區(qū)域管理中的可持續(xù)發(fā)展問(wèn)題以重慶為例-ThemeGall

區(qū)域管理中的可持續(xù)發(fā)展問(wèn)題以重慶為例-ThemeGall可持續(xù)發(fā)展已作為當(dāng)今中國(guó)發(fā)展的基本戰(zhàn)略之一。位于中國(guó)西部的重慶市在區(qū)域管理中大力進(jìn)行了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐：以統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展、實(shí)施一圈兩翼區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、推進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變、持久開(kāi)展生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與建設(shè)、對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)進(jìn)行了科學(xué)的規(guī)劃和發(fā)展、積極尋求更大區(qū)域合作，提高發(fā)展能力和環(huán)境綜合治理能力。?SustainabledevelopmenthasbeenabasicstrategyofcurrentChina’sdevelopment.ChongqingMunicipalitywhichlocatedinChina'swesternregionvigorouslypromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentinregionalmanagement:Bycoordinatingurbanandruraldevelopmentandimplementingonecircleandtwowingsofaregionaldevelopmentstrategy,ithaspromotedandchangedthemodeofeconomicgrowth,andhaslastedecologicalenvironmentalprotectionandsustainableconstruction.ThroughthescientificplanninganddevelopmentofthreeGorgesreservoirarea,thecityhasbeenactivelyseekinggreaterregionalcooperationtodeveloptheirabilityandenvironmentmanagementcapacity.內(nèi)容提要一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵及在當(dāng)前中國(guó)發(fā)展階段的重要性I.TheConnotationofSustainableDevelopmentandItsImportanceinChina'sCurrentDevelopmentStageTheevolutionaryprocessofenvironmentanddevelopmentissuesarethebackgroundofsustainabledevelopmentproposed.

?Theadvanceofglobalsustainabledevelopmentconcepthasundergonethreemilestones:In1972,thefirstUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironmentadoptedthe"DeclarationonHumanEnvironment"andproposedthe"humanhaveonlyoneEarth"concept;In1987,"ourcommonfuture"droughtforewordtheconceptofsustainabledevelopment;In1992theUnitedNations"21stcenturyAgenda"causedsustainabledevelopmentintoaglobaldevelopmenttheme.環(huán)境與發(fā)展問(wèn)題的演變過(guò)程是提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展的時(shí)代背景。全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的提出，經(jīng)歷了三次里程碑：1972年第一次聯(lián)合國(guó)人類(lèi)環(huán)境大會(huì)，通過(guò)了《人類(lèi)環(huán)境宣言》，提出“人類(lèi)只有一個(gè)地球”的理念；1987年在《我們共同的未來(lái)》中提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的概念；1992年聯(lián)合國(guó)《21世紀(jì)議程》使可持續(xù)發(fā)展成為全球發(fā)展的主題。一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵及在當(dāng)前中國(guó)發(fā)展階段的重要性I.TheConnotationofSustainableDevelopmentandItsImportanceinChina'sCurrentDevelopmentStageSustainabledevelopmentisanintegratedconceptwhichinvolveseconomy,society,culturaltechnologyandnaturalenvironment.

