第七章介詞(思維導(dǎo)圖+知識(shí)梳理+好題精煉)2022-2023初中英語(yǔ)中考語(yǔ)法歸納

第七章介詞思維導(dǎo)圖知識(shí)梳理一、介詞的定義介詞又叫前置詞,一般放在名詞的前面.介詞是一種虛詞,一般不重讀,不能在句子中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,它只是表示它后面的名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句與其他句子成分的關(guān)系.二、介詞的分類(lèi)按照詞的構(gòu)成,英語(yǔ)的介詞可分為簡(jiǎn)單介詞、合成介詞、雙重介詞、短語(yǔ)介詞等.(一)簡(jiǎn)單介詞即由一個(gè)詞構(gòu)成的介詞.如about,above,across,after,against,among,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,of,off,on,over,past,round,till,to,with等.(二)合成介詞即由兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞組合而成的介詞.如inside,into,onto,outof,outside,upon,throughout,within,without等.(三)雙重介詞雙重介詞指兩個(gè)介詞連著使用,使表達(dá)的意思更確切、更明了.如:upto,frombehind,frominside,fromamong,atabout等.(四)短語(yǔ)介詞由一個(gè)或兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)其他詞類(lèi)組合成一個(gè)短語(yǔ),作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)介詞,這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)介詞的末尾總是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞.如:asfaras,asearlyas等.三、介詞的用法介詞不能單獨(dú)作為句子成分.它必須用在名詞或代詞之前組成介詞短語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞、名詞或代詞,表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、空間和其他關(guān)系.介詞后面的名詞、代詞或其他成分作介詞的賓語(yǔ).介詞與它后面的賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)才能在句子中充當(dāng)某一成分.介詞短語(yǔ)在句中主要用作:(一)作主語(yǔ)FromHangzhoutoShanghaiisthreehoursbytrain.從杭州到上海坐火車(chē)要三小時(shí).(二)作賓語(yǔ)的介詞Aprettygirlappearedfrombehindthecurtain.一個(gè)漂亮女孩從簾子后面出現(xiàn)了.(三)作表語(yǔ)I'minneedofyourhelp.我需要你的幫助.(四)作定語(yǔ)Ihavelostthekeytothedoorofmyroom.我把房間的鑰匙丟了.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.患難的朋友才是真朋友.(五)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Ifoundhiminahurry.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他匆匆忙忙的.(六)作狀語(yǔ)Lessonsbeginateight.八點(diǎn)開(kāi)始上課.OnthetopofthehillwecanseehowbeautifulBeijingis.在山頂上,我們看到了好美的北京城.四、常見(jiàn)介詞歸類(lèi)(一)表示時(shí)間的介詞及介詞短語(yǔ)in,at,on,before,after,till,since,for,from...to,until,by,inthemiddleof,atthebeginningof,attheendof,athalfpastfive,atnight,inaweek,inthemorning,inclass,atsunrise,inspring/summer/autumn/winter,onSunday,onSaturdayafternoon,onawinterevening,foralongtime,fortwomonths,afterschool,sinceliberation,beforelunch,atthetimeof,attheageof(二)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞及介詞短語(yǔ)in.at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,farfrom,near,across,off,down,among,past,between,outof,around,inthefrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebackof,atthefootof,athome,atthegate,atthetable,inthesky.ontheground,inatree,inthesouth,inthesun,inthebed,onone'swayhome,bythesideof(三)其他各類(lèi)介詞表除去,如besides,but,except等.表比較,如as,like,above,over等.表反對(duì),如against,with等.表原因、目的,如for,from,with等.表結(jié)果,如to,with,without等.表手段、方式,如by,in,with等.表所屬,如of,with等.表?xiàng)l件,如on,considering,without等.表讓步,如despite,inspiteof等.表對(duì)于,如at,for,over,to,with等.表關(guān)于,如about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto等.表根據(jù),如on,accordingto等.表其他,如for(贊成),without(沒(méi)有)等.