2022年考研專(zhuān)業(yè)綜合考試真題及答案70

2022年考研專(zhuān)業(yè)綜合考試真題及答案

一、Cloze

1、Eachyear,hundredsofthousandsofpeoplediefromheart

attack,aleadingcauseofdeath.IntheLandmarkPhysicians）

HealthStudyatHarvardUniversityintheUnitedStatesinthe

late1980s,aresearchteamledbyDr.Hennekensstudied22,

701healthymalephysicians,halfofwhomwererandomly[1]

totakeanaspirineveryotherdaywhiletheotherstook

placebos（勸慰劑）.Aftertheparticipantshadbeen[2]foran

averageoffiveyears,thedoctorsintheaspiringroupwere

foundtohavesuffered44percentfewerfirstheartattacks.

【3】，arecentinternationalstudyindicatesthataspirincan

bebeneficialforthosepeoplewithahistoryofcoronary

artery（冠動(dòng)脈）bypasssurgery,[4]oftheirsex,ageorwhether

theyhavehighbloodpressureordiabetes.

AccordingtoareportbytheAmericanHeart

Association,doctorsshouldconsiderprescribing[5]aspirinfor

middle-agedpeoplewithafamilyhistoryof,or[6]for,heart

disease.（Riskfactorsincludesmoking,beingmorethan20

percentoverweight,highbloodpressureandlackofexercise.）

Aspirinisalsoalifesaverduringheartattacks.Paramedics

nowgiveitroutinely,andexpertsurgeanyonewithchestpain,

[7]ifitspreadstotheneck,shoulderoranarm,oris

accompaniedbysweating,nausea(惡心)，lightheadednessand

breathingdifficultytochewand[8]anaspirintablet

immediately.

Whentakingaspirinforheartattack,[9]theplain,uncoated

variety.Forevenfasterabsorption,crushandmixwithalittle

water.Speedofabsorptioniscriticalbecausemostheart

attackdeathsoccur[10]thefirstfewhoursafterchestpain

strikes.

(1)

A.expected

B.demanded

C.assigned

D.advised

2、(2)

A.followed

B.examined

C.monitored

D.experienced

3、(3)

A.Meanwhile

B.Aboveall

C.However

D.Inaddition

4、(4)

A.inspite

B.regardless

C.careless

D.whatever

5、(5)

A.low-dose

B.high-amount

C.more

D.right

6、(6)

A.ready

B.atrisk

C.maybe

D.indanger

7、(7)

A.naturally

B.apparently

C.especially

D.furthermore

8、(8)

A.eat

B.swallow

C.digest

D.assimilate

9、(9)

A.choose

B.use

C.holdout

D.pickout

10、(10)

A.for

B.along

C.within

D.except

二、ReadingComprehension

1Alittlemorethanacenturyago,MichaelFaraday,thenoted

Britishphysicist,managedtogainaudiencewithagroupofhigh

governmentofficials,todemonstrateanelectro-chemical

principle,inthehopeofgainingsupportforhiswork.

Afterobservingthedemonstrationsclosely,oneofthe

officialsremarkedbluntly,"It'safascinatingdemonstration,

youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeof

this?”

"Idon'tknow,“repliedFaraday,“butIdoknowthat100years

fromnowyou111betaxingthem.”

Fromthedemonstrationofaprincipletothemarketingof

productsderivedfromthatprincipleisoftenalong,involved

seriesofsteps.Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthese

stepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,

theartofgettingthingsdone.Justasmanagementappliesto

thewondersthathaveevolvedfromFaradayandotherinventors,

soitappliedsome4,000yearsagototheworkingsofthegreat

EgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms…to

Hannibal'sremarkablefeatofcrossingtheAlpsin218B.C.with

90,000footsoldiers,12,000horsemenanda"conveyorbelt”

of40elephants…ortotheearlyChristianChurch,withits

world-shakingconceptsofindividualfreedomandequality.

Theseancientinnovatorsweredeeplyinvolvedintheproblems

ofauthority,divisionoflabor,discipline,unityofcommand,

clarityofdirectionandtheotherbasicfactorsthatareso

meaningfultomanagementtoday.Buttherealimpetusto

managementasanemergingprofessionwastheIndustrial

Revolution.Originatingin18-centuryEngland,itwas

triggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocesses,

amongthemJohnKay'sFlyingShuttlein1733,JamesHargreaves)

SpinningJennyin1770,SamuelCrompton,sMuleSpinnerin1779

andEdmundCartwright'sPowerLoomin1785.

