英語段落寫作課件

EnglishParagraphWriting英語段落寫作

段落寫作

段落是文章內(nèi)容中具有一個(gè)完整意義的外部表現(xiàn)形

態(tài)，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)的基本單位。段落通常由若干個(gè)對(duì)

一個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)展開論述的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句子組成。但

段落并非是句子的隨意堆砌，句子內(nèi)容之間應(yīng)該具

有連貫和邏輯性。段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是單一的，

一個(gè)段落只能表達(dá)一個(gè)意思，而不能把意思上互不

相關(guān)的句子堆砌在一起，造成段落內(nèi)容的龐雜錯(cuò)亂

；段落表達(dá)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是完整的，一個(gè)意思應(yīng)當(dāng)盡

量集中在一個(gè)段落里陳述，最好不要分割成兩段或

幾段，而使段落內(nèi)容支離破碎。

EnglishParagraphWriting1ParagraphStructure

段落的構(gòu)成

2ParagraphUnity

段落的整體性

3ParagraphCoherence

段落的連貫性

1.ParagraphStructure段落的構(gòu)成

OneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentence主題句

(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentence

輔助句/支撐句/發(fā)展句

(3)ConcludingSentence

結(jié)尾句

Topicsentence主題句

?在段落中用于概括段落主旨大意的句子，叫做主題句。一個(gè)好的主題句能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。關(guān)于主題的這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度成為主題思想（controllingidea）。主題句限定了在一個(gè)單獨(dú)的段落中所允許討論的內(nèi)容。

?例：

主題句Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.該句中g(shù)old是主題詞，twoimportantcharacteristics是表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞。

HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:3個(gè)要點(diǎn)

1.主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子，包括一個(gè)主語，一

個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，常常還帶有其它修飾語。下面的例子中

雖然有的包括主題思想，但并不是完整的句子。

Fragments：

?Drivingonfreeways.?Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.?Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.Fragments：

?Drivingonfreeways.?Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses.?Thebenefitsoftelevisiontochildren.Revisedsentences:?Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertness機(jī)敏.?Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents.?Televisionbenefitsyoungchildreninthreemajorways.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:2.主題句由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成

主題詞表明討論的對(duì)象。主題思想的表述部分

限制或控制這個(gè)主題在一個(gè)段落中能夠被論述

的具體方面。它應(yīng)該是能夠展述主題思想的一

個(gè)詞或一個(gè)短語，即關(guān)鍵詞。

Topicandcontrollingidea

?Thetopicsentencegivesaparagraphdirectionandpurpose.Ittellswhattheparagraphisabout(thetopic),andhowthewriterwilldevelopthattopic(thecontrollingidea).

?試分析下列的主題句：

例1

TheWomen'sMovementhashadseveraleffects

ontheEnglishlanguage.

在這個(gè)主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是severaleffects，它規(guī)定了談?wù)摰闹黝}和內(nèi)容。為了論證這個(gè)主題思想，作者應(yīng)提供具體細(xì)節(jié)或?qū)嵗齺砘卮疬@樣的問題：“WhatreasonsdidIhaveforsayingseveraleffects?”有可能列出以下原因：

1）IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.2)TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrom–manto–person.3)TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.

例2Studentsonthiscampusrecentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.

問題：該主題句中，表達(dá)主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞是什么？

答案：

severalcomplaints所以在主題句后，應(yīng)輔以細(xì)節(jié)來論證主題思想severalcomplaints。有可能列出下列事實(shí)：

1）Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.2)Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththecafeteriafood.3)Theyprotestedthegradingpoliticsoftheinstructors.例3Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit.該主題句中，主題是thehabitofsmoking

cigarettes,

主題思想是Smokingcigarettescanbeexpensive。

在此句中expensive是表示主題思想的關(guān)鍵詞，在展開

主題句的段落中，應(yīng)論證吸煙的確是開銷較大的一種習(xí)

