drasticallyfrom...to...,skyrocket/soar/rise/decline/jumpfrom…to…remainsteadyat...,leveloffat…,peakat...,reachtheclimaxat...,reachthelowat…,accountfor...twice/three...timesasmany/muchas...,onefifth/aquarter/athird/ahalfof...數(shù)據(jù)變化的表達(dá)方法Thenumber/amountof...increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/suddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steadily/gradually/slowly/slightlyfrom...to...Therewasasudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slightincrease/jump/rise/decrease/drop/fallinthenumber/amountof...from...to...開頭和結(jié)尾的常用句型Thetwographsdescribethesamethingseenintwodifferentways.Thefirstdiagramsimplyrecords…Thesecondgraphthrowsanewlighton…Thekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows:…ThistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB.一般圖表作文的特征主要體現(xiàn)在第一段，該段的任務(wù)是描述圖表同時(shí)點(diǎn)明圖表所要表達(dá)的主題或說明的問題，如：Asisshowninthetable（orinthepicture）...droppedfrom...in1994to...in1996.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,...hasgreatincreased（ordecreased）inthepast...years（ordecades）,reaching...in1996.Fromthetablewecanalsoseethattherehasbeenasharpdecline（orrise）in...Itisclearthat大家看下面的實(shí)例，注意體會(huì)圖表作文的寫作特點(diǎn)：實(shí)例1----2002年6月真題Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicStudentUseofComputers.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelowAveragenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek1.上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2002年某校大學(xué)生事業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)的情況，請(qǐng)描述其變化；2.請(qǐng)說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說明）；3.你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問題。ModelCompositionGreatchangeshavetakenplaceinstudentuseofcomputersintheuniversity.Thehoursthestudentspentoncomputersperweekskyrocketedfromabout2in1990to20in2000,morethan9timeshigher.Thisrapidincreaseprovesthatstudentswereinclosercontactwithcomputers.Toaccountforthisphenomenon,peoplehavecomeupwithvariousreasonsaslistedbelow.Inthefirstplace,withthedropinpricesofcomputers,morestudentscouldaffordcomputers,thereforetheycouldspendmuchmoretimewithcomputers.Inthesecondplace,thecomputerswereappliedtowiderandwideruseandstudentshadtotakeadvantageofthismoderninvention.Lastbutnottheleastimportant,thedevelopmentofsocietypushedcomputersintomoredormitories.Whateverthereason,therearestillsomeproblemswithstudentuseofcomputers.Tobeginwith,manystudentsstillhavenocomputersoftheirown.What’smore,manystudentsusecomputersonlytoplaye-gamesandbrowsepornwebsites,whichcausesharmtotheirmind.（172words）實(shí)例2----1991年6月真題ChangesinPeople’sDietFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit&Vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%·Statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.·Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges.·DrawyourownconclusionModelCompositionAsisshownintheabovetable,greatchangestookplaceonpeople’sdietfrom1986to1990.Onthewhole,theconsumptionofgraindecreasedyearbyyear,whilethatofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilkandmeat,increasedconsistently.Inmyopinion,therearetwomajorreasonsforthechangesinpeople’sdiet.Ononehand,peoplegavetheirattentiontothequalityoftheirdiet.Ontheotherhand,theycouldaffordtobuymoreexpensivefoodwithbetternutritionowingtotheincreaseoftheirincome.Fromtheabove,wecanseethatpeople’slivingstandardimprovedremarkablyinthefiveyearsfrom1986to1990.Andwecanalsoanticipatethattheywilllivemoreandmorecomfortablyandhealthilyinthefuture.（128words）實(shí)例3EmploymentProblemofCollegeGraduatesYear20022003（Estimated）2004（Estimated）NumberofUnemployedGraduates380,000420,000500,000·描寫2002年到2004年找不到工作的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的人數(shù)變化；·分析原因（高校擴(kuò)招使畢業(yè)生供給大于需求，很多畢業(yè)生只愿留在大城市，畢業(yè)生的專業(yè)不適合社會(huì)需要等）·給出解決問題的辦法。ModelCompositionAsisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,therewillbe500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisphenomenon.Inthefirstplace,astheenrollmentofcollegestudentshasgrownbymorethan30%annuallysince1998,moreandmorestudentsarethrownintothelabormarket.However,ourannualGDPgrowthhasbeenabout8%.Therefore,thesupplyoflaborexceedsthedemand,henceashortageofpositions.Inthesecondplace,manygraduatesdonotwanttoworkinmedium-sizedandsmallcitiesortownswheretheyaremostneeded.Instead,toomanyofthemcrowdinbigcitieslikeBeijing,ShanghaiorGuangzhou.Seriousastheproblemseems,wecancomeupwithsomemeasurestodealwithit.Ononehand,thegovernmentshoulddevelopournationaleconomymorerapidly,creatingmorejobopportunities.Ontheotherhand,thecollegestudentsmustberealisticinchoosingjobs.Onlyinthesewayscanwehopetosolvetheproblem.（201words）實(shí)例4TheAverageLifeExpectancyinAmerica?Year190019101920193019401950196019701980ALE47.35054.159.762.968.769.770.873.8·StatethechangesintheaveragelifeexpectancyinAmerica;·Explainthereasonsforthechanges;·Drawyourconclusions.圖畫作文除了表格和圖表題目，還有與其類似的圖畫題目。圖畫寫作是較難的題型，雖然大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試一直未曾采用，但近年來新題型頻繁出現(xiàn)，象報(bào)告、公眾演講、導(dǎo)游解說都已考過，故防患于未然，該題型也是大家應(yīng)該掌握的。首先看一下圖畫題型寫作注意事項(xiàng)：·詳細(xì)查看圖畫。對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行全面而細(xì)致的研究，尤其注意圖畫中人或物（人與物）的體貌表情特征和背景，確定人物之間，人物與背景之間的主要關(guān)系，以便正確掌握?qǐng)D畫所傳達(dá)的信息?！と绻麍D畫以系列形式（既兩幅以上）出現(xiàn)，考生除了掌握每一幅圖畫的信息，還應(yīng)該對(duì)圖畫之間的相應(yīng)聯(lián)系有所理解，從而在整體上把握?qǐng)D畫所傳達(dá)的信息?！っ鎸?duì)圖畫題型，應(yīng)該展開合理而豐富的聯(lián)想，用生動(dòng)而恰當(dāng)?shù)难赞o抒發(fā)自己對(duì)圖畫的所思所想所感?！ぷ⒁鈭D畫題型中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些寫作要點(diǎn)?！げ輸M提綱，合理組織材料。根據(jù)圖畫內(nèi)容的不同采用不同的段落發(fā)展方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以描述為主，即按空間方位或時(shí)間先后順序排列，可采用“開頭——擴(kuò)展——結(jié)尾”的寫作方式。如果畫面內(nèi)容是以解釋說明為主，寫作時(shí)則先給出主題句，再圍繞主題句完成各段落的寫作，這是采用“主題句——擴(kuò)展句——總結(jié)句”的寫作方式?！そy(tǒng)且突出地展開段落。展開段落要根據(jù)畫面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行，同時(shí)也要圍繞每一段的主題句進(jìn)行?！