TheanecdoteaboutMichaelFaradayindicatesthat.

A.politicianstaxeverything

B.peopleareskepticalaboutthevaluesofpureresearch

C.governmentshouldsupportscientists

D.hewasrejectedbyhisgovernment

2、

Managementisdefinedas.

A.thecreatoroftheIndustrialRevolution

B.supervisingsubordinates

C.theartofgettingthingsdone

D.anemergingprofession

3、

Managementcameintoitsown.

A.intheEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms

B.inHannibal'sfamoustripacrosstheAlps

C.inthedevelopmentofearlyChristianChurch

D.intheeighteenthcentury

4、

AproblemofmanagementNOTmentionedinthispassageis、

A.theproblemofcommand

B.divisionoflabor

C.controlbyauthority

D.competition

5、Byeducation,Imeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupon

theindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsof

behavior,ofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthus

susceptible（簡(jiǎn)單受影響的）totheenvironmentthatmandiffers

fromtheanimals,andthehigheranimalsfromthelower.The

loweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthe

directionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctive

responsesarefewandfixedbyheredity（遺傳；繼承）.When

transferredtoanunnaturalsituation,suchananimalisled

astraybyitsinstincts.Thusthe"ant-lion“whoseinstinct

impliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardswith

abdomen（腹部），goesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonas

dangerthreatens,andendeavors,withtheutmostexertionsto

boreintoit.Itknowsnoothermodeofflight,“orifsucha

lonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandis

interrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremaining

actions(asuselessascultivatinganunsownfield)ordiesin

helplessinactivity”.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsa

burrowandrimsitwithabastion(堡壘)ofgravelandbitsof

wood,whenremovedfromahalffinishedhome,willnotbegin

again,thoughitwillcontinueanotherburrow,evenonemade

withapencil.

Advanceinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthese

couldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreand

morecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsand

spiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenout

amuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseethe

endperhapseveninman.Habits,insteadofbeingborn

ready-made(whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsat

all)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceofthe

environment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparent

whonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancy

inwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremolded

tosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychanged

withoutharm.

Thismeans,onemightatfirstimagine,thatgraduallyheredity

becomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardly

thetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixed

automaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect-likecreaturesare

nolongerinherited,althoughselectionforpurificationof

thatsortisnolongergoingon,yetselectionforeducability

isverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquire

habitscanbeconceivablyinheritedjustasmuchascandefinite

responsestonarrowsituations.Besides,sinceamechanism-is

now,forthefirsttime,createdbywhichtheindividual（in

contradictiontothespecies）canbefittedtotheenvironment,

thelatterbecomes,inanothersense,lessnotmoreimportant.

Andfinally,lessnotthehigheranimalswhopossessthepower

ofchangingtheirenvironmentbyengineeringfeatsandthelike,

apowerpossessedtosomeextentevenbythebeaver（海貍），and

preeminently（卓越土也）byman.Environmentandheredityarein

nocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors.

Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthe

passage?

A.TheEvolutionofInsects.

B.EnvironmentandHeredity.

C.Education:TheInfluenceoftheEnvironment.

D.TheInstinctsofAnimals.

6、

Whatcanbeinferredfromtheexampleoftheant-1ioninthe

firstparagraph?

A.Instinctsofanimalscanleadtounreasonablereactionsin

strangesituations.

B.Whenitisengagedinachainactionsitcannotbe

interrupted.

C.Environmentandheredityaretwosupplementaryfactorsin

theevolutionofinsects.

D.Alongthelinesofevolutionhereditybecomeslessand

environmentmoreimportant.

7、

Basedontheexampleprovidedinthepassage,wecantellthat

whenaspiderisremovedtoanewpositionwherehalfofanet

hasbeenmade,itwillprobably.

A.beginacompletelynewnet

B.destroythehalf-net

C.spintherestofthenet

D.stayawayfromthenet

8、

Whichofthefollowingistrueabouthabitsaccordingtothe

passage?

A.Theyarenaturalendowmentstolivingcreatures.

B.Theyaremoreimportantthaninstinctstoallanimals.

C.Theyaresubjecttotheformativeinfluenceofthe

environment.

D.Theyaredestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reaching

possibilityintheevolutionofhumanbeings.

9^Oneofthesaddestthingsabouttheperiodinwhichwelive

isthegrowingestrangement（疏遠(yuǎn)）betweenAmericaandEurope.

Thismaybeasurprisingdiscoverytothosewhoareover

impressedbythespeedwithwhichturbojetscanhopfromNew

YorktoParis.ButtoanyonewhoisawareofwhatAmericaonce

meanttoEnglishlibertarianpoetsandphilosophers,tothe

youngIbsenbitterlyexcoriating（痛斥）Europeanroyaltyfor

themurderofLincoln,toItaliannovelistsandpoets

translatingthenineteenthcenturyAmericanclassicsasa

demonstrationagainstFascism,thereissomethingparticularly

disquietinginthewaythattheEuropeanLeft,historically”

pro-American"becauseitidentifiedAmericawithexpansive

democracy,nowpunishesAmericawithEurope，slackofhopein

thefuture.

AlthoughAmericahasobviouslynotfulfilledthevisionary

hopeentertainedforitintheromanticheyday,Americanshave,

untilrecently,thoughtofthemselvesasanidea,a

0-----￡

J11

“proposition”（inLincoln，sword）setupfortheenlightenment

andtheimprovementofmankind.Officially,welivebyour

originalprinciples;weinsistonthisboastfullyandeven

inhumanly.Anditispreciselythissteadfastnesstoprinciple

thatirks（使苦惱，使厭煩）Europeanswhoundersomanypressures

havehadtoshiftandtochange,tocompromiseandtoretreat.

Historically,theobstinacyofAmerica'sfaithin

“principles"hasbeenstaggering-thesacrament（神圣）ofthe

Constitution,thelegacyoftheFoundingFathers,themoral

rightnessofallourpolicies,theinvincibilityofourfaith

intheequalityandperfectibilityofman.FromtheEuropean

pointofview,thereissomethingimpossibly

romantic,visionary,andfinallyoutrageousaboutanattachment

topoliticalformulasthataroseevenbeforeaEuropean

revolutionarydemocracywasbornoftheFrenchRevolution,and

thathavesurvivedallthesocialistutopiasandinternationals.

Americanshonestlyinsistontheequalityofmenevenwhenthey

denythisequalityinpractice;theyholdfasttoromantic

doctrinesofperfectibilityevenwhensuchdoctrines

contradicttheiractualortheirformalfaithwhetheritbeas

scientistsorasorthodoxChristians.

ItisafactthatwhileAmericansasapeoplearenotoriously

empirical,pragmatic,andunintellectual,theylivetheir

livesagainstabackgroundofunalterablenationalshibboleths

（陳舊的語(yǔ)句）.ThesameabundanceoftheorythatallowedWalt

Whitmantofillouthispoetrywithphilosophicalroadsigns

ofAmericanoptimismallowsapresidenttomakepious

referencestoGod.AsanAmericantradition-referenceswhich,

despitetheirsomewhatmechanicalquality,arenotonlysincere

butwhich,tomostAmericans,expresstherealityofAmerica.

ThewriterusestheexampleofIbsenandotherstomaintain

that.

A.EuropeansdonothavetheproperappreciationoftheUnited

States

B.Europeanshavemadeanotableshiftinattitudetowardthe

UnitedStates

C.AmericanculturehasbeenrediscoveredbyEuropeans

D.Europeansnolongerfeelthatthereshouldbeanexchange

ofideaswithAmericans

10、

Thewriterstatesthat,untilrecently,Americansthoughtof

theircountryasa.

A.sourceofenlightenment

B.leaderintechnologicalprogress

C.recipientofaEuropeanheritage

D.peacemaker

11、

TheauthorstatesthatAmericandemocracyinpractice

sometimesisinconflictwith.

A.theoreticalnotionsofequality

B.otherpoliticalsystems

C.Europe;sbestinterests

D.bothAandB

12、

WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedbytheauthorasan

Americanprinciple?

A.Equalityofman.

B.MoralrightnessasAmericanpolicydecisions.

C.Man'scapacitytobecomeperfect.

D.Theinviolability（不行侵害）oftheindividuaVsintegrity.

13、Thetrulyincompetentmayneverknowthedepthsoftheir

ownincompetence,apairofsocialpsychologistssaidon

Thursday.

“Wefoundagainandagainthatpeoplewhoperform,poorly

relativetotheirpeers（同等人）tendedtothinkthattheydid

ratherwell,“JustinKruger,co-authorofastudyonthesubject,

saidinatelephoneinterview.

Krugerandco-authorDavidDunningfoundthatwhenitcameto

avarietyofskills-logicalreasoning,grammar,evensenseof

humor-peoplewhoessentiallywereinept（無(wú)能的；愚蠢的）never

realizedit,whilethosewhohadsomeabilitywere

self-critical.

Ithadlittletodowithinnatemodesty,Krugersaid,but

ratherwithacentralparadox:Incompetentslackthebasic

skillstoevaluatetheirperformancerealistically.Oncethey

getthoseskills,theyknowwheretheystand,evenifthatis

atthebottom.

AmericansandWesternEuropeansespeciallyhadan

unrealisticallysunnyassessmentoftheirowncapabilities,

Dunningsaidbytelephoneinaseparateinterview,while

JapaneseandKoreanstendedtogiveareasonableassessmentof

theirperformance.Incertainareas,suchasathletic

performance,whichcanbeeasilyquantified,thereisless

self-delusion（哄騙），theresearcherssaid.Buteveninsome

casesinwhichthefailureshouldseemobvious,theperpetrator

isblithely（開(kāi)心地;愉快地）unawareoftheproblem.

Thiswasespeciallytrueintheareaoflogicalreasoning,

whereresearchsubjects+studentsatCornellUniversity,where

thetworesearcherswerebased+oftenratedthemselveshighly

evenwhentheyflubbed（搞得——團(tuán)糟）allquestionsinareasoning

test.

Later,whenthestudentswereinstructedinlogicalreasoning,

theyscoredbetteronatestbutratedthemselveslower,having

learnedwhatconstitutedcompetenceinthisarea.

Grammarwasanotherareainwhichobjectiveknowledgewas

helpfulindeterminingcompetence,butthemoresubjectivearea

ofhumorposeddifferentchallenges,theresearcherssaid.

Participantswereaskedtoratehowfunnycertainjokeswere,

andcomparetheirresponseswithwhatanexpertpanelof

comediansthought.Onaverage,participantsoverestimated

theirsenseofhumorbyabout16percentagepoints.

Thismightbethoughtofasthe,above-averageeffect”,the

notionthatmostAmericanswouldratethemselvesasabove

average,astatisticalimpossibility.

Theresearchersalsoconductedpilotstudiesofdoctorsand

gunenthusiasts.Thedoctorsoverestimatedhowwelltheyhad

performedonatestofmedicaldiagnosesandthegunfanciers

thoughttheyknewmorethantheyactuallydidaboutgunsafety.

Sowhoshouldbetrusted:Thepersonwhoadmitsincompetence

ortheonewhoshowsconfidence?Neither,accordingtoDunning.

“Youcan'ttakethemattheirword.You'vegottotakealook

attheirperformance,z，Dunningadded.

Whydoincompetentpeoplerarelyknowtheyareinept?

A.Theyaretooinepttoknowwhatcompetenceis.

B.Theyarenotskillfulatlogicalreasoning,grammar,and

senseofhumor.

C.Theylackthebasicskillstoevaluatetheirperformance

realistically.

D.Theyhavesomeabilitytoovercriticizethemselves.

14、

WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue,accordingtothe

passage?

A.StudentsatCornellUniversityoftenrated

themselves-highlyevenwhentheyflubbedallquestionsina

reasoningtest.

B.Grammarwasanareainwhichobjectiveknowledgewas

helpfulindeterminingcompetence.

C.Participantsinthetestestimatedtheirsenseofhumorby

about16percentagepoints.

D.Studentsscoredbetteronalogicalreasoningtestbut

ratedthemselveslower.

15、

Whatdoyouknowabout"above-averageeffect"basedonthe

passage?

A.MostAmericansassessthemselvesasaboveaverage.

B.Americandoctorsoverestimatedhowwelltheyhadperformed

onatestofmedicaldiagnoses.

C.Americangunenthusiaststhoughttheyknewmorethanthey

actuallydidaboutgunsafety.

D.Alloftheabove.

16、BothinAmericaandBritainthereisaneagernessonthe

partofTVexecutivestoplaydowntheimportanceofthesmal1

screen,except,ofcourse,inthefieldofsellinggoods.

ThisdesiretominimizethesocialimpactofTVisperfectly

natural.Ifitcouldbeconclusivelyprovedthattheelectronic

boxwasamajorfactorindeterminingtheattitudesandthe

valuesofanationthentwoawkwardquestionswouldhavetobe

answered.

Isitrightthatamediumthathassuchinfluenceshouldbe

primarilyconcernedwiththep