?Theconnotationofsustainabledevelopmentmainlyincludesthefollowingaspects:First,sustainabledevelopmentdoesnotnegatetheeconomicgrowth,particularlydevelopingcountrieseconomicgrowth,butitmusttransfertheproductionmethodfromtheextensivetointensivestyleandaddresstheeconomicdistortionsanderrorsaswell;Second,Sustainabledevelopmentshouldtakenaturalresourcesastheprerequisiteandcoordinatetotheenvironmentcarryingcapacity.Weseektoreducetherateofdepletionofnaturalassetsandstrivetomakeitthebelowthedevelopmentrateofrenewableresourcesorrateofsubstitutes;可持續(xù)發(fā)展是一個(gè)涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化技術(shù)及自然環(huán)境等的綜合性概念，其內(nèi)涵主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面：——可持續(xù)發(fā)展并不否定經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，尤其是發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，但必須將生產(chǎn)方式從粗放型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧s型，研究并解決經(jīng)濟(jì)上的扭曲和誤區(qū)——可持續(xù)發(fā)展要以自然資源為前提，同資源環(huán)境承載能力相協(xié)調(diào)。要力求降低自然資產(chǎn)的耗竭速率，使之低于資源的再生速率或替代品的開(kāi)發(fā)速率一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵及在當(dāng)前中國(guó)發(fā)展階段的重要性I.TheConnotationofSustainableDevelopmentandItsImportanceinChina'sCurrentDevelopmentStage?Third,sustainabledevelopmentdemandsahighdegreereunificationoffairnessandefficiency.Wecannotpursuejustthepresentbenefitstoharmthefoundationoflong-termdevelopment,atthesametimewemustpayourattentiontoboththelong-termbenefitsandtheshort-termbenefits.Fourth,sustainabledevelopmentneedstofollowtheprincipleofinnovation.Theuseoftechnologicalinnovationsandtheinstitutionalinnovationmeanstoprovidethenecessarytechnicalandeconomicconditionsforsustainabledevelopment;fifth,thesustainabledevelopmentaimstoimprovethequalityofpeoplelifeinlinewithsocialprogress,itsultimateaimistoachieveall-rounddevelopment.——可持續(xù)發(fā)展要求公平與效率的高度統(tǒng)一。不能只求眼前利益而損害長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，必須將近期效益與長(zhǎng)期效益兼顧——可持續(xù)發(fā)展要遵循創(chuàng)新原則。利用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和制度創(chuàng)新，為可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供必要的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)條件——可持續(xù)發(fā)展以提高生活質(zhì)量為目標(biāo)，同社會(huì)進(jìn)步相適應(yīng)，其最終目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)人的全面發(fā)展一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵及在當(dāng)前中國(guó)發(fā)展階段的重要性I.TheConnotationofSustainableDevelopmentandItsImportanceinChina'sCurrentDevelopmentStageChinaisfacedwiththeenormousenergyandresourceschallenges,andsustainabledevelopmentwillbecomeabasicdevelopmentstrategy.

?Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountrieswithlimitedresourcesandalargepopulation,theper-capitaconsumptionofresourcesisfarbelowtheworldaverage,andthepercapitaarablelandisonlyequivalentto42percentofworldaveragelevel.Thefreshwaterresourceisequivalentto27percentofworldpercapitalevel,theforestresourcesisequivalentto20percentofworldpercapitalevel,thepercapitaconsumptionofcoal,petroleumandnaturalgasisrespectivelyequivalenttotheworld'spercapitaconsumptionof56percent,15percentand10percent.Atthesametime,economichasbeengrownrapidlysincethereformandopeningupofChina,whichistheresultoftherapidexpansionofpercapitaconsumptionofresourcesandthetotalconsumptionofresources,onlyasteelindustryontheenergyconsumptionoccupiesonetenthofChina'senergyconsumption.Lowleveloftechnology,fundsdeficiency,theextensiveuseofresources,andwastephenomenonareseriousproblems,whichalsocausedtheresourcesandenvironmentalissuesmoreseriously.中國(guó)，面臨著能源與資源的巨大挑戰(zhàn)，可持續(xù)發(fā)展成為基本發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。中國(guó)是最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，但資源有限，人口眾多，人均資源占有量遠(yuǎn)低于世界平均水平，人均耕地僅相當(dāng)于世界人均水平的42%，淡水資源相當(dāng)于世界人均水平的27%，森林資源相當(dāng)于世界人均水平的20%，煤、石油、天然氣人均占有量分別相當(dāng)于世界人均占有量的56%、15%、10%。同時(shí)，我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)，導(dǎo)致人均資源消費(fèi)量和資源消費(fèi)總量迅速擴(kuò)大，僅鋼鐵一個(gè)行業(yè)能耗就占中國(guó)能耗的十分之一。技術(shù)水平低、資金匱乏、資源利用方面的粗放、浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重等問(wèn)題，也使資源與環(huán)境等問(wèn)題愈加嚴(yán)重。一、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的內(nèi)涵及在當(dāng)前中國(guó)發(fā)展階段的重要性I.TheConnotationofSustainableDevelopmentandItsImportanceinChina'sCurrentDevelopmentStageChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetothestudyandimplementationofsustainabledevelopment.?in1992,afterBrazilconference,ourcountryactivelyfulfillstheGeneralAssembly'smandate,in1994,Chinatooktheleadtodrawup"theChina'sAgenda21ST:TheChinese21stcenturypopulation,EnvironmentandDevelopmentWhitepaper"andcarriedouttheresearchfor"EnvironmentalProtectionStrategyofChina","10countermeasurestoChineseEnvironmentandDevelopment".Meanwhile,weputthemintotheintegrationofnationaleconomicdevelopment"9thFive-YearPlan","10thFive-YearPlan","11thFive-YearPlan"asthenationaleconomyandsocialdevelopmentbasicstrategy.Localgovernmentsatalllevelshaveattachedgreatimportancetoallthesemattersandactivelypromotepracticalexploration.ChinesewesterncityChongqingMunicipalityissuchanexle.中國(guó)政府十分重視可持續(xù)發(fā)展的研究和實(shí)施，1992年巴西會(huì)議后，我國(guó)積極履行大會(huì)提出的任務(wù)，1994年，率先制訂了《中國(guó)21世紀(jì)議程：中國(guó)21世紀(jì)人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展白皮書(shū)》，開(kāi)展了《中國(guó)環(huán)境與發(fā)展十大對(duì)策》、《中國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)戰(zhàn)略》等重大研究，且將其納入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“九五”、“十五”、“十一五”規(guī)劃，作為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的基本戰(zhàn)略。地方各級(jí)政府也十分重視，積極開(kāi)展實(shí)踐探索，處于中國(guó)西部的重慶市就是其中的一例。二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.(1)BasicConditionsofChongqingMunicipality?