z查與修改。重點(diǎn)檢查圖畫內(nèi)容是否準(zhǔn)確地被表達(dá)出來，題目所給提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在與畫面不相符的內(nèi)容，或未能完全涵蓋題目所給提示，應(yīng)對(duì)文章做出相應(yīng)修訂。大家看下面的實(shí)例，注意體會(huì)圖畫作文的寫作特點(diǎn)：實(shí)例1TheHarmfulnessofSmoking1.Showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthecartoon;2.Givereasonswhysmokingisharmful;and3.Howwecansolvetheproblem.ModelCompositionAsisshowninthecartoon,whenthemanisenjoyingthecigarette,thesmokebecomesamonster（怪物）whichwilldevourhim.Thispicturetellsusvividlythatsmokingisharmfultopeople.Theharmfulnessofsmokingcanbeillustratedinthreeaspects.Firstofall,smokingdoesharmtopeople’shealth.Itiscommonknowledgethatmanydeadlydiseasesderivefromsmoking.Thebestexampleislungcancer.Inaddition,smokingcostsalotofmoney.Itisestimatedthattensofbillionsofyuanisspentoncigaretteseveryyearinourcountry,whichisahugewaste.Lastbutnottheleastimportant,smokingmaycausefire.DoyoustillrememberthebigfireinNortheasternChinawhichcausedseriousdamagestopeople’slivesandproperties?Sincesmokingdoessomanyharms,everyoneofusshouldtrytodosomethingtoputanendtotheproblem.Thegovernmentshouldmakestricterrulestoprohibitsmokinginpublicplacesandthesmokersshouldgiveupsmoking.（169words）實(shí)例2TheTearsofABird·Describethecartoonanddeducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture;·Statetheharmfuleffectsofthephenomenon;·Givesuggestionsastohowtosolvetheproblem.ModelCompositionAscanbeclearlyseenfromthecartoon,abirdissittingonthetopofahugeax,withtearsstreamingfromitseyes.Becauseallthetreesarecutdown,thebirdwillhavenohabitat.Thecartoonconveysthemeaningthatitisurgenttopreservethewoodsforthebirdsandprotecttheenvironmentforhumanbeings.Thecuttingoftrees,aswellasthedestructionofourenvironment,mayleadtoseveralharmsasfollows.Inthefirstplace,thetreesprovideuswithmanyvitalthingswehumansneed,suchasoxygen,food,shelterandsoon.Theanimals,suchasthebirdinthepicture,alsoneedthetrees.Inthesecondplace,iftreesarecutdown,thentherewillbenothingtoretaintherainwater,thusfloodswillhappenmoreofteninthefuture.Lastbutnotleast,thereisonlyoneearth.Iftheenvironmentisdestroyed,thenwewillhavenoplacetolivein.Sincethisphenomenoncausessomanyharmfuleffects,wehavetocomeupwithsomemeasurestodealwithit.Firstofall,theauthoritiesshouldadoptthepolicyof“sustainabledevelopment”,justasourgovernmenthasbeendoing.What’smore,everycitizenshouldrealizetheseriousnessoftheproblemandmakeconcertedeffortstoprotectourenvironment.實(shí)例3LoveAmongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto·showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,·giveaspecificexample,and·giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.ModelCompositionItisgenerallybelievedthatloveisahottopicwhichismosttalkedabout.ThisistruenotonlyinChinabutalsoinothercountries.Loveisoftheutmostimportancetothehumanbeings.Asisdescribedinthepicture,“l(fā)oveisalampwhichisbrighterindarkerplaces.”Thisisindeedtrue.Peopleindarkerplacesneedmorelightthanordinarypeople.Takemyneighborasanexample.Therearethreemembersintheirfamilyandthetwoadultswerelaidofflastyear.Theonlychildwillhavetodropoutofschoolnextsemester.Inordertohelpthem,Idonatedallmymoney—300yuantopaythetuition.AndIplantocallonotherstodonatemoremoney.