(四)介詞短語(yǔ)有無(wú)冠詞的意義區(qū)別attable在進(jìn)餐,在桌旁吃飯atthetable在桌旁,在桌子邊(＝besidethetable)atdesk在讀書(shū)或做作業(yè)atthedesk在課桌旁(邊)atschool在校上學(xué)／求學(xué)attheschool在學(xué)校infrontofthebus在公共汽車(chē)的前面(不在車(chē)上)inthefrontofthebus在公共汽車(chē)的前部(在車(chē)上)atsea在航海中atthesea在海邊byday白天bytheday按日,論日behindtime誤期behindthetime落后于時(shí)代inclass在上課,在課內(nèi)intheclass在這個(gè)班inbed臥床,在睡覺(jué)inthebed在床上inred穿著紅色的衣裳inthered負(fù)債,虧損inhospital住院(指病人)inthehospital(因事)在醫(yī)院inoffice在辦公,執(zhí)政intheoffice在辦公室里insecret秘密,私下inthesecret參與秘密,參與陰謀inplaceof代替,而不是intheplaceof在······地方incaseof萬(wàn)一,如果inthecaseof就······來(lái)說(shuō),至于ofage成年人ofanage同齡人outofoffice離崗ouroftheoffice離開(kāi)辦公室outofquestion毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)outofthequestion完全不可能,辦不到comeoutofhospital(病好)出院comeoutofthehospital(因事)從醫(yī)院出來(lái)comeoutofprison(刑滿)釋放comeoutoftheprison(因事)從牢房出來(lái)gotoschool上學(xué)gototheschool(因事)去學(xué)校gotocollege上大學(xué)(求學(xué))gotothe/acollege去一所學(xué)院(辦事、上班)gotobed上床睡覺(jué)gotothebed去床邊gotohospital去住院gotothehospital(因事)去醫(yī)院Gotosea當(dāng)海員gotothesea去海濱gotocourt起訴gotothecourt(因事)去法庭gotochurch去做禮拜gotothechurch(因事)去教堂keephouse管理家務(wù)keepthehouse守在家里takeplace發(fā)生taketheplace代替有些介詞短語(yǔ)有無(wú)冠詞,意義區(qū)別不大at(the)most至多at(the)first起初、首先all(the)day整天catch(a)cold感冒in(the)future將來(lái)in(the)memoryof紀(jì)念······goto(the)office上班,去辦公室goto(the)market趕集,去市場(chǎng)on(a)holiday在假期(the)daybeforeyesterday前天(the)mostof大多數(shù)with(a)smilingface面帶笑容五、常用介詞的用法舉例(一)at,in,on表示時(shí)間的用法辨析1.at的用法at表示具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn),時(shí)刻,常用于表示鐘點(diǎn)及某些詞組中.atdawn在黎明時(shí)候atthemoment此刻;目前atnoon在中午atnight在夜間atmidnight在午夜atsixo'clock在6點(diǎn)鐘2.in的用法(1)用于表示世紀(jì)、年、月、季節(jié)、在上午／下午／晚上／白天等.in1996在1996inMarch在三月inspring在春季inthemorning在早晨批注:但在某年某月某日的上午／下午／晚上則用on.如:onthemorningofJunelst(2)在陽(yáng)光下、在燈下、在樹(shù)蔭下、穿衣、著裝、冒雨等都要用in.Don'treadindimlight.切勿在暗淡的燈光下看書(shū).inthebrightsunlight在明亮的陽(yáng)光下thewomaninwhite穿著白色衣服的婦女(3)in+一段時(shí)間,意為“在······時(shí)間以后”,用于一般將來(lái)時(shí).例:Theywillcomebackin10days.他們將10天以后回來(lái).批注:after+時(shí)間段,用于一般過(guò)去時(shí).如:Hecamebackaftertwodays.他兩天后回來(lái)的.3.on的用法(1)用于星期、日期(包括該天的各部分).onSunday在星期天onSaturdaymorning在星期六早晨(2)指具體的某天.onacoldafternoon在一個(gè)寒冷的下午onthefirstday在第一天onthenightofOctoberlst在10月1日晚上批注:在today,tomorrow,yesterday等之前不用介詞.this,that,last,next與時(shí)間名詞連用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),不用介詞.(3)用于公共假日前.onTeachers'Day在教師節(jié)onChildren'sDay在兒童節(jié)注意:at,on都可用來(lái)表示節(jié)假日,但at側(cè)重指“休假的時(shí)節(jié)”,而不是指具體的哪一天;on側(cè)重指具體的時(shí)日,與它連用的短語(yǔ)中多含“Day”.atNewYear在新年期間onNewYear'sDay在元旦那天(二)for,since,from表示時(shí)間的區(qū)別1.“for+一段時(shí)間”意為“已經(jīng)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,可與過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)等多種時(shí)態(tài)連用,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞Ihavehadthisbookforalongtime.我持有這本書(shū)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了.2.since意為“自從,自······以后”,指從某一時(shí)間一直延續(xù)至今,后接過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn),通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用Thefactoryhasbeentheresince1989.那家工廠自1989年就在那里了.批注:since還可以用作連詞,用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句.如:Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceheleft.自從他離開(kāi)以后,這里發(fā)生了巨大的變化.3.from表示開(kāi)始的時(shí)間,意為“從······”,from...to...“從······到······”,謂語(yǔ)可用過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)StudentsgotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.