ChongqingisthefourthmunicipalityinChina,itislocatedattheconjunctionofeasternandwesternChinaandtheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverEconomicBeltcorearea,witheasternprovinceofHubeiandHunan,southernofGuizhou,westofSichuanandnorthofShanxiasneighbors,itisthelarge-scaledevelopmentofChina'swesternregionfocus.TheareaofChongqingis82,400squarekilometers,anditbelongstosub-tropicalmonsoonhumidclimate.Thecityhasjurisdictionover40administrativedistricts,thecity'spopulationin2006was31.4423million,ofwhich49minoritiesandthepopulationofthemoccupies5.6%ofthecity'spopulationwhicharemainlyTujia,Miao-based.Thecity'sresidentpopulationis28.08millionandtheurbanpopulationis13.1129million,andtherateofurbanizationisupto46.7percent.

（一）重慶市的基本市情重慶是中國(guó)第四個(gè)直轄市，地處中國(guó)東西結(jié)合部、長(zhǎng)江上游經(jīng)濟(jì)帶核心地區(qū)，地界東臨湖北、湖南，南接貴州，西靠四川，北連陜西，是我國(guó)實(shí)行西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的重點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)地區(qū)。重慶幅員面積8.24萬(wàn)平方公里，氣候?qū)賮啛釒Ъ撅L(fēng)性濕潤(rùn)氣候。全市下轄40個(gè)行政區(qū)縣，2006年全市人口3144.23萬(wàn)，其中少數(shù)民族49個(gè)，人口占全市人口的5.6%，主要以土家族、苗族為主。全市常住人口2808萬(wàn)人，城鎮(zhèn)人口1311.29萬(wàn)人，城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)46.7%。二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐1.

ChongqingisChina'sonlydualeconomicprominentfeaturedunicipality.?