（11）ThoughIcannotdoalot,Ihavegivenlovewhichislikealampinadarkplacewherelightismostneeded.Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.Follow-upExerciseHomework·Showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthecartoon;·Statethenegativeeffectsofthephenomenon;·Giveyoursolutionstotheproblem.（Clue:麻將牌mahjongpieces,打麻將playmahjong）二、應(yīng)用文題型（AppliedWriting）應(yīng)用文的范圍很廣，包括書信、便條、廣告、簡(jiǎn)歷以及通知等諸方面。英語(yǔ)考試中的應(yīng)用文以書信為主、兼或有報(bào)告、演講詞、導(dǎo)游介紹之類的要求，這一點(diǎn)在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試中屢有所見。書信英文書信一般包括六個(gè)部分：·信頭-----------------------寫信人的地址和日期·收信人內(nèi)文地址--------收信人的姓名及地址·稱呼-----------------------對(duì)收信人的稱謂語(yǔ)，寫在內(nèi)文地址以下兩行·正文-----------------------寫信人的身份及寫信目的·結(jié)束客套語(yǔ)----------------信尾謙辭·簽名·稱謂（Salutation）這兒指寫信人對(duì)收信人的稱謂。從左邊頂格寫起，自成一行，比信內(nèi)地址低兩行。其開頭詞和專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母還應(yīng)大寫。稱謂后，英國(guó)人喜用逗號(hào)，而美國(guó)人則用冒號(hào)。·“Dear”的用法：最常見的是用Dear+（頭銜）姓或名，如：DearProfessorChen,DearMr.Alan或DearIsabel,也就是在Mr.,Mrs,Miss,Ms,Prof.,Dr.等后只用姓，不用名字。如果關(guān)系比較親密，可用MyDear…?！そo某個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)或你不認(rèn)識(shí)的人寫信，則按如下稱呼寫：DearSir,DearSirs,Sirs,Gentlemen,DearMadame,LadiesorMadame,ToWhomItMayConcern.·寫給政府各部門首長(zhǎng)，如參議員、法官、大使、市長(zhǎng)等可用Hon.（Honorable閣下的縮寫），表示尊重?！ふ模˙ody）正文是書信的主要部分。通常在低于稱呼一行處寫起，每段開頭要向后縮進(jìn)五到八個(gè)字母。正文從內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)上一般包括：·寫信人的身份及寫信目的------------位于開頭部分，一般是寒暄或點(diǎn)明寫信的目的；要寫得貼切、熱情、恰如其分?！懶湃说南敕?，請(qǐng)求等細(xì)節(jié)--------位于中間部分，敘述一封信的主要內(nèi)容，要求寫得具體明了，直截了當(dāng)·向收信人表示謝意、希望等---------位于結(jié)尾部分，通常寫一些表示祝愿、問候、感謝等結(jié)束敬語(yǔ)或希望之類的話語(yǔ)。下面是一些寫信時(shí)的常用表達(dá)：開頭語(yǔ)常用表達(dá)：·寒暄或關(guān)于“接到你的某月某日的信”Excusemeofnotwritingyouforsuchalongtime.Yourletterdatedthe10thinst.（instant本月）isathand.Ifeelcomplimentedbythekindnessofyourletterwhicharrivedthismorning.Wordscan’texpressmydelightofreceivingyourletterdatedAug.27.·點(diǎn)明目的，表示通知、消息。Iamwritingtoaskifyoucandomeafavor.Ihavethepleasuretotellyouthatourfriend,Jim,willgetmarriedintheNewYear’sDay.Iamverymuchdelightedtoinformthatyouwillgetapromotionsoon.結(jié)尾語(yǔ)常用表達(dá)：·Wesendyouourbestwishes.·Withbestregards.·Lookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.·Lovetoallyou.·Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourfamily/parents.·Alltheluckintheworldtoyou.結(jié)尾謙辭（ComplementaryClose）。結(jié)尾謙辭指寫信人對(duì)收信人的謙辭稱，寫在正文下第二、三行處，從信紙中間稍向右處或齊頭左頂格寫起，第一字母大寫，末尾加逗號(hào)。結(jié)尾謙辭根據(jù)通信人之間關(guān)系的親疏恰當(dāng)選擇。