慣。下面是一個(gè)說明主題展開的段落提綱。

1）Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.2）Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.3）Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.4）Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence3.由于主題句僅僅提及主題思想，因此只是一種概括性

的陳述而不提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)，它能被段落中其它句子

解釋、論證或分析。主題句應(yīng)該對(duì)該段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行適當(dāng)

概括和限制。主題句如果太過籠統(tǒng)，就不能包含具體的

思想和觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)段落如何展開缺乏指導(dǎo)和限定，使讀者

由于內(nèi)容太空泛而很難確切地知道本段要談?wù)摰膬?nèi)容；

主題句如果太具體，讀者就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)作者對(duì)這段內(nèi)容已無

發(fā)揮、充實(shí)的余地，而無法將主題句展開。

Whichisagoodtopicsentence??1.Americanfoodisterrible.?2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.?3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.

1.Americanfoodisterrible.

第一句作為主題句不合適，因?yàn)榫渥觾?nèi)容闡述過于籠統(tǒng)和抽象，段落擴(kuò)展的發(fā)揮點(diǎn)不明確。

2.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.

第二句缺乏概括性的特點(diǎn)，局限于某個(gè)具體事務(wù)，而在文字和內(nèi)容上無法再進(jìn)一步展開。

3.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.

第三句具有概括性的觀點(diǎn)，可以通過列舉事實(shí)、說明理由，補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié)材料，展開段落內(nèi)容。所以，這是一個(gè)比較好的主題句。

?試分析下面的句子：是否能做主題句？

?HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy,highstandardofliving,andinterculturalatmosphere.?分析：這個(gè)句子包含了過多的信息，主體不明確，這會(huì)使段落缺乏統(tǒng)一性。句中所闡述的三個(gè)部分的內(nèi)容是互不相關(guān)的，不能單獨(dú)放再單獨(dú)的一個(gè)段落內(nèi)敘述，而應(yīng)放在三個(gè)段落里寫。改寫為：HongKongisfamousforitsdevelopedeconomy，就可以成為一個(gè)比較好的主題句了。

ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:?1.Systolicpressure收縮壓between140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.

?2.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.?3.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolicpressure舒張壓

istakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.?心臟收縮泵血時(shí)測(cè)得收縮壓；心臟舒張時(shí)測(cè)得舒張壓

ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:?4.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.?5.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置

?主題句的位置比較靈活，通常位于段首，其優(yōu)

點(diǎn)是開門見山，一目了然。用演繹法寫的段落也

稱

“擴(kuò)張法”，就是以概述主題開首，隨之輔以細(xì)

說，即用具體細(xì)節(jié)或事例來演繹展開主題句中的

主題思想。

?主題句有時(shí)也位于段落的中間。這種寫作方法

常用來比較或?qū)Ρ炔煌膶?duì)象。段中主題句起承

上啟下，使上下文平衡的作用。

HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentencePositionofTopicSentence:主題句的位置

?用歸納法寫段落也稱作“收攏法”，從細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)，最后歸納到段落的中心論點(diǎn)。用此種方法寫作時(shí)，主題句一般位于段落的末尾，它是依據(jù)上文的細(xì)節(jié)推論出的論點(diǎn)，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。

?在有的段落中，主題句甚至不直接寫出來，而是通過細(xì)節(jié)的陳述含蓄地表達(dá)出段落的主題思想。是，需有讀者意會(huì)。

?盡管主題句可以出現(xiàn)在段落中的任何位置，但對(duì)于英語寫作的初學(xué)者來說，大多數(shù)情況下，采用段首主題句的方法進(jìn)行寫作練習(xí)，便于擴(kuò)展和限制全段的寫作，是一種行之有效的方法。我們必須明確，主題句無論出現(xiàn)在段落的何處，都必須是段落內(nèi)容的焦點(diǎn)，即必須涵蓋段落其它句子所闡述的論點(diǎn)。

PracticeReadeachofthefollowingparagraphs.Ifyoufindatopicsentence,underlineit.