學(xué)生們周一至周五上學(xué).(三)by,until/till,after,before表示時(shí)間的區(qū)別1.介詞before表示“在······之前”,后面一般接時(shí)間點(diǎn)Hewon'tcomebackbeforefive.他不會(huì)在五點(diǎn)前回來(lái).2.介詞by表示“到······時(shí)為止,不遲于······”常用于將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)中TheworkwillbefinishedbyFriday.工作將于星期五前完成.HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnedbylastterm?你上學(xué)期學(xué)了多少英語(yǔ)單詞?批注:如果by后跟的是過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),則與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用.3.after意為“在······后”.后跟時(shí)間段時(shí)表示以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn)的某一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí);后跟時(shí)間點(diǎn)時(shí),表示將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間之后Marygotbackfromthelibraryaftertwohours.瑪麗兩個(gè)小時(shí)以后從圖書(shū)館回來(lái)了.ShewillarriveinChinaafter9:00.她將在9點(diǎn)以后到達(dá)中國(guó).4.till/until表示“到······為止,直到······之時(shí),直至”,在肯定句中要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞You'dbetterstayinbedtilltomorrow.你最好在床上待到明天.Hewillwaitforyouuntil/tillyoucomeback.他將一直等到你回來(lái).在否定句中,not...until...意為“直到······才······”,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用短暫性動(dòng)詞.Ididn'tgotobeduntilelevenlastnight.昨天晚上直到11點(diǎn)鐘我才睡覺(jué).批注:否定句中until可換成before.(四)in,at,on表示地點(diǎn)和方位的區(qū)別1.in表示地點(diǎn),意為“在······內(nèi)”,用于內(nèi)部Heputhishandsinhispockets.他把手放進(jìn)口袋.2.on意為“在······上面”,用于表面接觸,指在一個(gè)平面上Therewasacarpetonthefloor.地板上鋪著一塊地毯.3.at表示“在某地”時(shí),at后接小地方,in后接大地方Whendidyouarriveatthestation?你什么時(shí)候到車(chē)站?HewasborninBeijing.他出生在北京.批注:at還有“在······旁邊”之意.如:atthetable在桌子旁邊(五)in,on,to表示地點(diǎn)和方位的區(qū)別的用法辨析介詞用法例句in表示“在某范圍內(nèi)”,兩者為包含關(guān)系.ChinaisintheeastofAsia.中國(guó)在亞洲東部.on表示“毗鄰,接壤”,兩者為并列關(guān)系.GuangdongisontheeastofGuangxi.廣東在廣西東邊.to表示“在某范圍外”,兩者為并列關(guān)系.JapanistotheeastofChina.日本在中國(guó)東邊(隔海相望).(六)above,over,under,below的用法辨析介詞用法例句under在······正下方,與over相對(duì)Mynewbikeisunderthetree.我的新自行車(chē)在樹(shù)下.over在······正上方,表示一種垂直懸空的上下關(guān)系Thereisabridgeovertheriver.河上有座橋.below在······的下面;低于,與above相對(duì)Pleasedon'twritebelowthisline.請(qǐng)不要在這條線下寫(xiě).above“高于······”,與物體表面不接觸,表示相對(duì)高度,不一定是在正上方Thereisaclockabovehisbed.他的床上有個(gè)鐘表.批注:表示“溫度在······度以上”用above,表示“溫度在······度以下”用below.(七)across,through,past1.across穿過(guò),橫過(guò),即“從一頭到另一頭,從一邊到另一邊”,強(qiáng)調(diào)從表面穿過(guò)Shewentacrossthestreettogoshopping.她穿過(guò)馬路去購(gòu)物.2.through“穿過(guò),縱穿”,表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過(guò)Thesunlightwascominginthroughthewindow.陽(yáng)光透過(guò)窗戶(hù)照了進(jìn)來(lái).3.past“經(jīng)過(guò)”,表示從某人／某物的旁邊經(jīng)過(guò)IwalkedpasttheBankofChinayesterday.昨天我路過(guò)中國(guó)銀行.批注:(八)among,betweenamong表示“在三者或三者以上之間”;between表示“在兩者之間”,常用詞組:between...and...Ourteacherissittingamongtheclassmates.我們的老師正坐在同學(xué)們中間.Iwillbebackbetweenfiveandsix.我將在5點(diǎn)到6點(diǎn)之間回來(lái).(九)infrontof,inthefrontof的用法辨析infrontof表示“在······之前(范圍外)”;inthefrontof表示“在······的前部(范圍內(nèi))”There'sayoungladyinfrontofthebus.公共汽車(chē)的前面站著一位年輕女士.(在車(chē)外)There'sayoungladyinthefrontofthebus.公共汽車(chē)的前部站著一位年輕女士.(在車(chē)內(nèi))批注:infrontof的反義詞是behind.(十)by,in,on表交通方式用by時(shí),交通工具前不用任何限定詞;用on或in時(shí),交通工具前要用限定詞.Tomgoestoschoolbybike.湯姆騎自行車(chē)去上學(xué).Mr.Greengoestoworkbycar.格林先生開(kāi)車(chē)去上班.批注:bybike=onabikebycar=inacar(十一)by,in,with表示手段或工具1.with表示“用······”一般指有形的工具／手段／人體器官I(mǎi)oftendrawpictureswithapencil.我經(jīng)常用鉛筆作畫(huà).2.in表示使用某種語(yǔ)言或使用某種材料,語(yǔ)言、材料前不加冠詞CanyousayitinEnglish?你能用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)嗎?3.by表示用某種方式或手段,在名詞前不加冠詞,若后接動(dòng)詞,需將動(dòng)詞變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞形式Thishandbagismadebyhand.這個(gè)包是手工做的.HestudiesEnglishbylisteningandreading.他通過(guò)聽(tīng)和讀來(lái)學(xué)英語(yǔ).好題精練一、用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空1.Allthestudentswenthome________school.2.Wemustn'tonlythink________ourselves.3.Hethinksmuch________himselfbutlittle________others.Howcanyouhavehim________yourmonitor?4.________theendoftheroadyou'llfindthebookstore.5.Mysisterwasborn________July25,1975.6.Therewasnohospitalinthistown________thattime.7.Englishiswidelyused________travellersandbusinesspeopleallovertheworld.8.Thelittleboyisafraid________nothing.9.Don'tread________thesun.It'sbad________youreyes.10.Swimmingisthebestsport________summer.11.Mygrandmotherbegantoliveahappylife________1949.12.Marylooks________hermother.13.Mymotherisn't________home.SoIhavetolook________mylittlesister.14.It'safineday________awalk.15.Whenyouget________Shanghai,pleasewrite________me.16.________7:00________themorningwemetattheschoolgate.17.________thefootofthehill,wehadapartyandplayedgames.18.Ioftengoshopping________mymother________Sunday.19.That'sverykind________youtohelpmewithmyEnglish.20.Listen!Whoisknocking________thedoor?21.Hepreferssinging________dancing.22.Heleft________payinghisbill.23.1'msorry________beinglateonMonday.24.Areyouready________yourbreakfast?25.Iaminterested________youridea.26.Iwasafraid________makinghimangry.27.Theyweretired________waiting.28.Ihaven'theard________mysister________alongtime.29.Pleasetellus________yourlifeinChina.30.Theygotoschooleveryday________SaturdayandSunday.答案：1.after2.of3.of,of,as4.At5.on6.at7.by8.of9.in,for10.in11.after12.like13.at,after14.for15.to,to16.At,in17.At18.with,on19.of20.at21.to22.without23.for24.for25.in26.of27.of28.from,for29.about30.except二、補(bǔ)全對(duì)話1.Adogis________________(在樹(shù)下)2.Don'tread________________(在陽(yáng)光下)3.Arethereanycows________________(在房屋后面)?4.Arethereanycows________________(在房屋前面)?5.Hewaitedforyouathome________________(直到12點(diǎn)為止)．6.Onedaytwoyoungmenweregoing________________(穿過(guò)森林).7.Theywentonworking________________(直到11點(diǎn)鐘)．8.Therearemanytrees________________(沿街).9.I'llbeback________________(4點(diǎn)鐘之后)．10.________________(在暑假期間),hehadagoodtime.答案：1.underthetree2.inthesun3.behindthehouse4.infrontofthehouse5.till/untiltwelveo'clock6.throughtheforest7.till/untileleveno'clock8.alongthestreet9.afterfouro'clock10.Duringthesummerholidays三、選擇填空1.Thechildrenliketoswim________summer.A.onB.inC.atD.to2.Therewasabigsmile________herface.A.onB.overC.inD.under3.Taiwanis________thesoutheastofChina.A.inB.toC.onD.at4.IrememberSusanleft________averycoldmorningofJanuary.A.inB.onC.atD.from5.Weusuallyhavesports________school.A.behindBafterC.onD.over6.Whatdoyouusuallyhave________breakfast?A.ofB.forC.byD.at7.WeiFangalwaysgoestobed________halfpasttenintheevening.A.atB.inC.onD.to8.Iusuallyhavebreakfast________7:00everymorning.A.inB.atC.onD.to9.Themotherwithherlittlesonwasatmyhome________thatsnowynight.A.i