常見的有以下幾種：·通常使用：Sincerely,（YourSincerely;Sincerelyyours;Mostsincerely）Truly，（Yourstruly;verytrulyyours）·給上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)輩、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或公務(wù)信件用：Respectivelyyours,Faithfullyyours,·一般同事或熟人之間用：Yoursever,Yourfriend,Cordiallyyours,·寫出親屬或關(guān)系非常親密的是：Withlove,Love,Allmylove,ForeveryoursYoursaffectionately,Yourlovingson/daughter書信作文的語(yǔ)體問題就書信作文而言，作文內(nèi)容固然重要，但語(yǔ)體更是問題。英文書信大致可分為事務(wù)書信（BusinessLetters）和個(gè)人書信（PersonalLetters）兩種。前者是單位與單位或個(gè)人與單位之間來往的信件，語(yǔ)體比較正規(guī)（formal）；后者則是個(gè)人與個(gè)人之間的飛鴻，表達(dá)較為隨便（Personal）。但有時(shí)，同一封信可以采用正式與非正式兩種語(yǔ)體表達(dá)，這就要求考生具有明辨和變換語(yǔ)體的能力。會(huì)變換語(yǔ)體，就要掌握大量詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)、套語(yǔ)，尤其是同義詞的不同感情色彩以及委婉語(yǔ)氣和祈使句的應(yīng)用。一般說來，正式文多采用包含would,should,might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)句，而個(gè)人書信除對(duì)師長(zhǎng)的客套外，大都可融進(jìn)少量口語(yǔ)體的句子（如祈使句、感嘆句等）。值得一提的是廣義虛擬語(yǔ)氣在書信中的應(yīng)用（凡要表達(dá)客氣委婉的語(yǔ)氣或留有余地的主觀愿望而使用的虛擬語(yǔ)氣屬?gòu)V義用法）。廣義虛擬語(yǔ)氣涉及到若干固定句式，比如：·陳述看法Ibelieved/thought/guessed/supposed/…that+表述內(nèi)容（用過去時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在時(shí)是客氣委婉的表示。）·提出勸告、建議Itwould/couldbefinetodo…Youmightaswelldo…Youshoulddo…·提出請(qǐng)求、詢問意向Iwould（verymuch）liketoV…Couldyou...Wouldyou…·表明意向Iwaswonderingif…Iwonderedif…以上句式在正式或比較正式的書信中是常見的，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)使用。實(shí)例1----2002年1月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假設(shè)你是李明，請(qǐng)你就本校食堂的狀況給校長(zhǎng)寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表?yè)P(yáng)，可以是批評(píng)建議，也可以兼而有之。ModelCompositionJanuary12th,2002DearMr.President,Iamastudenthere.Iwriteyouthislettertosayafewwordsaboutthedininghallsinthisuniversity.First,thefoodinthedininghallsisnotdeliciousenough,eithertoosaltyortoowatery,especiallyinDiningHall3.Second,thepricesindininghallareveryhighandusuallywecannotaffordit.Third,thedininghallsarealwaysverycrowedandwecanseldomfindseatsifarrivingtherenotearlyenoughandthetablesarenotcleanedintime.Anyway,whatisgoodisthattheworkingstaffinthedininghallsarequitekind,friendlyandpatient,andtheyusuallytrytheirbesttomeetthedemandofthestudentsandteachers.ThusIsuggestenlargingthedininghallsandimprovingthequalityoffoodsandreducingthepricestowhatisacceptabletoallthestudents.Bestwishes.Yourssincerely,LiMing實(shí)例2----2003年12月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterinreplytoafriend’sinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:·建議報(bào)考的專業(yè)及理由·報(bào)考該專業(yè)的基本條件·應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考ModelCompositionALetterofReplytoaFriendDecember27,2003DearWhenitcomestowhichmajoryoushouldchoose,IproposethatyouapplyforthemajorofEnglish.Tobeginwith,Englishisthemostpopularlanguageintheworld,whichiswidelyusedinallfieldssuchasteaching,translation,foreigntradeandsoon.What’smore,itgoeswithoutsayingthatEnglishmajorsaremorelikelytofindagoodjobinthetighterandtighterjobmarket.InordertostudyatEnglishDepartment,youhavetomeetthefollowingrequirements.Inthefirstplace,youhavetospendalotoftimeonit,justastheoldsayinggoes,“Practicemakesperfect”.Inthesecondplace,thebasicskillsofreading,writing,listeningandspeakingarenecessary,becausetheyarethefoundationsforyourfuturestudy.Lastbutnottheleastimportant,youneedanintenseinterestinlearningEnglishsince“interestisthebestteacher.”Asfarasthepreparationworkisconcerned,youshouldfirstofallreviewalltherequiredvocabulary.Inaddition,you’dbetterspendsometimeonreadingandwriting.Onlythroughthesemeasurescanyouhopetoenrollinouruniversity.Yours實(shí)例3----2001年6月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXiaoWang,aschoolmateofyourswhoisgoingtovisityouduringtheweek-longholiday.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.·表示歡迎·提出過度假安排的建議·提醒應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)ModelCompositionALettertoaSchoolmateJune23,2001DearXiaoWang,I’mveryhappythatyouwillcometoBeijingandspendholidayswithme.Itisalongtimethatwehaven’tseeneachotherandImissyouverymuch.Ihavealwaysbeenlookingforwardtoyourarrival.SinceyouwillstayinBeijingforaweek,Isuggestyouvisitsomeplacesofinterests,suchastheGreatWall,thePalaceMuseum,theSummerPalace,theTian’AnMenSquare,MountFregranceandetc.Iftimepermits,IcanshowyouaroundsomefamousuniversitieslikePekingUniversity,TsinghuaUniversityandsoon,whichareworthyourvisit.Astheweatherhereischangeable,Iproposeyoutowearmoreclothesincasethatitisgettingcolder.ComehereassoonaspossibleandIcan’twaittomeetyou.Wishyouasafeandpleasanttriphere.Yours,報(bào)告寫作報(bào)告（report）是指向某人、某公司或政府機(jī)關(guān)通報(bào)值得注意的一些事實(shí)的文件，報(bào)告有很多種，這里我們主要集中看看大學(xué)生或畢業(yè)生所馬上面臨的部分。在編寫報(bào)告時(shí)，要注意下列事項(xiàng)：·弄清楚為誰(shuí)寫這份報(bào)告，為什么寫·盡量用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言·要有特色·報(bào)告寫完后，對(duì)主要觀點(diǎn)要有總結(jié)一般四級(jí)考查的是短文式報(bào)告（ReportinEssayStyle）,這類報(bào)告通常包括三部分：引言（Introduction）,正文（body），結(jié)論（conclusion）。當(dāng)然，正文根據(jù)情況不同，可分為不同的段落。實(shí)例----2003年6月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteAnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:假設(shè)你在某日某時(shí)某地目擊一起車禍，就此寫一份見證書。見證書須包括以下幾點(diǎn)：·車禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)·你所見到的車禍情況·你對(duì)車禍原因的分析ModelCompositionAnEye-witnessAccountofaTrafficAccidentLastFridaymorningIwasstandingatthebusstopwaitingforBusNo.375.Becauseseverallinespassbythestationanditwasrushhour,manypeoplehadgatheredtherebeforenextbuscame,someoffthepavement,othersonthelawn.Abuspulledintothestationatlast.BeforeIrecognizedthenumberofthepackedbus,peoplealreadythrongedforwardandfoughttheirwaytothedoor.SuddenlyIheardsomebodyshout“Help!Help!”Itwasfromthecrowd.Allthepassengerslookedtowardthepointwherethesoundcamefrom.Apregnantwomanwaslyingontheroadnearbythebusdoor,bleedingallover.Iwasfrightenedanddazed.Anambulancecameandtookthewomantohospital.Busescameandwent,butIjuststoodthere,lostinthought.Probablybecausetimeandtidewaitfornoman,peopleinmodernsocietyarealwaysinahurry,lesttheyshouldbeleftbehindandevendismissed.Therecanneverbepeaceofmind.Thusrisesthenumberoftrafficaccident.Iftherewerelesspressureonpeople,theremightbefeweraccidents.公眾演講稿下面我們看一下公眾演講。大體來說，公眾演講可分為四類：·信息型演講（informativespeech）·勸說型演講（persuasivespeech）·娛悅型演講（entertainingspeech）·激勵(lì)型演講（stimulatingspeech）一般來說，演講包括六個(gè)部分：·問候語(yǔ)（Greetings）·提出話題（PresentationoftheTopic）·論述話題（DiscussionoftheTopic）·結(jié)束話題（ConclusionoftheTopic）·呼吁行動(dòng)（AppealtoAction）·結(jié)尾語(yǔ)（ClosingRemarks）當(dāng)然雖然一個(gè)演講包括以上六部分，但未必是六段，在四級(jí)考試中，可以把問候語(yǔ)、提出話題合為一段，論述話題一段或兩段，而把結(jié)束話題、呼吁行動(dòng)以及結(jié)尾語(yǔ)融在一起為一段。實(shí)例----2005年1月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacampaignspeechinsupportofyourelectiontothepostofchairmanofthestudentunion.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.·1你認(rèn)為自己具備是什么條件（能力，性格，愛好）可以勝任學(xué)生會(huì)主席工作，·2如果當(dāng)選你將會(huì)為本校同學(xué)做什么？ModelCompositionGoodmorning.Myfellowfriends,Ifeelverygladandexcitedtohavethehonorofbeingacandidateforthepresidentofthestudents’union.IamajuniorandcomefromtheForeignLanguagedepartment.IthinkIcanbequalifiedtoworkfortheunionasthepresidentforthefollowingreasons.Ijoinedthedepartmentstudents’unionthemomentIenteredthisuniversity,andhavebeenthepresidentofthatorganizationoneyearlater.Consequently,Ihaveaccumulatedrichexperiencesinorganizationactivitiesandcommunicatingwithstudents.Besides,Ihaveabeliefofservingforthebenefitsofstudentsandthatoftheuniversityaswell.Bothmyfellowdepartment-matesandteachersallgivemehighpraisesduetothecontributionsImadeduringmyterm.Moreimportantly,IbelieveIamadynamicpersonfullofpassionforavarietyofthings.Iamonememberoftheschoolbasketballteam.IfIamluckyenoughtobeelectedthepresident,Iwillcontributegreateffortstoservetheinterestsofourschool.Specificallyspeaking,Iwillorganizevariousactivitiesanddomoreexchangeswithotherschoolstohelpourlearningandmakethelifeevenmorecolorful.Isincerelyhopeyoumaygivemeachance.Thankyou.導(dǎo)游解說詞當(dāng)今世界旅游事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，旅游業(yè)已成為各國(guó)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)部門。為了招攬游客，導(dǎo)游解說和旅游指南就顯得十分必要，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試中有關(guān)旅游的題目也是很多。導(dǎo)游解說除了開頭結(jié)尾的客套話，中間則是對(duì)景點(diǎn)的介紹，而旅游指南里面大部分也是對(duì)景點(diǎn)大介紹。導(dǎo)游解說詞和旅游指南的語(yǔ)言既具有廣告宣傳文字的特點(diǎn)，也具有某些報(bào)導(dǎo)文字和游記文字的特色。其語(yǔ)言既比較規(guī)范，又具有大眾化，辭令明快優(yōu)美，富于表現(xiàn)力和說明力，向旅游者介紹某個(gè)地方的特色，提供游覽的信息，幫助游人了解和欣賞要游覽的地方，有時(shí)還告訴游客諸如交通、食宿、花費(fèi)、時(shí)間表等出外旅游常見問題。大家看下面的實(shí)例，體會(huì)一下導(dǎo)游解說詞和旅游指南的寫作特點(diǎn)：實(shí)例----2004年6月真題Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionentitledABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothefollowingguidelines:Yourrole:atourguideYouraudience:agroupofforeigntouristsYourintroductionshouldinclude:●somewelcomingwords●theschedulefortheday●adescriptionoftheplacethetouristswillbevisiting（e.g.ascenicspotorahistoricalsite,etc.）Youshouldmaketheintroductioninterestingandthearrangementsforthedaycleartoeverybody.ModelCompositionABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttractionGoodmorning,ladiesandgentleman,welcometoBeijing.Tobeginwith,Iwouldliketointroducemyself:IamthetouristguidefromChinaTravelServiceandit’sgreathonortostayherewithallofyouforawholeday.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“Itisalwaysapleasuretogreetafriendfromafar”,soIhopeallofyouwillenjoyyourselvesduringthistrip.Thefollowingistheschedulefortheday.ThefirstspotwearegoingtovisitistheGreatWall,thegrandestfortificationinancientChina.ThenextsighttolookaroundistheMingTombs,whicharethebest-preservedtombsfor13emperorsinMingDynastymorethanonethousandyearsago.Intheafternoon,wewillgototheSummerPalace,theroyalparkforChineseancientemperors.CurrentlyweareonthewaytotheGreatWall.DatingbacktotheseventhcenturyB.C.,theGreatWallwasconstructedbyrespectivestatesforfortifyingagainstinvasionofneighboringstates.Bythereasonsoflonghistoryanditslength,itbecomesoneoftheeightwondersintheworldandrepresentsthehighestwisdomandcrafts.FromthetopoftheGreatWall,wecanenjoyamagnificentviewofcontinuousmountains,greentreesandbloomingwildflowers.Itisnodoubtthatonesays,“HewhohasneverbeentotheGreatWallisnotatrueman”.Aboveistheintroductiontoourarrangement.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasefeelfreetoaskmeatanytime.申訴信、投訴信、邀請(qǐng)信和給報(bào)社專欄信當(dāng)交易過程中出現(xiàn)問題時(shí)，客戶就會(huì)寫封申訴信給有關(guān)的商家或機(jī)構(gòu)要求彌補(bǔ)或賠償。寫申訴信時(shí)，應(yīng)把問題講清楚，而不要諷刺挖苦，應(yīng)保持理性、溫和、有禮的態(tài)度，有理有節(jié)。對(duì)有關(guān)人或部門要做正面評(píng)價(jià)，注重禮貌。在寫申述信時(shí)，要注意下列事項(xiàng)：·先簡(jiǎn)要清楚介紹交易背景，如交易時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、商品名稱、尺寸和顏色或服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，以及交易當(dāng)事人?！ぴ敱M解釋申訴信的目的，包括交易過程中的出現(xiàn)的問題以及自己的不滿。所用語(yǔ)言應(yīng)該理性、自然、溫和、有禮?！ぷ詈?，提出自己的補(bǔ)救方法。當(dāng)寄信人所買的商品或接受的服務(wù)有問題，需要某些調(diào)整，例如更換、維修、退貨或退款時(shí)，就會(huì)寫封投拆信給有關(guān)商家或機(jī)構(gòu)。投拆信（Claimletter）和申訴信（Complaintletter）不同的地方在于投拆信有保證書或保單之類的理賠證據(jù)為保障，故收信人要按照規(guī)定予以合理賠償。而申訴信則視讀信人是否愿意給申訴人一個(gè)交代而定。邀請(qǐng)信在四級(jí)往年題目里曾經(jīng)考過，其特點(diǎn)是要熱情，一般分為兩部分內(nèi)容：一是寫明什么事、在什么時(shí)間、什么地點(diǎn)邀請(qǐng)人出席；二是為什么邀約對(duì)方以及一些期待、盼望之類的話。寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：·時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)要具體·寫明原因和目的·習(xí)俗禮節(jié)要注意·格式稱呼要講究很多報(bào)刊設(shè)立專欄，為生活中的一些問題提供建議和解決辦法。人們可以向某專欄作家求助，也可以就某個(gè)問題發(fā)表自己的看法。在寫專欄文章時(shí)，口語(yǔ)文體稍多一點(diǎn)，就如同和某個(gè)人對(duì)話。在文體方面，也可以多些變化。當(dāng)然寫專欄文章，稱呼是確定的，即DearEditor。大家看下面的實(shí)例，體會(huì)這幾種信件的寫法：實(shí)例1申訴信ModelCompositionDearMr.Smith,Yourprintingqualityisexcellent,butdeliveryisnot.Weexpectourprintingorderstobeontime.Recently,ourordershavebeendeliveredtousfromtwotofivedayslaterthanthetimepromised.Thispracticehasgottostop.Wehavebeenmaintainingamutualrewardingrelationship.Wereceiveoutstandingservicecoupledwithcreativity.Forinstance,withthewidgetpromotionyouhelpedtodevelopthecolorthemeforourmarketingprogramandweappreciatedthatgreatly.Inreturnforyourqualitywork,wehavegivenallourbusinesstoyou.Nowthatrelationshipisinjeopardybecauseofyouruntimelydeliveryofprintingorders.Weknowyouca