?Paragraph1?Changesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Productionincreaseswhenthepricesarehigh.Asthepricesofgoodsgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneywhentheysellthegoods.Ontheotherhand,consumptionincrassateswhenthepricesarelow.Asthepricesgoodsgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.?Paragraph2?AlbertEinstein,oneoftheworld'sgeniuses,failedhisuniversityentranceexaminationsonhisfirstattempt.WilliamFaulkner,oneofAmerican'snotedwriters,neverfinishedcollegebecausehecouldnotpasshisEnglishcourses.SirWinstonChurchill,whoisconsideredoneofthemastersoftheEnglishlanguage,hadtohavespecialtutoringinEnglishduringelementaryschool.Theseexamplesshowthatfailureinschooldoesnotalwayspredictfailureinlife.HowtoWriteGoodSupportingSentences

輔助句也稱展開句或推展句。

輔助句是主題句的延伸

，是段落中對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行具體論證的句子，即以具體

的和真實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)段落主題進(jìn)行闡述、說明、舉證或

引申，從而擴(kuò)展深化主題。

學(xué)生在英語寫作中存在的一個(gè)最大的問題常常是在文

章中缺乏組走的信息和具體細(xì)節(jié)來說明或支持段落主

題。要寫好輔助句，必須注意所有輔助句的闡述都要

與主題密切相關(guān)，要有充分的論證細(xì)節(jié)來說明主題思

想，保持句子的連貫性，所有的句子都應(yīng)按其邏輯順

序排列。

?例

MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofagoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideaofKant（康德）,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.?在這個(gè)段落中，輔助句以簡明和獨(dú)特的具體實(shí)例來論證和展開主題句，而且所有句子都統(tǒng)一于這個(gè)主題。

ActivityTrydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.

–Iamaverysensitiveperson.–Iamaveryindependentperson.–IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthat'sgoodtoapoint.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudon'tknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthat'salittletoosensitive.That'sthewayIam.Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idon'tlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.It'snotthatIdon'tappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdon'tliketofeel,it'sthatIoweanyoneanything.

IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.I'mverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andthey'rerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.I'malwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.

HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentence?使用表示段落結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。

?對(duì)段落要點(diǎn)加以總結(jié)。

?對(duì)主題加以評(píng)論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。

ActivityWriteaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:–Ahappyfamilylife–Asatisfyingcareer–InnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveagoodhomelife,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.

PracticeFinishwritingtheconcludingsentences:

Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowhowchangesinthepricesofgoodsprices.Thisshowsus…

cancausechangesinproductionand

consumption.PracticeTrytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify：

(1)Topicsentence(2)Supportingsentences(3)ConcludingsentencesOfallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurroundingyou.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—

myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.

keys主題句

Ofallthefourseasons,Ihaveastrongerpreferenceforspring.Springistheseasonwhennaturewakesupfromherlongwintersleep,andeverythingstartstogrow.Youcanalwayslistenforbirdssinging,witnessbutterfliesdancingandwatchbeesbusywithflowers.Springisaseasonassociatedwithbeautifullandscape.Theskyiscrystalclear,soisthewaterwithbeautifulredflowersandlovelygreengrasssurroundingkeys結(jié)尾句

you.Springisasoftsong,sweetandmelodious.WhenIaminabadmood,Iwilloccasionallysearchmymemoriesforthenotesofthissong.WhenImeetwithdifficulties,Isingthesongtofindcomfort,nourishment,strengthandinspirationinitsgentletune.Thatisspring—

myfavoriteseason,dynamicandcolorful,whichalwaysfillsmewithjoyandgivesmepeaceofmind.

