課件大一下財會ch01a

FinancialAccounting2015.3.15TextbookAccounting(the9th):FinancialChaptersC.T.Horngren,2013ThisisUS-basedaccountingbook.Assessment（考核）Homework:20%(includingattendance10%)MidExam:30%(coveringchapter1-6)FinalExam:50%Thealltestsareopen!Chapter1AccountingandtheBusinessEnvironmentLearningObjectivesDefineaccountingvocabularyDefinetheusersoffinancialinformationDescribetheaccountingprofessionandtheorganizationsthatgovernitIdentifythedifferenttypesofbusinessorganizationsLearningObjectivesApplyaccountingconceptsandprinciplesDescribetheaccountingequation,anddefineassets,liabilities,andequityUsetheaccountingequationtoanalyzetransactionsPreparefinancialstatementsUsefinancialstatementstoevaluatebusinessperformance1DefineaccountingvocabularyWHATISACCOUNTINGAccounting（會計(jì)）

isaninformationsystemthatidentifies（確認(rèn)）,records（記錄）,andcommunicates

theeconomicevents(transactions)ofanorganizationtointerestedusers.THEACCOUNTINGPROCESSIdentificationSelecteconomicevents(transactions)RecordingRecord,classifysummarizeAccountingReportsSOFTBYTEAnnualReportPrepareaccountingreportsAnalyzeandinterpretforusersCommunicationWHATISACCOUNTINGTheinformationsystemthatMeasuresbusinessactivityProcessesthedataintoreportsCommunicatestheresultstodecisionmakersPresentsinformationinmonetarytermsAccountingshouldconsidertheneedoftheusersoffinancialinformation.

Whoneedsaccountinginformation?2DefinetheusersoffinancialinformationUSERSOFACCOUNTINGInternalUsers內(nèi)部使用者M(jìn)arketingmanagersProductionsupervisorsFinancedirectorsCompanyofficersInternalreportsQuestionsaskedbyinternalusersIscashsufficienttopaybillsCanweaffordtogiveemployeepayraisesthisyearWhatisthecostofmanufacturingeachunitofproductWhichproductlineisthemostprofitableUSERSOFACCOUNTINGExternalUsers外部使用者InvestorsCreditors債權(quán)人TaxDepartmentCustomersLaborunionsQuestionsaskedbyexternalusersIsthecompanyearningsatisfactorye?HowdoesthecompanycompareinsizeandprofitabilitywithitscompetitorsWillthecompanybeabletopayitsdebtsastheycomedue?TwofieldsofaccountingFinancialAccounting（財務(wù)會計(jì)）Providesinformationforexternaldecisionmakers.Investors投資者Creditors債權(quán)人TaxingDepartmentCompetitionSuppliersTwofieldsofaccountingManagerialAccounting（管理會計(jì)）Focusesoninformationforinternaldecisionmakers。ManagersBusinessOwners3DescribetheaccountingprofessionandtheorganizationsthatgovernitAccountingProfessionCareerwithmanyopportunitiesCertifiedPublicAccountants(CPAs注冊會計(jì)師)PassqualifyingexamMeeteducationand/orexperiencerequirementsAccountingProfessionCertifiedPublicAccountants,orCPAsLicensedprofessionalaccountantswhoservethegeneralpublicCertifiedManagementAccountants,orCMAsCertifiedprofessionalswhoworkforasinglecompany.THEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONInpublicaccounting,youwouldofferexpertservicetothegeneralpublicAreasofpublicaccountingAuditing審計(jì)Taxation稅務(wù)Managementconsulting管理咨詢Junioraccountant2-4yearsSenioraccountant6-8yearsManager10yearsPartner合伙人THEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONInprivateaccounting,youwouldbeinvolvedinoneofthefollowingactivities:Generalaccounting一般會計(jì)Costaccounting成本會計(jì)Budgeting預(yù)算AccountinginformationsystemsTaxaccounting稅務(wù)會計(jì)Internalauditing

內(nèi)部審計(jì)Junioraccountant2-4yearsSenioraccountant6-8yearsController10yearsCFO(ChiefFinancialOfficer)THEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONNot-forprofitorganizations

alsoneedsoundfinancialreportingandcontrol.Donorswantinformationabouthowwelltheorganizationhasmetitsobjectivesandwhethercontinuedsupportisjustified.Hospitalsandcollegesmustmakedecisionsabouttheallocationoffunds.Governmentalunitsmustprovideinformationtocitizens,employees,creditorsandlegislatorsGoverningOrganizationsFASBFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardAprivatelyfundedorganization,formulatesaccountingstandards.SECSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionU.S.governmentalagencythatoverseesU.S.financialmarkets.AICPAAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountantsPrivateorganizationofpublicaccountantsGAAPGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesMainU.S.accountingrulebookIASBInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardPublishestheInternationalFinancialReportingStandards,theinternationalaccountingrulebookEthicsinaccountingandbusinessInvestorsandcreditorswantreliablefinancialinformationCompanieswanttoattractinvestorsAudit審計(jì)SEC(美國證監(jiān)會）requirescompaniestohavefinancialstatementsexaminedbyindependentaccountantsAuditorswillprovideanopiniononfinancialstatements,ifpossibleAudit審計(jì)RecentaccountingscandalshurtinvestorconfidenceU.S.GovernmentpassedtheSarbanes-OxleyAct(SOX)CriminaloffensetofalsifyfinancialstatementsAlsocreatedthePublicCompaniesAccountingOversightBoard(PCAOB)WatchdogofaccountingprofessionStandardsofprofessionalconductAICPACodeofProfessionalConductGuidesCPASintheirworkIMAStandardsofEthicalConductSetsstandardsforprivateaccountants4Identifythedifferenttypes

ofbusinessorganizationsTypesofbusinessorganizationProprietorship獨(dú)資企業(yè)Partnership合伙企業(yè)Corporation股份公司LLP有限合伙L(fēng)LC有限公司Not-for-Profit非盈利組織ComparisonofbusinessformsProprietorshipPartnersCorporationLLC,LLPNot-for-ProfitOwnersProprietor:OneOwnerPartners:TwoormoreStockholders:usuallymanyMembersNoneLifeofOrganizationLimitedbyowner'schoiceordeathLimitedbyowner’schoiceordeathIndefiniteIndefiniteIndefiniteLiabilityofownersforbusinessdebtsProprietor:OwnerispersonallyliablePartnersarepersonallyliableStockholdersnotpersonallyliableMembersarenotpersonallyliableFiduciaryliabilityofboardmembers5thedistinguishingcharacteristicsandorganizationofaproprietorshipProprietorshipcharacteristicsSeparateLegalEntityDistinctfromownersNoContinuousLife/TransferabilityofOwnershipThelifeofbusinessislimitedbytheowner’schoiceortheowner’sdeathUnlimitedLiabilityofOwnerOwnerhasunlimitedliabilityforthebusiness’sdebtsProprietorshipcharacteristicsUnificationofOwnershipandManagementOwnersmanagethebusinessBusinessTaxationNotaseparatetaxableentityIncomeflowsdirectlytothesoleowner’staxreturn,whereheorshepaysself-employmentandincometaxGovernmentRegulationMinimalregulationisanadvantagesPartnershipJoinstwoormoreindividualasco-owners.Eachownerisapartner.ProfessionalorganizationssuchlegalfirmGenerallysmallormedium-sizedAccountingtreatspartnershipasaseparateorganization,distinctfrompartners.Fromalegalpoint,apartnershipisthepartners.PartnershipWhataresomeadvantagesbettercreditstanding–possiblymorebrainpower,butconsultationwithpartnersrequiredWhataresomedisadvantagesunlimitedpersonalliabilityforgeneralpartnersneedforwrittenpartnershipagreementOrganizationofcorporationIncorporatorsobtaincharterfromthestateCharterauthorizescorporationto:IssuestockConductbusinessinaccordancewithstatelawIncorporatorsagreedtoasetofbylawsBylawsaretherulebookthatguidesthecorporation.CorporationsbeginstoexistwhenstockisissuedStockholdersvoteonwhowillserveonBoardofDirectorsOrganizationofcorporationWhataresomeadvantagesseparatelegalexistencelimitedliabilityofstockholderstransferabilityofownershiprelativelyeasyWhataresomedisadvantagesTaxes:possibledoubletaxationextensivegovernmentalregulationStructureofcorporation6ApplyaccountingconceptsandprinciplesGAAPGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples（一般公認(rèn)的會計(jì)原則）AsetofstandardsgenerallyacceptedanduniversallypracticedbyaccountantsIndicateshoweconomiceventsarereportedDifferentnationswouldhavedifferentGAAP,example,ChineseGAAPGAAPInUS,thefollowingorganizationsrelatetotheregulationofaccounting.

FASB:formulatesaccountingstandardsSEC:regulatesecuritymarketsAICPA:regulateCertifiedPublicAccountantsIMA:regulateCertifiedManagementAccountantsTherulesthatgovernpublicaccountinginformationarecalledGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesPrivateSector(FASB)PrivateSector(AICPA)(IMA)GAAPPublicSector(SEC)Accountingconcept(assumption)Accountingentity（會計(jì)主體假設(shè)）:anorganizationthatstandsapartasaseparateunit.AllactivitiesofanentityarekeptseparatefromtheactivitiesofitsownersandothereconomicentitiesEntitydecidesboundary

ofaccountingAccountingconcept(assumption)會計(jì)假設(shè)Jeffobtained$5000fromthebankloantostartFollowingtheentityconcept,Jeffwouldaccountforthe$5000separatelyfromhispersonalassetsJeff

StablemonetaryunitconceptOnlytransactiondatathatcanbeexpressedintermsofmoneyisincludedintheaccountingrecordsTheunitofmeasureisassumedtoremainconstantinvalue(穩(wěn)定貨幣單位假設(shè)）Thedollar’spurchasingpower

isrelativelystableThisallowsustoaddandsubtractdollaramountsaseachdollarhasthesamepurchasingpowerasanyotherdollaratanytimeGoing-concernconceptGoing-concernconcept（持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設(shè)）:assumetheentitywillremaininoperationfortheforeseeablefuture.Undertheconcept,accountantsassumethatthebusinesswillremaininoperationlongenoughtouseexistingresourcesfortheirintendedpurposeAccountingprinciple會計(jì)原則Costprinciple（成本原則）:acquiredassetsandservicesshouldberecordedattheiractualcost(historicalcost).Theaccountingrecordsshouldcontinuereportingthehistoricalcostofanassetoveritsusefullife.Costisreliable,objectivelymeasured,andcanbeverifiedAccountingprinciple會計(jì)原則Faithfulrepresentationprinciple（公允披露原則）:faithfullyrepresentsthemeasurementordescriptionofdata.Thedataarecomplete,neutral,andfreefrommaterialerror.7Describetheaccountingequation,anddefineassets,liabilities,andequityAccountingEquationASSETS資產(chǎn)LIABILITIES負(fù)債EQUITY權(quán)益EconomicResourcesClaimstoEconomicResourcesAssets資產(chǎn)EconomicresourcesownedbyabusinessBenefitthebusinessinthefutureExamples:CashAccountsreceivable應(yīng)收賬款Merchandiseinventory存貨FurnitureLandAssetsSomeassetsaretangible:computer,cashSomeassetsareintangible:trademark,patentsIsreputationanasset?Liabilities負(fù)債Liabilities

areclaimsagainstassets.Theyaresomethingthebusinessowes.TheyareexistingdebtsandobligationsMostclaimsofcreditorsattachtototalenterpriseassetsratherthantothespecificassetsprovidedbythecreditorExamples:Accountspayable應(yīng)付賬款BankloansMortgagesEquity權(quán)益Owner’sclaimstotheassetsofthebusinessEquityequalswhatisowned(assets)minuswhatisowed(liabilities).Itisthebusinessnetworth,alsoreferredtoasresidualequity(剩余權(quán)益）E=A–LEquityTheequityofasoleproprietorshipiscalledowner’sequity（所有者權(quán)益）,alsocalledcapital.Therearetwogeneralcategoriesofcapital:contributedcapital:ownerinvestscapitalintobusiness.earnedcapital:earnedbye-producingactivitiesandretainedforuseinthebusinessEquityThreeitemsmakeupthebalanceinearnedcapital:Revenues收入Expenses費(fèi)用Drawing提取RevenuesAmountsearnedbydeliveringgoodsorservicestocustomersSalesrevenue銷售收入Servicerevenue服務(wù)收入Interestrevenue利息收入Dividendrevenue股息收入RevenuesRevenuesresultfromsalesofmerchandise,performanceofservices,rentalofproperty,orlendingofmoneyRevenuesusuallyresultinanincreaseinanassetexpensesExpensesarethedecreasesinequitythatresultfromoperatingthebusinessTheyarethecostofassetsconsumedorservicesusedintheprocessofearningrevenueexpensesOutflowsofassetsorincreasingliabilitiesinthecourseofdeliveringgoodsorservicestocustomersRentexpenseSalaryexpenseAdvertisingexpenseUtilitiesexpenseInterestexpensePropertytaxexpenseRevenues&ExpensesRevenues–Expenses=e利潤DrawingDrawing:distributionsofcapitaltoowners.DrawingsarenotexpensesDrawingBeginningcapital100,000+ownerinvestment50,000+netincome200,000－drawing(80,000)Endingcapital270,000INCREASES&DECREASESEQUITYOwner’sequityInvestmentsRevenuesDrawingExpensesIncreasesDecreases

Howtousemoney

Howtogetmoney

Assets

Liabilities+EquitiesUsetheaccountingequationtoanalyzetransactions718Transaction業(yè)務(wù)Transactions

aretheeconomiceventsoftheenterpriseEverytransaction

musthaveadualeffectontheaccountingequation.Ifanassetisincreased,theremustbeacorresponding:Decreaseinanotherasset,orIncreaseinaliability,orIncreaseinequityAssets=Liabilities+EquityCashin1000Cashin2000Cashout800Cashin5000Bankloan2000Investment5000Expense800Sales1000TransactionAneventthataffectsthefinancialpositionofthebusinessCanbemeasuredreliablyEverytransactionimpactsatleasttwoitemsTheaccountingequationbalancesbeforeandaftereachtransactionTransaction1startingbusinessSheenastartsthenewbusinessasaproprietorshipnamedSmartTouchLearning.Thebusinessreceives$30,000cashfromtheowner。Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment

Transaction2purchaseoflandThebusinesspurchaseslandforanoffice,payingcash$20,000.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

Transaction3purchaseofsuppliesThebusinessbuysofficesuppliesonaccount,agreeingtopay$500within30days.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

500

500

1000020000500

=50030000

Transaction4earningofservicerevenueThebusinessearns$5500ofrevenueandcollectsthisamountincash.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

500

500

1000020000500

=50030000

5500

5500revenue1550020000500

=50035500

Transaction5earningofrevenueonaccountThebusinessperformsaserviceforclients.Thecustomerpromisedtopay$3000withinonemonth.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

500

500

1000020000500

=50030000

5500

5500revenue1550020000500

=50035500

3000

3000revenue15500200005003000

=50038500

Transaction6paymentofexpensesThebusinesspays$3300incashexpenses:rentoncomputer$600,rentforoffice$1100,salary$1200,utilities$400.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

500

500

1000020000500

=50030000

5500

5500revenue1550020000500

=50035500

3000

3000revenue15500200005003000

=50038500

-600

-600expense-1100

-1100expense-1200

-1200expense-400

-400expense12200200005003000

=50035200

Transaction7paymentonaccountThebusinesspays$300tothestorefromwhichitpurchasedsuppliesintransaction3.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

30000

=

30000investment-2000020000

1000020000

=

30000

500

500

1000020000500

=50030000

5500

5500revenue1550020000500

=50035500

3000

3000revenue15500200005003000

=50038500

-600

-600expense-1100

-1100expense-1200

-1200expense-400

-400expense12200200005003000

=50035200

-300

-300

11900200005003000

=20035200

Transaction9collectiononaccountTheclientpaysback$1000forserviceperformedintransaction5.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

15500200005003000

=50038500

-600

-600expense-1100

-1100expense-1200

-1200expense-400

-400expense12200200005003000

=50035200

-300

-300

11900200005003000

=20035200

1000

-1000

12900200005002000

=20035200

Transaction10saleoflandThebusinesssellssomeland.Thesalepriceof$9000isequaltothecostoftheland.Assets

=L+O/EtypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

15500200005003000

=50038500

-600

-600expense-1100

-1100expense-1200

-1200expense-400

-400expense12200200005003000

=50035200

-300

-300

11900200005003000

=20035200

1000

-1000

12900200005002000

=20035200

9000-9000

21900110005002000

20035200

Transaction11ownerdrawingcashTheownerwithdraws$2000cashfromthebusiness.

Assets

=L+O/ETypeoftransactionCashLandSuppliesAR

APCapital

12200200005003000

=50035200

-300

-300

11900200005003000

=20035200

1000

-1000

12900200005002000

=20035200

9000-9000

21900110005002000

=20035200

-2000

-2000drawing19900110005002000

=20033200

Preparefinancialstatements959Financialstatements財務(wù)報表Afteralltransactionsfortheperiodarerecorded,financialdataissummarized,andthatsummarydataisusedtogeneratethebasicfinancialstatementseStatement利潤表Statementofowners’Equity權(quán)益表BalanceSheet資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表StatementofCashFlows現(xiàn)金流量表estatementestatement(statementofearnings,statementofoperations):summaryofanentity’srevenuesandexpensesforspecificperiodoftime.Nete=revenues–expensesStatementofowner’sequityStatementofowner’sequity:showsthechangesinowner’sequityduringaspecifictimeperiodBalanceSheetBalancesheet:listalltheentity’sassets,liabilitiesandequityasofaspecificdateStatementofcashflowStatementofcashflows:reportsthecashcominginandcashgoingoutduringaperiodPreparingtheFinancialStatements101e

StatementStatementofOwner’sEquityBalance

SheetStatementof

CashFlowsSmartTouchLearningeStatementMonthendedApril30,2013Revenue:

servicerevenue

8500Expenses:

salaryexpense1200

rentexpense,office1100

rentputer600

utilitiesexpense400

totalexpenses

3300

Nete

5200SmartTouchLearningstatementofequitymonthendedApril30,2013Beginningcapital30,000Plus:nete5200Less:drawing-2000endingcapital33,200SmartTouchLearningBalanceSheet30-Apr-13

Assets

Liabilities

cash19900accountspayable200accountsreceivable2000equity

supplies500

land11000capital33200

totalassets33400totalL&E33400cashflowfromoperationactivities

receipts:

collectionfromcustomer

6500payments:

tosuppliers(600+400+300)-2400

toemploye