UnlikethethreemunicipalitiesofBeijing,TianjinandShanghai,Chongqingisthe"microcosm"ofChina'sbasicnationalconditionswhichcharacterizedwithbothruralandcityandhighlightedwiththedualeconomicstructure.1、重慶市是我國(guó)唯一的二元經(jīng)濟(jì)特征突出的直轄市與北京、天津、上海三大直轄市不同的是：重慶市是我國(guó)基本國(guó)情的“縮影”，大農(nóng)村與大城市并存，二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)突出。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐?First,Chongqingischaracterizedwiththeurbanandruralstructure.In2006,thecity’srateurbanizationwas46.7%.Accordingtotheresidentpopulation,14.9666millionpeoplelivedinruralareas;Engel'scoefficientforurbanhouseholdswas36.3%;andtheEngelcoefficientofruralresidentswas52.2%;thecity'surbanandruralincomeswererespectively189Yuanand713Yuanlowerthanthenationalaveragelevel,andtheincomegapbetweenurbanandruralresidentsreached4.03:1,whichwasfarhigherthanthenationallevelof3.28:1;therewasabiggapbetweenthedevelopmentofurbanandruralsocialundertakings.Unequaleducationalopportunitiesforurbanandruralresidentsdirectlyresultedtounequalemploymentopportunities,andunequalemploymentopportunitieseventuallyleadtoincomeinequality.一是城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)突出。2006年，全市城鎮(zhèn)化率為46.7%，按常住人口計(jì)算，有1496.66萬(wàn)人生活在農(nóng)村；城市居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)為36.3%，農(nóng)村居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)為52.2%，全市城鄉(xiāng)居民收入分別比全國(guó)平均水平低189元、713元，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入差距高達(dá)4.03∶1，遠(yuǎn)高于全國(guó)3.28∶1的水平；城鄉(xiāng)社會(huì)事業(yè)發(fā)展的差距較大，城鄉(xiāng)居民受教育機(jī)會(huì)的不平等直接造成就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的不平等，就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的不平等又最終導(dǎo)致收入的不平等。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐?ThesecondisChongqing’sprominentregionaldualstructure.AtthecoreofChongqingcity,the“anhoureconomiccircle”hasenteredthemid-industrializedstageofrapiddevelopment.Itsproportionofthenon-agriculturalproductionaddedvaluewas90.6%anditsGDPwas78%oftheentirecity's,andthe“anhoureconomiccircle”hasbecameabusinesscityandeconomiccenterofthesecondandtertiaryindustries,particularlyintheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandtheSouthwest.IntheNortheastandSoutheastregionsofChongqing,theproportionofprimaryindustrywasstillveryhigh,theconditionofwhichwasstillintheearlystagesofindustrialization.theareaandresidentpopulationof“anhoureconomiccircle”accountedforrespectively65%and40%ofentirecity’s,butitsGDPaccountedforonly22%ofthecity's,andindustrialaddedvalueaccountedforabout5.7%ofthecity'sGDP.Thissituationshowedtheunevenregionaldevelopmentofeasternandwesternregionsandtheformationoftwodifferenteconomicunitsandeconomiccharacteristics.二是地區(qū)二元結(jié)構(gòu)突出。以重慶主城區(qū)為核心的一小時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)圈，已進(jìn)入工業(yè)化中期快速發(fā)展階段，非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值比重90.6%，GDP占全市的78%，成為以二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)，特別是以工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)為主的長(zhǎng)江上游及西南地區(qū)的工商業(yè)重鎮(zhèn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)中心。重慶東北部和東南部地區(qū)，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)比重仍然很大，處于工業(yè)化初期階段的落后狀態(tài)，地域和常住人口分別占全市65%和40%，但GDP僅占全市的22%，工業(yè)增加值約占全市GDP的5.7%，呈現(xiàn)出東西部地區(qū)發(fā)展極不平衡，形成兩種不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)單元和經(jīng)濟(jì)特點(diǎn)。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.一小時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)圈渝東南翼渝東北翼二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐?Thethirdistheprominentregionaldualstructurewithinindustry.Fromtheinternalindustrialstructure,theaddedvalueproportionofChongqing’slightindustryandheavyindustryhadgenerallymaintainedatthelevelof34:66fromthebeginningofjurisdictiontotheyearof2005.Heavyindustryoccupiedmajorproportionintheentireindustrialsystem,andautomobiles,motorcycles,equipmentmanufacturing,gaspetrochemicals,andaluminumfabricationindustry,digitalinstrumentationindustryoccupiedaprominentpositioninChina.Relativelyspeaking,thedevelopmentofknowledge-intensiveandlabor-intensiveindustrysuchashightechnologyandlightindustryisinsufficient.三是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)部二元結(jié)構(gòu)突出。重慶輕重工業(yè)增加值比重為從直轄初到2005年基本保持在34:66這樣的水平，重工業(yè)在整個(gè)工業(yè)體系中所占比重大，汽車(chē)、摩托車(chē)、設(shè)備制造業(yè)、天然氣石油化工、鋁加工業(yè)、數(shù)字化儀器儀表業(yè)在中國(guó)占有突出地位，相對(duì)而言，高新科技、輕工業(yè)發(fā)展等知識(shí)密集型、勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展不夠。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐2.

Thetaskofdevelopmentandecologicalprotectionisarduous.?Chongqingenvironmentalprotectionandecologicalconstructionnotonlydecideitsownsustainabledevelopment,butalsohasabearingontheYangtzeRiverecologicalsafety.TheareaofThreeGorgesreservoirinChongqingis46,200squarekilometerswhichaccountsfor80%oftheThreeGorgesReservoirtotalarea.Itspopulationisabout17.79millionandthepopulationdensityisthreetimesofthenationalaveragelevel.Environmentcapacityintheareaislimited,anditisanecologicallyfragilearea.Coupledwithmassiverelocationandresettlement,itislikelytoexacerbatesoilerosion,landdegradation,naturaldisasters.2．發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)任務(wù)艱巨重慶生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與建設(shè)，既關(guān)系自身的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，也事關(guān)長(zhǎng)江流域的生態(tài)安全。三峽庫(kù)區(qū)重慶境內(nèi)面積為4.62萬(wàn)平方公里，占三峽庫(kù)區(qū)總面積80%，人口約1779萬(wàn)，人口密度為全國(guó)平均水平的3倍，這一地區(qū)自身環(huán)境容量有限，是生態(tài)脆弱區(qū)，加之大量移民安置遷建，很可能加劇水土流失、土地退化、自然災(zāi)害等。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐?BecausethefutureurbanizationandindustrializationprocessofSichuanProvinceandChongqingMunicipalitywasaccelerated,environmentpressurecausedbydevelopmentwillincreasedsignificantly.Therefore,thetaskfortheimplementationofChongqingenvironmentalprotection,ecologicalandenvironmentalconstruction,thepreventionofgeologicaldisastersinreservoirbankregulation,theenvironmentpreventionandmonitoringsystemandtechnologysecuritysystemconstructionarearduous.由于三峽庫(kù)區(qū)上游的四川省、重慶市今后城市化、工業(yè)化進(jìn)程明顯加快，發(fā)展形成的環(huán)境壓力會(huì)由此顯著增大，因此，重慶在實(shí)施環(huán)境保護(hù)、生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治和庫(kù)岸整治、生態(tài)環(huán)境預(yù)防監(jiān)測(cè)體系和科技保障體系建設(shè)等方面任務(wù)非常艱巨。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.(2)ThepracticeofpromotingsustainabledevelopmentinregionalmanagementofChongqingMunicipality.1.CoordinateRuralandUrbanDevelopmenttoEliminateDualStructureContradiction?

ChongqingMunicipalityactivelyexploresandpromotestheboldattempttocoordinateurbanandruraldevelopmentintheoryandpractice,whichisfightingfortheestablishmentofanationalcoordinatingurbanandruralintegratedsupportreformpilotarea,andithasmadepositiveeffortsonchangingtheurbanandruraldualstructureandonnarrowingthedevelopmentgapbetweenurbanandruralareas.（二）近年來(lái)重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐

1．統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展努力消除二元結(jié)構(gòu)矛盾重慶市在理論和實(shí)踐上積極探索并大膽嘗試推進(jìn)統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)，爭(zhēng)取設(shè)立了全國(guó)統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)綜合配套改革試驗(yàn)區(qū)，在改變城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)、縮小城鄉(xiāng)和地區(qū)發(fā)展差距方面作出了積極努力。二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐

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First,weshouldputtheurbanandruraldevelopmentintotheintegratedplanningandconsiderthedevelopment,andweshouldalsopayattentiontothecoordinationofurbanandruraldevelopment;Second,weshouldbuildpublicfinancialsystemtoincreasethetransferofruralfinancialstrength,andthe70%ofadditionalfinancialresourceswillbeusedforsupportingthedevelopmentofdistrictsandcounties;Third,weshouldputemphasisontheindustrialdevelopmentwhichiscloselylinkedtourbanandruralareas,especiallythedevelopmentcapabilitiesofagriculturalprocessingindustry,modernagriculture,nurturingagriculture;Thefourth,weshouldpromotetheintegrationofurbanandruralequalizationofpublicservicesandincreaseeducationandtrainingforfarmers,andweshouldincreasetheruralinfrastructureinvestmentandgraduallyestablishasocialsecuritysysteminruralareas,andactivelypromotethenewruralconstructionhasachievedinitialresults.——把城市、農(nóng)村發(fā)展納入一體化規(guī)劃，統(tǒng)籌考慮發(fā)展，注重城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展的協(xié)調(diào)性——建設(shè)公共財(cái)政體系，加大對(duì)農(nóng)村的財(cái)政性轉(zhuǎn)移力度，新增財(cái)力的70%用于支持區(qū)縣發(fā)展——注重發(fā)展城鄉(xiāng)關(guān)聯(lián)度高的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，特別是農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，培育農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展能力——推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)一體的公共服務(wù)均等化，加大對(duì)農(nóng)民教育培訓(xùn)、農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的投入，逐步建立農(nóng)村社會(huì)保障體系，積極推進(jìn)新農(nóng)村建設(shè)，取得了階段性成果II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐2.

Implementationof“OneCircleTwoWings”RegionalDevelopmentStrategy?ChongqingCitybroughtforwardthe"twowingscircle"developmentstrategyonthenon-equilibriumcoordinateddevelopmenttheory.Undertheguidanceofrelateddevelopmenttheories,"onecircletwowings"isaregionaldevelopmentandfunctionaldistributionfollowingthefourmainfunctionaldivisionsandthecity’sspecificsituation."Onecircle"includes23districtsandcountiesinChongqing;themainfocusisthedevelopmentandoptimizationofthedevelopmentzone；“TwoWings”referstothe17countiesinnortheastandsoutheastofChongqing(theThreeGorgesreservoirarea)andtheseplacesaremainlyrestrictedzoneandtheprohibitionofthedevelopment.2．實(shí)施一圈兩翼區(qū)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略重慶市按非均衡協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展理論提出了“一圈兩翼”發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。“一圈兩翼”是重慶遵循國(guó)家四類(lèi)主體功能區(qū)劃和具體市情在相關(guān)發(fā)展理論指導(dǎo)下作出的區(qū)域發(fā)展功能劃分?！耙蝗Α卑酥貞c23個(gè)區(qū)縣，主要是優(yōu)化開(kāi)發(fā)和重點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)；“兩翼”指重慶東北部（三峽庫(kù)區(qū)）、東南部的17個(gè)區(qū)縣，主要是限制開(kāi)發(fā)和禁止開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐實(shí)施一圈兩翼發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的目的——著力打造一圈，加快城市化和工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，構(gòu)造組團(tuán)式城市群和產(chǎn)業(yè)高地，提升重慶在區(qū)域發(fā)展中的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，提高投入產(chǎn)出效率，創(chuàng)造財(cái)政轉(zhuǎn)移支付的實(shí)力基礎(chǔ)——通過(guò)“一圈”城市功能提升和產(chǎn)業(yè)的高度發(fā)展，提高市內(nèi)重點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)域的承載能力，承接“兩翼”人口適度性轉(zhuǎn)移，推動(dòng)農(nóng)民變市民，有利于農(nóng)村規(guī)?；?jīng)營(yíng)，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，提高農(nóng)民收入水平——“兩翼”人口適度轉(zhuǎn)移后，環(huán)境保護(hù)、生態(tài)建設(shè)的壓力將大大降低，有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家提出的對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.?

Oneaimoftheimplementationofthedevelopmentstrategyof“twowingscircle“istostrivetocreatethecircle,acceleratetheprocessofindustrializationandurbanization,constructgroupcitiesandindustrialHeights,enhanceregionaldevelopmentinChongqinginthecorecompetitiveness,improvetheefficiencyofinput-outputandcreatethebasisofthetransferpaymentstrength;Secondly,fromthepromotionofthefunctionofthecityandthehighlydevelopmentoftheindustriesinthe“onecircle”,tostrengthenthecarryingcapacityofsomemaindevelopingregionsofthecity,inordertobearthepopulationmetastasisfromthe“twowings”,toshifttheruralcitizenstobecomeurbanones,tomakethelarge-scaledmanagementinruralareabebenefitedfromit,todevelopthemodernagriculture,topromotethefarmer’sincomelevel;Thirdly,afterthemoderatepopulationtransferfrom"twowings",thepressureofenvironmentalprotectionandecologicalconstructionwillbegreatlyreduced,whichisinfavoroftherealizationofthenationalprotectionoftheecologicalenvironmentoftheThreeGorgesreservoirareaofstrategictask.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐3.

ActivelyPromoteandChangetheModeofEconomicGrowth

?Chongqinggovernmentattachesgreatimportancetopromotingandchangingthemodeofeconomicgrowthandhaveachievedpositiveresults.First,byadjustingtheindustrialstructure,transformingandupgradingthetraditionalindustriesandincreasingthetechnologicalcontentinindustrialdevelopment,changethe"highinput,highconsumption,highemission"phenomenoninpastextensiveoperations,savingenergyreductionworkinwesternChinaisintheforefrontposition;Thesecondisthattheindustrydevelopsinthedirectionofconcentrativeandintensiveway.Theindustrialdevelopmentconcentratesinthezoneinordertotheeconomicaluseoflandandpromotetherecycleeconomictestzoneandtriedtoestablishindustrialdevelopmentcatalogandenvironmentaladmittancesystemisanotheraspect;Thethirdaspectistocombinetheapplicationofadministrative,economicandlegalmeans,exertthedoubleenthusiasmofgovernmentmarket,andpromotechangesinthemodeofeconomicgrowthandenvironmentalmanagement.

3．積極推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變重慶政府高度重視推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變，取得了積極成果?！{(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，改造提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，增加產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中的科技含量，改變以往粗放經(jīng)營(yíng)中存在的“高投入、高消耗、高排放”的現(xiàn)象，節(jié)能減排工作在中國(guó)西部位居前列——產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展朝集聚化、集約化方向發(fā)展，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展向園區(qū)集中，節(jié)約用地，推動(dòng)循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)試驗(yàn)園區(qū)，嘗試建立產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)目錄和環(huán)境準(zhǔn)入制度——綜合利用行政、經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律手段，發(fā)揮政府市場(chǎng)的雙重積極性，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式的轉(zhuǎn)變和環(huán)境污染治理II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐4.

PersistentEnvironmentalProtectionandEcologicalConstruction

?Underlimitedfinancialcircumstances,Sincethebeginningof10yearsjurisdictionChongqingMunicipalityhavedevotedatotalof36.1billionYuanintothehugeecologicalprotectionandconstructionfundsintheimplementationoftheindustrialpollutionprevention,comprehensivetreatmentofsoilerosion,returningfarmlandtoforest,protectionofnaturalforests,ruralenvironmentalprotection,andpreventandcontrolgeologicaldisasters,andaseriesofmajormoveonconservationandimprovementofecologicalenvironment,whichdedicatedtotheconstructionofupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverecologicalbarriers,controlsoilerosionareaof16,700squarekilometers,completecontrolandecologicalrestorationminereclamationof45,000hectaresofland,18millionhectaresofplantedforests,andeffectivelyimprovethecity'secologicalenvironment,andimprovetheecologicalenvironmentbearingcapacityofthecity'sresources.4．持久開(kāi)展生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與建設(shè)直轄10年來(lái)，重慶市在財(cái)力有限的情況下，投入了共計(jì)361億元的巨額生態(tài)保護(hù)和建設(shè)資金，實(shí)施了防治工業(yè)污染、水土流失綜合治理、退耕還林、天然林保護(hù)、農(nóng)村環(huán)境保護(hù)、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害治理等一系列保護(hù)和改善生態(tài)環(huán)境的重大舉措，致力建設(shè)長(zhǎng)江上游生態(tài)屏障，治理水土流失面積1.67萬(wàn)平方公里，完成礦山生態(tài)恢復(fù)治理和土地復(fù)墾45萬(wàn)畝，營(yíng)造林1800萬(wàn)畝，有效改善了全市生態(tài)環(huán)境，提高了全市資源生態(tài)環(huán)境承載力。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐5.

AScientificPlanningandDevelopmentfortheThreeGorgesReservoirArea

?undertheguidanceofthe"ThreeGorgesreservoirareaofeconomicandsocialdevelopmentplanning","ThreeGorgesReservoirFisheriesDevelopmentPlanning",ChongqingMunicipalitystudiedandpromulgatedthe"ChongqingThreeGorgesreservoirareaandplansfortheconstructionofSparkindustrialbelts"(2005)fromtheareacarryingcapacityofresourcesandenvironmentandecologicalsafetyofthecountry,Andaimedatlattertoimplementthedomesticfirstindustrialdevelopmentplanenvironmentalimpactassessmentproject,proposedtheThreeGorgesareainChongqingindustrialdevelopmentinstructionproject。5．對(duì)三峽庫(kù)區(qū)進(jìn)行了科學(xué)的規(guī)劃和發(fā)展重慶市從庫(kù)區(qū)資源環(huán)境承載能力和生態(tài)安全出發(fā)，在國(guó)家制訂的《三峽庫(kù)區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》、《三峽庫(kù)區(qū)漁業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》等指導(dǎo)下，研究并出臺(tái)了《重慶三峽庫(kù)區(qū)星火產(chǎn)業(yè)帶建設(shè)規(guī)劃》（2005年）、《重慶市三峽庫(kù)區(qū)重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》（2006年），并針對(duì)后者實(shí)施了國(guó)內(nèi)首個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目，提出了重慶市三峽庫(kù)區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)項(xiàng)目。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.二、重慶市在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐6.

ActivelySeekingGreaterRegionalCooperationtoDevelopTheirAbilityandEnvironmentManagementCapacity?ChongqingMunicipalityhasmadepositiveeffortsinimplementingregionalcooperationandpromotingregionalintegration.WiththehelpofregionalcooperationorganizationplatformofeconomiccoordinationassociationsofsixprovincesinthesouthwestandcentralcitiesalongtheYangtzeRiver,Chongqingandtherelatedprovincesandmunicipalitieshasreachedarelatedagreementinthemarketintegration,industrialcooperationandregionalenvironmentalprotectiontoremovemarketbarriers,tobuildofareasonableindustriallayouttoavoiddioxincompetition,tobenefitfromthedevelopmentandreachawin-winsituation,andtoimprovetheenviromentcomprehensiveadministrativeability.6．積極尋求更大區(qū)域合作，提高發(fā)展能力和環(huán)境綜合治理能力重慶市在實(shí)施區(qū)域合作、推進(jìn)區(qū)域一體化方面作出了積極努力。借助西南六省區(qū)市經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)、長(zhǎng)江沿岸中心城市協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)等區(qū)域合作組織平臺(tái)，重慶與相關(guān)省市在市場(chǎng)一體化、產(chǎn)業(yè)合作、區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)方面達(dá)成了相關(guān)協(xié)議，努力消除市場(chǎng)壁壘，合理進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，避免惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，從發(fā)展中求得雙贏，提高環(huán)境的綜合治理能力。II.Chongqingpromotesthepracticeofsustainabledevelopmentineegionalmanagement.三、對(duì)進(jìn)一步在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的初步認(rèn)識(shí)III.AnInitialUnderstandingofFurtherPromotingtheSustainableDevelopmentinRegionalManagement(1)Baseontheecologicalenvironmentcarryingcapacityandtakeanewindustrializationandurbanizationroad.

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Ifwesternregionwanttoraisethelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandenhancethedevelopmentofcompetitiveness,wemustacceleratetheprocessofurbanizationandindustrialization.Butwecannotreplicatethetraditionaleconomicdevelopmentmodel.Takinganewroadofindustrializationandurbanizationrequiresvigorouslycultivatedcitygroupsintheurbanizationprocessandonthebasisofload-bearingcapacityoftheresourcesandtheenvironment,whichcouldproducepolymerizationeffectsineconomy,eliminatethedualstructureinsocietyandeasetheecologicalpressureontheenvironment;Weshouldalwaystakehighefficientandlowcostintensiveroad,Intheprocessofindustrialization.Therelativeconcentrationofindustrialdevelopmentlayout,thedevelopmentofrecyclingeconomyandtherealizationofsustainabledevelopment,combinedtheindustrialdevelopmentandurbanlayoutandfunction.（一）以資源生態(tài)環(huán)境承載能力為基礎(chǔ)，走新型工業(yè)化和新型城市化道路西部地區(qū)要提高經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，提升發(fā)展競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，必須加快城市化和工業(yè)化進(jìn)程。但不能復(fù)制傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式。走新型工業(yè)化和城市化道路，要求在資源及生態(tài)環(huán)境承載能力基礎(chǔ)上，在城市化進(jìn)程中，大力培育組團(tuán)式城市群，經(jīng)濟(jì)上可產(chǎn)生聚合效應(yīng)，社會(huì)上可消除二元結(jié)構(gòu)，生態(tài)上可緩解環(huán)境壓力；在工業(yè)化進(jìn)程中始終走效率高、耗費(fèi)少的集約化道路，工業(yè)發(fā)展相對(duì)集中布局，發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，要把產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展與布局與城市功能有機(jī)結(jié)合。三、對(duì)進(jìn)一步在區(qū)域管理中推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的初步認(rèn)識(shí)III.AnInitialUnderstandingofFurtherPromotingtheSustainableDevelopmentinRegionalManagement(2)Todevelophumanresourcesandpromotehumancapitalaccumulation

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Byvigorouslystrengtheneducation,trainingandinvestmentactivities,wecandevelopanddeeplyexertvariouslevelsofhumanresources.Thevigorousdevelopmentofthelaboreconomy,theaccumulationofhumancapitalandtheimprovementoftheover