2.2ParagraphUnity

段落的一致性是指文章基于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的主題，段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致，每個(gè)段落只能闡述一個(gè)中心思想，每一個(gè)句子都應(yīng)與主題句密切相關(guān)，那些與主題無關(guān)和不能展開論證主題思想的句子應(yīng)刪去，從而形成一個(gè)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)亩温浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。

閱讀下面段落，并分析段落是否具有一致性。

例1Therearefewplacesintheworldtodaythathavenotbeenspoiledbyindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.Theairwebreatheismoreoftenthannotpollutedbythesmokefromfactorychimneysandtheexhaustfumesofmotorvehicles,whilechemicalwastepoisonsourrivers,lakesandseas.Andbycoveringmoreandmoreoftheearth'ssurfacewithbuildingsandroads,weareerectinghugebarriersofconcretebetweenourselvesandnature.Itwouldappearthatwearepurposelycuttingourselvesofffromnatureanddestroyingwildlifeaswedoso.

分析例1：

這段例文中，所有的句子都是圍繞著“我們

生存環(huán)境被污染，生態(tài)環(huán)境被破壞”這一主題

論述的，具有較好的統(tǒng)一性。

例2Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeopleislivingonareducedincome.Uponretiring,oldpeoplemayreceiveapensionfromtheircompanyorSocialSecurityfromthegovernment.Theamountoftheirmonthlychecksisoftenhalftheamountthecheckstheyreceivedwhentheywereemployed.Suddenly,retireesfindthattheycannolongercontinuethelife-stylethattheyhadbecomeaccustomedto,evenifthatlifestylewasamodestone.Manyfind,afterpayingtheirmonthlybills,thatthereisnomoneyleftforamovieoradinnerout.Ofcourse,sometimestheycan'tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.Maybetheyhavearthritisorrheumatism,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.Someolderpeople,however,discoverthatthesmallamountofmoneytheyreceivewillnotevencovertheirmonthlybills.Theyrealizewithhorrorthatelectricity,atelephone,andnourishingfoodareluxuriestheycannolongerafford.Theyresorttoshiveringinthedark,eatingcatfoodinordertomakeendsmeet.(Smalley&Ruetten,1990,p.17)

分析例2：

?這個(gè)段落的主題是“Anotherproblemfacinganumberofelderlypeople”，中心思想是“l(fā)ivingonareducedincome”.因此，所有的句子都應(yīng)圍繞這個(gè)主題。但是在這個(gè)段落中，

有三個(gè)句子并沒有討論這一特定的主題。所以，這些句子應(yīng)從這個(gè)段落中刪除，或應(yīng)在另一個(gè)段落中展開。

Canyoufindoutthesesentences?三個(gè)和主題不相關(guān)的句子

?Ofcourse,sometimestheycan'tgooutbecauseoftheirhealth.?Maybetheyhavearthritis(

[ɑ‘θraitis]

關(guān)節(jié)炎)orrheumatism（

['ru:m?tiz(?)m]風(fēng)濕病）,anditispainfulforthemtomovearound.?Thiscanalsochangetheirlifestyle.ActivityIdentifywhetherthefollowingparagraphsareunified.Pickoutanysentencewhichisnotrelatedtothecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.

Forhundredsofyears,manhasmadeuseofthetalentsofmonkeys.AncientEgyptianpaintingsshowbaboons狒狒gatheringfruitfortheirmasters.Evenin1879,inAbyssinia,monkeyswerestillbeingusedastorchbearers持火炬者

atfeasts.Themonkeyswouldsitinarowonabenchandholdthelightsuntiltheguestswenthome.Thenthemonkeyswouldeat.Mostoftheworld'szooscontainavarietyofmonkeysforpeopletowatch.

Whichisnottalent?Monkey'stalents:?baboonsgatheringfruit?Monkeysbeingusedastorchbearers?Monkeysinzooforpeopletowatch?下面是論述同一題目的兩個(gè)段落。試比較哪個(gè)段落具有整體性。

Paragraph1

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Inthe1930s,lessthanoneinfivecancervictimslivedmorethanfiveyears.Inthe1950s,theratiowasoneinfour.Currently,theratioisdowntooneinthree.Thegainfromoneinfourtooneinthreerepresentsabout58,000livessavedeachyear.

Paragraph2

Progressisgraduallybeingmadeinthefightagainstcancer.Intheearly1900s,fewcancerpatientshadanyhopeoflong-termsurvival.Butbecauseofadvancesinmedicaltechnology,progresshasbeenmadesothatcurrentlyoneinthreecancerpatientssurvives.Ithasbeenproventhatsmokingisadirectcauseoflungcancer.However,thebattlehasnotyetbeenwon.Althoughcuresforsomeformsofcancerhavebeendiscovered,otherformsofcancerarestillincreasingHeartdiseaseisalsoincreasing.分析結(jié)果：

這兩個(gè)段落都是討論關(guān)于“survivingcancer”問題的，

兩段的主題句相同，且均位于段首。第一段例文闡明主題句之后，用連續(xù)直敘的方法展述，并用三個(gè)輔助句以具體事實(shí)對(duì)其觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。結(jié)論句在前面展述的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行總結(jié)，并與主題句相呼應(yīng)。整個(gè)段落緊扣主題，結(jié)構(gòu)層次清楚，具有同一性。在第二段例文中，并不是每個(gè)句子都緊扣主題，破壞了段落內(nèi)容的整體性，段落顯得缺乏統(tǒng)一性，是不可取的。

3ParagraphCoherence

Coherenceinaparagraphreferstothewaythesentencesarearrangedandtotheirrelationshiptooneanother.Whenaparagraphiscoherent,thesentencesarearrangedinaclearandlogicalorder,thetransitionsaresmoothandnatural,andideasflowsmoothlyandgracefullyfromonesentencetothenext.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriter's

trainofthought.段落的連貫性

3ParagraphCoherence?cohere表示“tostick”或“toholdtogether”。連貫，一是指結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫；二是指內(nèi)容上的連貫。

?也就是文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次和連接應(yīng)按照一定的邏輯順序編排，在一個(gè)句子銜接下個(gè)句子時(shí)或是一個(gè)段落連接下個(gè)段落時(shí)，必須合乎邏輯、連貫緊湊、不應(yīng)有跳躍。這樣句子或段落銜接自然流暢，文章層次分明，脈絡(luò)清晰。讀者就會(huì)比較容易跟隨作者的思路深入理解寫作內(nèi)容。

3ParagraphCoherence兩種保持段落連貫性的方法。

?第一，用轉(zhuǎn)承詞語或稱轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞表明一個(gè)意思是怎樣與下一個(gè)意思相連的；Transitionsignals?第二，按照一定的邏輯順序排列句子，采用何種邏

?輯順序應(yīng)取決于文章的主體和寫作目的。最常用的邏輯順序是時(shí)間順序、空間順序和主次順序。Logicalorder?ChronologicalOrder時(shí)間順序

?SpatialOrder空間順序

?OrderofImportance重要性次序

TransitionSignals轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞

Transitionsignalsarewordssuchasfirst,second,

next,finally,therefore,andhowever,orphrasessuchasinconclusion,ontheotherhand,andasaresult.Thinkoftransitionsignalsastrafficsignsthattellyourreaderwhentogoforward,turn,slowdown,andstop.Inotherwords,theytellthereaderwhenyouaregivingasimilaridea(similarly,moreover,furthermore,inaddition),anoppositeidea(ontheotherhand,however,incontrast),anexample(forexample),aresult(asaresult),oraconclusion(inconclusion).

