2023年考研外語(yǔ)考前沖刺試卷4

考研外語(yǔ)考前沖刺試卷4

一、UseofEnglish

1>Thecellphone,adevicewehavelivedwithformorethan

adecade,offersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology5s

unforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare(1)

aroundtheworld,andwhenasked,their(2)saytheylove

theirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience(3)provide.

Peoplealsoreportthattheyare(4)intheiruseoftheir

phones.Oneopinionsurvey(5)that"98percentof

Americanssaytheymoveawayfrom(6)_____whentalkingona

wirelessphoneinpublic"(7)"86percentsaythey'never'

or'rarely'speak(8)wirelessphones"whenconducting

(9)withclerksorbanktellers.Clearly,thereexistsa

(10)betweenourreportedcellphonebehavior,andour

actualbehavior.

Cellphoneusers—thatistosay,mostofus—are(11)

instigatorsandvictimsofthisform,ofconversational

panhandling,andit(12)acumulativelynegativeeffect

onsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGatemanobservedin

another(13),thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingabout

peoplewhoare"(14)contact"insocialsituationsbecause

theyareblatantlyrefusingto(15)tothenormsoftheir

immediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublic

instantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou(16)

unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic

(17),adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocratic

atechnology.Listenersdon'talwayspassively(18)this

situation:inrecentyears,peoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedin

movietheaters,(19)fromconcerthailsanddeliberately

rammedwithcarsasaresultof(20)behavior,ontheir

cellphones.

A.nowusing

B.gotused

C.inuse

D.tobeused

2、(2)

A.masters

B.owners

C.holders

D.inventors

3、(3)

A.they

B.who

C.that

D.which

4、(4)

A.careful

B.careless

C.courteous

D.cautious

5、(5)

A.expressed

B.exposed

C.discovered

D.found

6、(6)

A.other

B.others

C.theother

D.another

7、⑺

A.andthat

B.asfor

C.whereas

43

D.onthecontrary

8、(8)

A.on

B.by

C.via

D.from

9、(9)

A.acts

B.actions

C.operations

D.transactions

10、(10)

A.limit

B.gulf

C.river

D.boundary

IK(H)

A.either

B.neither

C.both

D.all

12、(12)

4

A.has

B.had

C.hashad

D.hadhad

13、(13)

A.place

B.location

C.spot

D.context

14、(14)

A.in

B.outof

C.keeping

D.having

15、(15)

A.insist

B.adhere

C.continue

D.attach

16、(16)

A.and

B.in

5

C.into

D.from

17、(17)

A.space

B.phone

C.service

D.facility-

18.(18)

A.have

B.find

C.receive

D.accept

19、(19)

A.refused

B.ejected

C.rejected

D.repelled

20、(20)

A.good

B.poor

C.polite

D.rude

目6

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Ifthevariousadvocatesoftheconflictingoptionsareall

smart,experienced,andwellinformed,whydotheydisagreeso

completely?Wouldn'ttheyallhavethoughttheissuethrough

carefullyandcometoapproximatelythesame

"best"—conclusion?

Theanswertothatcrucialquestionliesinthestructureof

thehumanbrainandthewayitprocessesinformation.

Mosthumanbeingsactuallydecidebeforetheythink.Whenany

humanbeing一executive,specializedexpert,orpersoninthe

street一encountersacomplexissueandformsanopinion,often

withinamatterofseconds,howthoroughlyhasheorshe

exploredtheimplicationsofthevariouscoursesofaction?

Answer:notverythoroughly.Veryfewpeople,nomatterhow

intelligentorexperienced,cantakeinventoryofthemany

branchingpossibilities,possibleoutcomes,sideeffects,and

undesiredconsequencesofapolicyoracourseofactionina

matterofseconds.Yet,thosewhopridethemselvesonbeing

decisiveoftentrytodojustthat.Andoncetheirbrainslock

ontoanopinion,mostoftheirthinkingthereafterconsistsof

findingsupportforit.

Averyserioussideeffectofargumentativedecisionmakingcan

bealackofsupportforthechosencourseofactiononthepart

ofthe"losing"faction.Whenonefactionwinsthemeetingand

theothersseethemselvesaslosing,thebattleoftendoesn，t

endwhenthemeetingends.Anger,resentment,andjealousymay

leadthemtosabotagethedecisionlater,ortoreopenthe

debateatlatermeetings.

Thereisabetterway.AsphilosopherAldousHuxleysaid,“It

isn'twhoisright,butwhatisright,thatcounts."The

structured-inquirymethodoffersabetteralternativeto

argumentativedecisionmakingbydebate.Withthehelpofthe

Internetandwirelesscomputertechnology,thegapbetween

expertsandexecutivesisnowbeingdramaticallyclosed.By

actuallyputtingthebrakesonthethinkingprocess,slowing

itdown,andorganizingtheflowoflogic,it'spossibleto

createalevelofclaritythatsheerargumentationcannever

match.

Thestructured-inquiryprocessintroducesalevelof

conceptualclaritybyorganizingthecontributionsofthe

experts,thenbringstheexpertsandthedecisionmakerscloser

together.Althoughitisn'tpossibleornecessaryfora

presidentorprimeministertolisteninoneveryintelligence

analysismeeting,it'spossibletoorganizetheexperts5

informationtogivethedecisionmakermuchgreaterinsightas

toitsmeaning.Thisprocessmaysomewhatresembleamarketing

focusgroup;it'sasimple,remarkablycleverwaytobring

decisionmakersclosertothesourceoftheexpertinformation

andopinionsonwhichtheymustbasetheirdecisions.

Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswecanlearnthat

A.executiveandspecializedexpertarenomorecleverthan

personinthestreet.

B.veryfewpeopledecidebeforetheythink.

C.thosewhopridethemselvesonbeingdecisiveoftenfailto

doso.

D.peopletendtoconsidercarefullybeforemakingdecisions.

2、

Judgingfromthecontext,whatdoestheword，，them，/(Paragraph

4)referto?

A.Decisionmakers.

B.The"losing"factions.

C.Anger,resentment,andjealousy.

D.Otherpeople.

3、

AldousHuxley'sremarkimpliesthat

A.thereisasubtledifferencebetweenrightandwrong.

B.wecannottellwhoisrightandwhatiswrong.

C.whatisrightismoreimportantthanwhoisright.

D.whatisrightaccountsforthequestionwhoisright.

4、

Accordingtotheauthor,thefunctionofthe

structured-inquirymethodis

A.tomakedecisionsbydebate.

B.toapplytheInternetandwirelesscomputertechnology.

C.tobrakeonthethinkingprocess,slowingitdown.

D.tocreatealevelofconceptualclarity.

5、

Thestructured-inquiryprocesscanbeusefulfor

A.decisionmakers.

B.intelligenceanalysismeeting.

C.theexperts'information.

D.marketingfocusgroups.

6、Thehotelsarelull,Japanesetouriststhrongthedesigner

storesofWaikiki,andtheunemploymentrateisamere3%of

theworkforce.SowhatcouldpossiblyknockHawaii,the"aloha”

or"welcome“state,offitswave?TheansweristhatHawaii's

1.2mresidentsmayonedaygetfedupwithplayinghostto

overseasvisitors,7mofthemthisyear.

Indeed,someresidentsarealreadyfedup.KAHEA,analliance

ofenvironmentalistsanddefendersofnativeHawaiianculture,

bemoansthepollutioncausedbythecruiseshipsandtherisk

posedbythetouristhordestocreaturessuchasthedark-rumped

petrelandtheOahutreesnail,ortoplantsliketheMarsilea

villosafern.KAHEAhasapoint:theUSFish&WildlifeService

currentlylistssome317species,including273plants,inthe

Hawaiianislandsasthreatenedorendangeredthehighestnumber

ofanystateinthenation.Eventhestateflower,thehibiscus

Brackenridge,isonthedangerlist.Thelossofspecies,says

onegovernmentreport,hasbeen"staggering”.Asfortheimpact

oftourismOnHawaiianculture,aKAHEAspokeswomanwrylynotes

theelementofexploitation:"NativeHawaiiancultureisused

asasellingpoint—cometothisparadisewherebeautifulwomen

aredoingthehulaonyourdinnerplate.”

Sowhatelseisnew?Hawaii,senvironmentandculturehavebeen

underthreateversinceCaptainCookandhisgerm-carrying

sailorsdroppedanchorin1778.Foreignimportshaveinevitably

hadanimpactonspeciesthatevolvedoverthemillenniain

isolation.Moreover,withupto25nonnativespeciesarriving

eachyear,theimpactwillcontinue.But,astheUSGeological

Surveyargues,theimpactcanaddtobiodiversityaswellas

lessenit.Therealchallenge,therefore,isforHawaiitofind

abalancebetweenthecostsandthebenefitsofdevelopmentin

generalandtourisminparticular.

TheBenefitsarenottobesneezedat.Thestate's

unemploymentratehasbeenbelowthenationalaverageforthe

pasttwoand-a-halfyears.EconomistsattheUniversityof

HawaiireckonthatHawaiians，realpersonalincomeroseby2.8%

lastyear,willriseby2.7%thisyearandwillcontinuethrough

2022at2.5%.Accordingtothestate's''strategicplan"forthe

nextdecade,tourismshouldtakemuchofthecredit,accounting

directlyandindirectlyforsome22%ofthestate'sjobsby2022,

morethan17%ofitseconomicoutputandaround26%ofitstax

revenues.

Thetroubleisthatthecostscanbehigh,too.Asoneeconomist

putsit,“WehaveaManhattancostoflivingandPeoriawage

rates."Thattranslatesintoamedianhousepricetodayonthe

islandofOahu,hometothree-quartersofthestate,s

population,of$500,000,andaneedformanyworkerstotake

onmorethanonejob.

Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

A.Hawaiiisinshortofthehotelsnow.

B.Japanesetouristsaccountforthemostpartofthe

travelers.

C.TheunemploymentrateinHawaiiisverylow.

D.Hawaiimaychangeits"welcome"policy.

7、

HowdoHawaii*sresidentsreceivetouristsnow?

A.Getfedupwiththem.

B.Warmlywelcomethem.

C.Withreservedwelcome.

D.Withtraditionalhospitality.

8、

Accordingtothepassage,allthesefollowingareproblems

resultingfromthetourismEXCEPT

A.environmentalpollution.

B.Hawaiianeconomy.

C.thelossofspecies.

D.therisktocreaturesandbiodiversity.

9、

Bysaying"Thebenefitsarenottobesneezedat”(Line1,

Paragraph4),theauthormeans

A.thestate'semploymentrateishigherthanotherstates.

B.peopleinHawaiigetthebenefitofseldomsneezing.

C.tourismshouldtakemuchofthecredit.

D.theadvantagesoftourismshouldnotbeoverlooked.

10、

Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat

A.thereisagreatdealoftroublelivinginHawaii.

B.livingexpenditureinHawaiiisashighasthatinManhattan.

C.livingexpenditureinHawaiiisincompatiblewithincome.

D.housepricetodayinHawaiiisunbelievablyhigh.

11>Askedwhathewould,dotoimproveagovernment,the

ancientChinesesageConfuciusansweredthathisfirstmeasure

wouldbe“tocorrectlanguage”.Hemeantthatifwordsdon't

meanwhattheyseemtomeanpeoplecannotputanyplaninto

actionasintended.Thestateoflanguageatthedawnofthe

twenty-firstcenturyappearstobemoreconfusedthan

ever—thanksinlargeparttotheenormousinfluenceof

television,radio,andprintmediaoverwhatwetiny,desire,

andbelieve.

BenjaminRadford,managingeditorofTheSkepticalInquirer

magazine,offershundredsofexamplesofdeceptivepractices

injournalism,advertising,politicalactivism,public

relations,andcharityappeals.Therealdangertothepublic,

heinsists,comesnotfromoutrightliesabouteventsor

individuals,becauseinmostcasesfactscallultimatelybe

provenandmistakescorrected.Buttheemotionalpowerof

images,soundbites,andsloganscanexertdeepandlasting

influenceonouropinionsandbehavior,asconsumers,voters,

andcitizens.

ThedetailedcoverageofviolentcrimesdominatinglocalTV

newsshowsseldomincluesanylargercontext.Thecumulative

impressionleftinthemindsofviewersisthatviolentcrime

isrampantandontherise.Asaresult,manypeoplelivein

fearandmanymoresupporttheideaofever-1argerpoliceforces,

tougherlaws,andbiggerprisonswithoutconsideringtheactual

crimeratesintheircommunityoracrossthenation.

DramaticincidentslikethesniperattacksintheWashington,

D.C.,areainthefallof2022receivesomuchmediaattention

that,again,theactualnumbersofpeopleaffectedandthe

likelihoodofsuchattacksbeingrepeatedanywhereelsebecome

wildlyexaggeratedinpeople'sminds.Inthemedia-fueled

emotionalstatefollowingsuchspectaculardisasters,the

effortandexpenseofturningschoolsinfolockedfortresses

orputtingcamerasoneverystreettomonitorsuspicious

individualscanseeminsignificantcomparedtothehopeof

keepingourchildrensafefromharm.Yettrulyeffective

measuresrequireclearthinkingandclearlywordedpolicies

thatcitizensnotonlylawyersandpoliticians一canunderstand.

Toooftenthelongtermfutureimplicationsofnewanticrime

lawsandpoliciesarenotevenconsideredintherushtofeel

saferbytakingrapidandvisibleaction.

Misleadingpracticesbyadvertisersareanothersubjectof

publicconcern.Governmentshavelonglimitedadsforalcohol

andtobaccoproductsandexaminedclaimsbydrugcompanies,

carmakers,foodsuppliers,andtoymanufacturerstoprotectthe

publichealth.Butadvertisingusesemotionalappealstoshift

theviewer，sfocusawayfromfacts.Viewerswhodonottakethe

troubletodistinguishbetweenprovableclaimsandpleasantbut

meaninglesswordplayendupbuying"thesizzle,notthesteak”

andoftenpayinghigh.

Confuciusiscitedbytheauthorinthefirstparagraphto

implythat

A.it'surgenttoimproveagovernment.

B.it'sveryimportanttouselanguagecorrectly.

C.wordsdon,tmeanwhattheyseemtomean.

D.today,slanguageisinastateofconfusion.

12、

AccordingtoBenjaminRadford,therealdangertothepublic

opinionsliesin

A.deceptivepractices.

B.outrightlies.

C.unprovedfactsandmistakes.

D.theemotionalpowerofimages,soundbites,andslogans.

13、

Whichofthefollowingmayreflecttheauthor'sopinion?

A.TVnewsshowsshouldincludemorebackground.

B.Weshouldhavelargerpoliceforces,tougherlaws,and

biggerprisons.

C.ThereportonthesniperattacksintheWashington,D.C.

areaistoodramatic.

D.Themediahasdonetoomuchtokeepourchildrensafefrom

harm.

14、

Accordingtotheauthor,thetrulyeffectivemeasuresare

A.clearthinkingandclearlywordedpolicies.

B.policiesthatlawyersandpoliticianscanunderstand.

C.measuresthatcanbeunderstoodbythepublic.

D.measuresthatpeoplefeelsaferbytakingrapidandvisible

action.

15、

Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"thesizzle,notthe

steak”(Paragraph5)?

A.Somethingworthwhile.

B.Somethingworthless.

C.Somethingofnopracticalvalue.

D.Somethingthatisunnecessary.

16^Bold-faced,withahyphenandendingintheadjectival

"-ed”,wascoinedbyShakespeareinHenryVI,PartI,whenLord

Talbot,rescuinghissononaFrenchbattlefield,spokeofhis

“prouddesireofbold-facedVictoria''.Itwaspickedupinthe

19thcenturybytypesetterstodescribeatype-likeClarendon,

AntiqueorathickversionofBodoni—thatstoodout

confidently,evenimpudently,fromthepage.Theadjectivewas

usedinan1880articleinTheNewYorkTimes(wewerehyphenated

then):“Oneofthehandbills'distributedbytheKuKluxKlan,

noted,adisapprovingreporter,was"printedinbold-facedtype

onyellowpaper”.

Newspapergossipcolumnistsinthe30's,tocatchthereader's

eye,beganusingthisboldtypeforthenamesthatmadenews

inwhatwasthencalled"cafesociety”(incontrastto"high"

society,whosemembersclaimedtoprefertostayoutofthose

columns).

Inourtime,thetypefacemetaphorwasappliedtoasetoffamous

humanfaces.Afashionreporter一JohnDukaofTheTimes一was

anearlyuserofthephrase,ashewroteacerbicallyonSept.

22,1981:"AttheoverheatedpartiesatCalvinKlein's

apartment,SaksFifthAvenue,BergdorfGoodmanandStudio54,

thebold-facednamessaidtheweekhadbeensocrammedthatthey

werefeelingalittleunderthebreath,youknow.”

RitaKempleyofTheWashingtonPostnotedin1987the

sought-afterstatusof"abold-facednameinPeoplemagazine”;

by1999,AlanPeppardofTheDallasMorningNewsrecalledto

TexasMonthlythathebeganwitha“socialcolumn",but"now

weliveinanageofcelebrity,andthereareveryfewpeople

whocareaboutwhatthedebutantesaredoing.SoIcallit

celebrity,society,famouspeople,richpeople,bold-faced

names”.

TheNewYorkTimes,whichneverhad,doesnothaveandisgrimly

determinednevertohavea"gossipcolumn”,introduceda

“peoplecolumn”in2022.(Whenitscurrenteditor,JoyceWadler,

tookasix-weekbreakrecently,shesubheadedthatitemwith

aself-mocking“AirKiss!Smooch!Ciao!")Thecolumncoversthe

doingsofcelebrities,mediabiggies,fashionplates,show-biz

stars,hautmondenotables,perennialpersonagesandothers

famousfortheirfame.Itsconfident,fashionableandmodern

monikerbecamethedrivingforcebehindtherecent

popularizationofthephrasewiththeformercompoundadjective,

nowanattributivenoun:Bold-facedNames.

Thefirstpersonwhousedtheword“boldfaced”is

A.Shakespeare.

B.LordTalbot.

C.Clarendon.

D.theeditorofTheNewYorkTimes.

17、

Judgingfromthecontext,“cafesociety,，(Paragraph2)refers

to

A.asocietythatrunsacafe.

B.asocietythatcooksgoodcoffee.

C.mediapeoplewhoregularlyvisitsmallinformal

restaurants.

D.agroupofpeoplewhohavethesameloveofdrinkingcoffee.

18、

Today,“thebold-facednames"isusedtoreferto

A.famoushumanfaces.

B.famous,richandcelebratedpeople.

C.overheatedparties.

D.socialcolumn.

19、

Thecontentsof"peoplecolumn"inTheNewYorkTimesinclude

A.thedoingsofcelebrities.

B.thedoingsofmediabiggies,fashionplates.

C.thedoingsofshow-bizstars,haut-mondenotables,

perennialpersonages.

D.alloftheabove.

20、

Whichofthefollowingmayserveasthebesttitleofthe

passage?

A.Bold-faced.

B.Bold-facedNames.

C.TheOriginofBoldfaced.

D.TheDrivingForceBehindtheWords.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutfive

possiblescientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury.Choose

themostsuitableheadingfromthelistoreachnumbered

paragraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenot

numbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedto

use.

A.We'11"manage"Earth.

B.We'11haveabrainroadmap.

C.We'11knowwherewecamefrom.

D.We'11clonemanyusefulcreatures.

E.We'lllivelonger(120years?).

F.We'11crackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer.

Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughs

inthe21stcentury.

(41).

Whydoestheuniverseexist?Toputitanotherway,whyisthere

somethinginsteadofnothing?Sincethe1920s,scientistshave

knowntheuniverseisexpanding,whichmeansitmusthave

startedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedeveloped

theoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionofthe

universefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothe

present.Overthenextcoupleofdecades,thesetheorieswill

berefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.

Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesat

theunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearly

universe.

(42).

In19th-centuryoperas,whentheheroinecoughsinthefirst

act,theaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.

Butthanksto20th-centuryantibiotics,theonce-dreaded,

once-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthan

takingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegenetic

codeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevel,manyserious

diseases—cancer,foron—willbecomelessthreatening.Using

manufactured“therapeutic"viruses,doctorswillbeableto

replacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenes,

probablyadministeredbyapillorinjection.

(43).

Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafurious,invisible

contestinourcells一acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAand

ourceils'abilitytorepairthatdamage—thengist-century

stridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreverse

theprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomore,consider:

Dowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldand

fewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomany

people?Wherewouldnewideascomefrom?Whatwouldwedowith

allthatextratime?

(44).

Inthenextmillennium,we'11stoptalkingabouttheweather

butwilldosomethingaboutit.We'11graduallylearnhowto

predicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarth,itsclimate

anditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomean

increasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofour

planet.

(45).

Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrain

isthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100

billionneurons(roughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWay),

eachconnectedtoasmanyas1,000others.Earlyinthenext

century,wewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonance

imagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.

We'11beabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhen

youreadaword,whenyousayaword,whenyouthinkabouta

word,andsoon.

Maybethesethingswillcometrue,maybenot.Butwecanfirmly

believethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26^PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayas

WallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.(46)The

majorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforward

totheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshop