湖南省考題型解讀閱讀填空題

閱讀填空高考題型突破之二文章特點1.所給短文篇幅為300字左右2.短文脈絡(luò)清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)一般為三段式：現(xiàn)象—原因—結(jié)果/建議/解決辦法人物—生平—評價考察目標(biāo)：

考生的閱讀理解能力，信息摘錄和概括能力。題目類型：1.直接信息題2.信息改寫題3.歸納總結(jié)題解題步驟和方法1.通讀全文，掌握短文大意做閱讀填空時,首先應(yīng)了解短文的大意,對整個語篇的布局和結(jié)構(gòu)有一個清楚的了解。2.研讀表格，弄清表格結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀表格的能力直接關(guān)系到做閱讀填空題的成敗。從近年高考題可以看出表格的結(jié)構(gòu)與短文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是相對應(yīng)的,是一種信息的整體轉(zhuǎn)換?！裢ㄟ^比較表格(上看、下看、左看、右看),

明確所缺空格須填入答案的形式與表格上下、左右信息在形式上保持一致(即依葫蘆畫瓢)。①在表格中，空格的上下或左右的信息用非謂語形式表達(dá)，則答案也應(yīng)當(dāng)使用相同非謂語形式；②表格信息用句子表達(dá)時，答案須注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)等的一致。

…The“graying”oftheUnitedStatesismainlyduetothefactthatpeopleintheUSarelivinglonger.Asamatteroffact,thenumberofUScitizens85yearsoldandolderisgrowingsixtimesasfastastherestofthepopulation.Itisalsolargelyduetotheold-growingofthe“babyboomers,”thegenerationbornafterWorldWarII…78._______79.____________________Babyboomers’old-growingCitizens’livinglongerReasonsduetodueto3.查讀短文，找出相應(yīng)信息點或信息句根據(jù)表格信息，迅速在原文中找出其對應(yīng)的單詞、短語或句子。4.對原文信息進(jìn)行摘錄、改寫、歸納，得出符合要求的答案。5.檢查語言的規(guī)范性和表達(dá)的一致性?！舸鸢傅谋磉_(dá)把握了短文的大意,理清了表格的結(jié)構(gòu)后,如何用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語來填空是所有考生都覺得困難的一個環(huán)節(jié)。表格語言與語篇語言是有差異的。表格語言是一種經(jīng)過了提煉和濃縮的語言,具有精煉、簡潔的特點,而不是語篇中的句子。填入空格的答案可分為兩類：具體信息題和歸納總結(jié)題。同學(xué)們在解題時應(yīng)當(dāng)先從具體信息題開始，然后再去做歸納總結(jié)題。I.具體信息題具體信息題都位于總結(jié)欄后的分支欄中,與短文中的具體細(xì)節(jié)相對應(yīng)?！褚徊糠志唧w信息題可以在短文中直接找到答案，在詞數(shù)符合要求的前提下可照抄原文。

●當(dāng)原文信息詞數(shù)超過三個時，要對其進(jìn)行改寫，使之達(dá)到三個詞數(shù)的要求。下面介紹幾種常見的改寫方法。1.替代法①用“’s”所有格代替of所有格

theold-growingofthe“babyboomers”

thepayofajourneyman

Babyboomer’sold-growingajourneyman’spaySpecially,thereformshavemadeiteasierfornewprovidersofATMservicestoenterthemarketandhaveprovidedATMownerswiththefreedomtochargecustomersfortheuseofATMs.OneelementofthereformsistheremovalofinterchangefeesthatcardissuerspaidtoATMowners.◆Makingiteasierfornew_____________toenterthemarket◆OfferingATMownersthefreedomtochargecustomersfor__________◆….isthe__________________thatcard….ATMservices’providersATMs’useinterchangefees’removal②用同義或近義詞語替代單詞或短語：

Thescientistmadeanewdiscoveryof

medicine.Thescientist_________anewmedicine.Sharksareneededintheworld’soceansystems.Althoughtheydon’tneedus,weneedthem.Humansshouldprotectsharksfortheoceanecosystembecauseweare___________them.

discoveredinneedof【說明】詞語替代既可用單詞替代短語以減少詞數(shù)達(dá)到要求，也可根據(jù)需要用短語來替代單詞。

常見詞語替換：

makeaplanmakepreparationsformakeuseofmakeadiscoveryofmakeprogressinmakeastudyof

planprepareusediscoverprogressstudytakenoticeoftakeawalk/resttakecareofpayavisittobeawareofbeinneedofbefondofbeinplaceofsb……noticewalk/restcarevisitknowneedliketakeone’splace③用復(fù)數(shù)名詞替代“a/an+單數(shù)名詞”用通用的度、量、衡單位符號替代一些單詞

Onedollarandeighty-seventycentswasallDellahadsaved._______wasallDellahadsaved.

這樣的符號有：℃,￡,￥,＄,㎏,㎞,㎝,﹪,etc.$1.87Everyolderstudent….Eachyoungerstudenthasanadvisorwithwhomheorshemeetseverydaytotalkaboutanything....Theolderstudents:developingindependentdecision-makingandself-management.Theyoungerones:__________________talktohavingadvisorsto③表示長、寬、高及年齡的數(shù)量短語可以用連字符“-”壓縮成一個單詞作定語。

Aboywhowaseightyearsoldwentmissingyesterday.________________wentmissingyesterday.An8-year-oldboy2.縮寫法①表部分與整體的some/most…of+the+n可直接表達(dá)成：some/most+n

Mostoftheintervieweesagreethattheycannotacceptthechanges.________________agreetheycan’tacceptthechanges.Mostinterviewees②can/is/do/must…+not可縮寫成can’t/isn’t…等形式。

sb+be/have/had/would表縮寫成sb’ve/sb’d等形式

Hedoesnotagreetomyplan.He______________myplan.IwillgoonatriptoQingdao.__________atriptoQingdao.doesn’tagreetoI’llgoon3.轉(zhuǎn)換法一般情況下需要根據(jù)表格，對原文信息進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換，其基本要求是“由繁變簡，等義表述”①詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

動詞短語

名詞短語：

Itrainedheavilylastnight.

◆

__________lastnight.

Heavyrain

介詞定語

名詞定語：

agradualchangeinthefamilyunit

achangeintheproportionofthenation’sworkforcefamilyunitchangeworkforceproportionchange②詞性轉(zhuǎn)化

動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞

Forthefirsttimeever,scientistshavebeenabletocreateachemicalelementthatcanfightcancercells.

●

_________ofachemicalelementbreakthroughagainstcancercells.Theyalsohavefewerabsencesandarelesslikelytoblame.

●fewerabsencesand__________CreationlessblameOnereasonisthatthewiderangeofethnic(民族的)groupsintheUKhasaddednewingredients,flavors(風(fēng)味),“fusion(融合)”andtechniquestoBritishcuisine.▼Reasons:(1)78.________ofnewingredients,flavors,fusionandtechniquestoBritishcuisine.Addition

形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動詞(makesth+adj.)Theywanttomakethefactorymoremodern.

●

___________thefactory

Theytriedtheirbesttomaketheworkingconditioncomfortable.

●

_________theworkingconditionmodernizingcomforting③從句轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語動詞定語從句轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞

Thegirlwhohadbeencaughtstealingwassetfreeatlast.Thegirl______________wassetfreeatlast.

賓語從句轉(zhuǎn)化成todo或doing

Weallhopethatwewillbeabletoplaygamesonthesportsfield.Hoping________gamesonthesportsfields.caughtstealingtoplay④句子轉(zhuǎn)化成短語

Thepriceofithasrisenagain.

●

_____________ofit.Theirdemandforitgreatlydecreased.

●______________________forit.…peopleintheUSarelivinglonger.

●____________________.therisingpricetheirdecreaseddemandsPeople’slongerlivingII.歸納總結(jié)題

歸納總結(jié)題具有高度的概括性，用于表格的標(biāo)題以及具有總括特點的欄目，這些詞主要根據(jù)短文的信息來進(jìn)行概括。

一些常見的具有概括功能的詞匯列表如下：時間類地點類事件主題類原因類結(jié)果類目的類方法類種類類time,period(date,year)location,area,region,countryevent,phenomenon;theme,subject,topic,contentreason,cause,source,originresult,effect,consequencepurpose,aim,goalsolution,way,approach,method,measure,stepkind,type,category,species建議類觀點類問題類對比類advice,suggestions,tipview,opinion,idea,attitude,conclusion,summary,commentproblem,questiondifference,similarity;advantage,disadvantage…The“graying”oftheUSwillgreatlyaffectthenation’sfamilyandworkforce.Onelikelydevelopmentwillbeagradualchangeinthefamilyunit;itwillmoveawayfromthenuclearfamilyandtowardsamultigenerationalfamily.Theotherlikelydevelopmentwillbeachangeintheproportion(比例)ofthenation’sworkforce.In1989therewere3.5workersforeveryperson65andolder;bytheyear2030,therewillbeonlybe2workersforeveryperson65andolder.80._______81.________83.______________

multigenerationalfamily

82.________84.___________tocitizens65andolder85.______

By2030

3.5:1

2:1

Effects/ResultsFamilyunitchangeWorkforceNuclearfamilyWorkersIn1989Wedding_________