轉(zhuǎn)承詞是保持段落連貫的一個(gè)重要方法。轉(zhuǎn)承詞與像橋梁一樣把一個(gè)句子的意思同里一個(gè)句子連接起來。轉(zhuǎn)承詞與是用于指示寫作方向的詞語，告訴讀者：作者在什么時(shí)候闡述一個(gè)相同的意思，什么時(shí)候闡述一個(gè)相反的意思，什么時(shí)候舉例，什么時(shí)候給出結(jié)果或結(jié)論。因此運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)承詞與不僅能使行文連貫，而且能指導(dǎo)讀者跟隨作者的思路進(jìn)行閱讀，清楚地掌握該短的脈絡(luò)。

Herearesomeofthemostcommontransitionalwordsandphrasesandtherelationships

they

show.?

toshowaddition:and,too,also,again,aswellas,besides,inaddition,moreover,further,furthermore,both…and…,

not

only…but

also...

?Toshowconcession:although,though,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite,naturally,

of

course?Toshowtimesequenceonce,before,after,afterward,always,when,atonce,assoonas,tobeginwith,first(second,third),inthemeantime,inthepast(future),later,then,next,until,atlast,finally,eventually,fromthenon,sincethenand,again,first,second,third…

?Toshowplaceinfrontof,ontheotherside,behind,inside,outside,nearby,nextto,opposite,beyond,below,under,atthispoint?Toshowresultso,thus,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,therefore,allinall,altogether,finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,tosummarize…

?Tocomparesimilarly,inthesameway,likewise…?Tocontrasthowever,incontrast,instead,nevertheless然而,notwithstanding雖然,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,

otherwise否則

?Toillustrateorexplain

for

example,

for

instance,namely,inparticular

尤其,suchas,thatis,toillustrate說明，顯示

?Toemphasizeindeed,infact,aboveall,ofcourse,unquestionably,mostimportant,lastbutnotleast,specifically?Tosummarizeinbrief,inotherwords,inshort,ashasbeensaid,onthewhole,tosumup,inconclusionReadthefollowingparagraphandidentifythetransitionalwordsinit.Nowadays,underthenewtuitionsystem,anincreasingnumberofstudents,especiallythosepoverty-strickenstudents,nowseemtobedefeatedbythecrushingtuitionburden.ThereforeTherefore,manypeoplecomplainthatthenewtuitionsystemkeepspoverty-strickenstudentsawayfromcollege.HoweverHowever,inmyopinion,thenewtuitionsystemdoesaddmuchdifficultiestothepoor

students

bbutut

it

will

never

keepsthemawayfromcollege.FirstFirst,carryingoutthenewtuitionsystem,,inthegovernmentalshouldprovidesomespecialpolicyforpoorstudent.BesidesBesides,theyareentitledtotakealoanfrombanksordosomepart-timejobsduringtheirsparetime,suchsuchasasweekendsandholidays.Finally,Finallytheycantrytowinscholarshipbyadditionalefforts.Inshort,Inshortmanproposes,andGoddisposes.Noonewillbekeptoutofcollegeduetofinancialburdenunlessheisdefeatedbyhimself.PracticePleaseanalyzeandidentifythetransitiondevicesusedinthefollowingparagraph.

Transitionsarethegluethatholdsaparagraphtogether.These

devicesleadthereaderfromsentencetosentence,smoothingoverthegapsbetweenbyindicatingtherelationshipbetweenthesentences.Ifthisglueismissing,theparagraphwillalmostinevitablysoundchoppyorchildish,evenifeverysentenceinitrespondstoasingletopiccommitment.However,transitionsarenotsubstitutesfortopicunity:likemostglue,theyaremosteffectivewhenjoiningsimilarobjects,or,inthiscase,similarideas.Forexample,inaparagraphdescribingachickenegg,notransitioncouldbridgethegapcreatedbytheinclusionofasentenceconcernedwithnavallossesintheCivilWar.Inotherwords,transitionscancallattentiontothetopicrelationshipsbetweensentences,buttheycannotcreatethoserelationships.

PracticeReadthefollowingparagraphscarefullyandanswerquestions.Whatistheprimarymethodusedtoarrangedetails:timeorder,spatialorder,ororderofimportance?

Inmy25yearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter.Isoonlearnedtohandleitefficientlyandtypedbetweensixty-fiveandseventywordsperminute.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadap