適用于老高考舊教材廣西專版2023屆高考英語二輪總復習第一部分語篇型語法填空和短文改錯題型解讀 思維導圖課件

第一部分語篇型語法填空和短文改錯英語內(nèi)容索引題型解讀?策略指導思維導圖?核心概覽題型解讀?策略指導一、語篇型語法填空[考情分析]該題型要求在一篇200詞左右的短文中留出10個空白,部分空白的后面給出單詞的基本形式,要求考生根據(jù)上下文在空白處填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~或所給單詞的正確形式。[命題規(guī)律]一、語篇型語法填空題強調(diào)語法基礎(chǔ)知識,考查考生從宏觀上理解語篇和分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力以及從微觀上熟練運用語法知識和單詞的能力。其具體特征為:1.短文題材:題材多樣,或體現(xiàn)文化內(nèi)涵、文化交往,或給人以啟迪等。2.短文長度:約200詞,設(shè)10個空。3.短文難度:難度適中,沒有過于難的生詞。4.試題類型:語篇型語法填空。5.考點設(shè)置:考點類型分為兩大類——有提示詞和無提示詞。無提示詞的題目通?？疾楣谠~、介詞、代詞等;有提示詞的題目考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等。二、備考時應該注重英語語法在語境中的實際應用,盡量避免將語法同語境割裂開來;同時關(guān)注近年來的高考真題,全面了解其對語法項目考查的范圍和熱點。下面以2020~2022年高考英語試題中的全國卷語法填空題為例,歸納出考查的熱點。2020~2022高考全國卷語法考點匯總

考點甲卷乙卷甲卷乙卷Ⅰ卷Ⅱ卷Ⅲ卷2022202220212021202020202020名詞1112111冠詞1111010代詞0101100介詞1111121形容詞2121111副詞0000111動詞(詞組)0000000連詞0111001動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1120312非謂語動詞3323132定語從句1000101[真題詮釋]A(2022·全國甲卷)Avisually-challengedmanfromBeijingrecentlyhiked(徒步)40daystoXi’an,asafirststep

61

(journey)theBeltandRoadroute(路線)byfoot.Onthe1,100-kilometerjourney,themanCaoShengkang,

62

losthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident,crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation

63

(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.

64

friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.

tojourneywhoheldACaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental

65

(protect).Caobelievesthiswillmakethehikingtripevenmore

66

(meaning).Thetwoofthemcollectedmorethan1,000plasticbottlesalongthe40-dayjourney.

Inthelastfiveyears,Cao

67

(walk)through34countriesinsixcontinents,andin2016,hereachedthetopofKilimanjaro,Africa’s

68

(high)mountain.

Now,CaohasstartedthesecondpartofhisdreamtowalkalongtheBeltandRoadroute.Heflew4,700kilometers

69

Xi’antoKashgaronSept.20,

70

(plan)tohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.

protectionmeaningfulhaswalkedhighest

fromplanning【考點分析】

題號考點具體分析61非謂語動詞所填的詞做后置定語修飾名詞step,所以用動詞不定式62定語從句先行詞是人,關(guān)系詞在非限制性從句中做主語63非謂語動詞hold與theBeltandRoadForum...存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,用動詞-ed形式做定語64冠詞泛指“一個”朋友65名詞environmental為形容詞,后接名詞66形容詞make+賓語+賓語補足語,此處用形容詞做賓語補足語67動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)Inthelastfiveyears與現(xiàn)在完成時連用68形容詞根據(jù)“Africa’s”可知,此處表示乞力馬扎羅山是非洲最高的山69介詞(短語)from...to...固定短語70非謂語動詞動詞-ing形式做伴隨狀語B(2021·全國甲卷)TheXi’anCityWallisthemostcompletecitywallthathassurvivedChina’slonghistory.It

41

(build)originallytoprotectthecity

42

theTangDynastyandhasnowbeencompletelyrestored(修復).Itispossible

43

(walk)orbiketheentire14kilometers.

WeaccessedthewallthroughtheSouthGate.Thewallis12metershighandfromhereyoucanseestreamsofpeoplemovinginsideandoutsidetheCityWall.wasbuiltintowalkAfter

44

(spend)sometimelookingatallthedefensiveequipmentatthewall,wedecideditwastimeforsomeactionandwhatis

45

(good)thantorideonapieceofhistory!

We

46

(hire)ourbikesfromtherentalplaceattheSouthGate.Mybikewasoldandshaky

47

didthejob.Ittookusabout3hourstogoall

48

wayaroundtheXi’anCityWall.Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand

49

(watchtower)totakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir

50

(day)routines.

spending

better

hiredbut

thewatchtowersdaily【考點分析】

題號考點具體分析41動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主語It跟謂語動詞build之間為被動關(guān)系42介詞在“某個朝代”用介詞in43非謂語動詞it做形式主語,不定式做真正的主語44非謂語動詞介詞after后接動詞-ing形式做賓語45形容詞由than暗示用比較級46動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)敘述過去的經(jīng)歷用一般過去時47連詞前后語義為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系48冠詞alltheway“一直;一路上”49名詞根據(jù)gates暗示,用復數(shù)形式50形容詞后面是名詞,應用形容詞修飾C(2020·全國Ⅱ卷)Decorating

with

Plants,Fruits

and

Flowers

for

Chinese

New

YearChineseNewYearisa

61

(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowers

62

(carry)specialsignificance.Theyrepresenttheearth

63

(come)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.

celebrationcarries

coming

Bamboo:Chineselovetheir“LuckyBamboo”plantsandyouwillseethemoftenintheirhomesandoffices.

66

(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.Bambooplantsareassociated

67health,abundanceandahappyhome.Theyareeasy

68

(care)forandmakegreatpresents.

Thesearesomeofthemostpopularinmanypartsofthecountry:Oranges:Orangetreesaremore

64

decoration;theyareasymbolofgoodfortuneandwealth.Theymakegreatgiftsandyouseethemmanytimes

65

(decorate)withredenvelopesandmessagesofgoodfortune.

thandecoratedCertainlywithtocareBranchesofPlumBlossoms(梅花):The

69

(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.Theplumtreesare

70

firsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.

beautifulthe【考點分析】

題號考點具體分析61名詞動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞62動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞-ing形式做主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)63非謂語動詞動詞-ing形式做定語64介詞morethan表示“不僅僅”65非謂語動詞過去分詞做賓語補足語66副詞副詞做狀語,修飾整個句子67介詞beassociatedwith“與……有聯(lián)系”68非謂語動詞動詞不定式做修飾性狀語69形容詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞70冠詞序數(shù)詞前面用定冠詞表示順序[解題策略]1.分析語篇,理清語篇結(jié)構(gòu),明確段落之間的聯(lián)系,弄清語句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。并列連詞、副詞(特別是做評注性狀語的副詞)、代詞及狀語從句等的考查都注重語境之間的邏輯關(guān)系。2.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),弄清句子成分及詞性的對應關(guān)系,明確各成分之間的聯(lián)系。非謂語動詞、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、形容詞和副詞的功能及轉(zhuǎn)換、定語從句和名詞性從句等都有賴于對句子成分的分析。另外,一些固定句型也要特別注意。3.句子的意群和句子成分是基本對應的,而意群的基本構(gòu)成單位是短語或固定搭配。因此,把句子分解到意群,再進一步探究意群的構(gòu)成,有助于解決冠詞、介詞等問題。4.合理的解題步驟:(1)語篇掌控為先:通讀全文、了解大意、弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)。篇章層面的理解主要包括文章主旨要義,作者觀點、意圖,句與句之間的關(guān)系以及時態(tài)變換等幾個方面。(2)句子分析為主:理解句意、分析結(jié)構(gòu)、找出成分、注意聯(lián)系。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)是答題過程中非常關(guān)鍵的一步。做題時,首先確定句子的各個成分,還要注意各成分之間的聯(lián)系。此時,要借助上下文的暗示或明示,確定需要填入詞語的詞性、形式和功能。(3)充分利用提示:有括號提示的空格可視作已知條件,要充分利用。先著手填入有括號提示的空格,注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)和名詞的單復數(shù)。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,語法填空的難度也就相對降低。(4)注意短語和句型:對于一些固定短語和句型一定要熟記,這對于正確解題幫助很大。(5)勿忘復核檢查:填空完成后要重讀全篇,仔細核查全文語法是否正確,語意是否通順,邏輯是否合理等。同時要注意檢查單詞拼寫是否正確,書寫是否規(guī)范,大小寫有無錯誤等細節(jié)。[答題技巧]形式一

有提示詞類

有提示詞類(一)提供動詞類當設(shè)空處提供的詞是動詞原形時,設(shè)空處一般考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞或詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。其解題思路為:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定該動詞是否在句中做謂語。1.做謂語(1)確定時態(tài):根據(jù)全文主體時態(tài)和上下文語境確定時態(tài)。練習1(2020·浙江卷)Newmethods

(mean)thatfewerpeopleworkedinfarming.

meant解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)句子后半部分的worked判斷,應該用一般過

去時。練習2(2022·山東棗莊二模)Lireadilyagreedand

(keep)hisword.

kept解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)agreed

and可知,此處為并列謂語,動詞用過去式形式,與agreed并列。故填kept。(2)確定語態(tài):根據(jù)主語和謂語動詞的邏輯關(guān)系確定語態(tài)。練習3(2020·廣東廣州第一中學高三4月教學質(zhì)量監(jiān)測)Theresultisthatwearekillingourfuture,becausesomanyspecies

(kill)insuchashorttimethateventhefittestcan’tsurvive.

arekilled解析:考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)上文中的are

killing和下文中的can’t

survive判斷,描述的是一種當前的情況,且species與kill之間存在被動關(guān)系,故用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。(3)確定單復數(shù):根據(jù)主語單復數(shù)確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)。練習4(2019·江蘇卷改編)Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembers

(give)tenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.

hasgiven解析:考查主謂一致和動詞的時態(tài)。along

with連接兩個并列的名詞做主語時,根據(jù)前面的名詞確定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式。The

musician為名詞單數(shù),謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;又因為該句時間狀語是in

the

last

three

months,需與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,故填has

given。2.做非謂語(1)確定非謂語動詞的形式①做目的狀語一般用動詞不定式形式②做keep,finish,enjoy,practise等的賓語或介詞的賓語時,須用動詞-ing形式③做refuse,decide等動詞的賓語時,須用動詞不定式形式④做定語,表示主動、進行用動詞-ing形式;表示被動、完成用動詞-ed形式;表示將來用動詞不定式形式⑤做結(jié)果狀語,表示自然而然的結(jié)果用動詞-ing形式;表示出乎意料的結(jié)果用動詞不定式形式⑥動詞不定式可做原因狀語,表示引起某種情緒的原因練習1(2021·浙江卷)Mary’ssister,FrancesToddWallace,oftencameover

(plant)flowersinthefrontyard.

練習2(2018·全國Ⅱ卷)Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcorninsteadofrice

(improve)waterquality.

toplant解析:考查非謂語動詞。動詞不定式to

plant

flowers用作目的狀語。

toimprove解析:考查非謂語動詞。此處是不定式做目的狀語,故填to

improve。句意:政府鼓勵農(nóng)民種植玉米而非水稻,目的是改善水質(zhì)。練習3(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)OneisaboutYutheGreat,afamousrulerwhohasbeenrespectedfor

(lead)thefightagainstdisastersandunitingthenineregions.

練習4(2022·山東棗莊二模)IntheearlyWesternHanDynasty,ageneral

(name)JiBuwasknownforbeingcourageousandhonest.

leading解析:考查非謂語動詞。介詞for之后跟動詞-ing形式。故填leading。

named解析:考查非謂語動詞。句意:西漢初期,有個將軍叫季布,因其勇敢誠實而聞名。分析句子可知,句子已有謂語動詞was

known,name應用非謂語動詞形式,且與主語之間為被動關(guān)系,應用動詞-ed形式表被動,此處表示“被叫作”。故填named。練習5(2019·全國Ⅱ卷)Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrenedeclaredshehadnoplans

(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness.

練習6(2019·江蘇卷改編)China’simageisimprovingsteadily,withmorecountries

(recognise)itsroleininternationalaffairs.

toretire解析:考查非謂語動詞。plan后面用動詞不定式做定語,表示動作尚未發(fā)生。

recognising解析:考查非謂語動詞。在“with+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,根據(jù)賓語和賓語補足語的關(guān)系確定其后非謂語動詞的形式,主動關(guān)系用動詞-ing形式,被動關(guān)系用動詞-ed形式,表示尚未發(fā)生的動作用動詞不定式形式。more

countries與recognise之間為主謂關(guān)系,故用動詞-ing形式表示主動含義。練習7(2022·廣西高三9月摸底考試)Accordingtoasurvey

(make)5yearsago,490,000peopleusedbicycleseveryday.

made解析:考查非謂語動詞。句意:根據(jù)五年前做的一項調(diào)查,每天有49萬人騎自行車。make與survey之間是動賓關(guān)系,要用動詞-ed形式表被動含義。故填made。(2)判斷該非謂語動詞是否用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。①It’snousedoing...②Itisworthdoing...③Itis+adj./n.+todo...④Ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.⑤Sb./Sth.+be+adj.+todo...⑥Therebe+n.+動詞-ing形式/動詞-ed形式/動詞不定式形式……⑦Sb./Sth.seems/appears+todo...⑧l(xiāng)eave+賓語+賓語補足語(動詞-ing形式/動詞-ed形式)⑨see(感官動詞)+賓語+賓語補足語(動詞原形/動詞-ing形式/動詞-ed形式)練習8(2020·浙江卷)Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththeseasons,plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,

(make)useofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.

making解析:考查非謂語動詞。分析句子可知,make

use

of和邏輯主語they之間是主動關(guān)系,而且本句不缺謂語,故用動詞-ing形式做狀語。故填making。(二)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換類詞性轉(zhuǎn)換類多以派生詞變化為主。如:形容詞與副詞間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換;形容詞與名詞間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換;動詞與名詞間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換。其解題步驟為:第一步:確定句子成分分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定所填單詞在句子中所做的成分。第二步:確定所填單詞的詞性(1)在句子中做定語、表語或補語——用形容詞練習1(2018·全國Ⅱ卷)AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal

(globe)fertilizerconsumption.

global解析:考查形容詞。此處fertilizer

consumption

是名詞詞組,其前面需要用形容詞修飾,故填globe的形容詞形式。練習2(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)TheotherisaboutKingWuoftheWesternZhouDynasty,whoestablisheda

(center)governmentthatfocusedonpeople’slifeandthecountry’sprosperity(繁榮).

central解析:考查形容詞。空格處需要形容詞修飾名詞government。故填central。

(2)修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或句子本身——用副詞練習3(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Itwill

(undoubted)helpyougetrefreshed!

練習4(2018·全國Ⅱ卷)Atasteformeatis

(actual)behindthechange...

undoubtedly解析:考查副詞。修飾后面的動詞help應用副詞形式。

actually解析:考查副詞。修飾動詞is,故用副詞形式。

練習5(2022·山東棗莊二模)Suchavirtueofhonestyearnedhimagoodreputation,andtherewasasaying

(wide)spread.

widely解析:考查副詞。句意:這種誠實的美德為他贏得了良好的聲譽,有一句諺語廣為流傳。由句意可知,此處修飾動詞spread,應用副詞修飾動詞,故填widely。(3)做主語或賓語,在冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、介詞或名詞所有格后——用名詞練習6(2016·全國Ⅱ卷)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyoufeelarealsenseof

(achieve).

achievement解析:考查名詞。of為介詞,后面用名詞形式。

(三)形式轉(zhuǎn)換類形式轉(zhuǎn)換類多為名詞單數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閺蛿?shù),形容詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為比較級或最高級形式。其解題步驟為:第一步:理解句意,找到與所填詞相關(guān)的核心詞匯,判斷前后邏輯關(guān)系。第二步:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定單詞的正確形式。①謂語動詞為復數(shù)或句意上為復數(shù)——用名詞的復數(shù)形式②有than時——用形容詞、副詞的比較級形式;有ever或ofalltime等提示語時——用最高級練習1(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)Manyofthesurvivingchaptersofthebookarefromtheoral

(account)ofFuSheng.

練習2(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Theamazingthingaboutthespringisthatthecolderthetemperaturegets,the

(hot)thespring!

accounts解析:考查名詞。句意:這本書現(xiàn)存的許多章節(jié)都出自伏生的口述。oral為形容詞,其后應為名詞。account在此處是名詞,意為“描述;敘述”。用復數(shù)表示泛指。故填accounts。hotter解析:考查形容詞的比較級。the

more...,the

more...為固定句式,意為“越……,就越……”。形式二

無提示詞類無提示詞類首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定填哪類詞;然后,根據(jù)句子的意思,確定具體填什么詞;根據(jù)兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系確定具體用哪個連詞。解題時要注意以下五大原則:原則一:缺少主語或賓語,一定要填代詞。1.缺主語如果在謂語動詞前設(shè)空,答案應首先考慮代詞。所填代詞主要考慮以下三種情況:(1)人稱代詞:做主語的人稱代詞he,she,they,it,I,you,we,此時要根據(jù)前文,確定所指代的內(nèi)容。(2)關(guān)系代詞:在定語從句中做主語的關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,as。(3)名詞性從句連接詞:what,which,who,whichever,whatever,whoever。練習1(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)

issobreathtakingabouttheexperienceistheout-of-this-worldscenes.

練習2(2019·全國Ⅲ卷)Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters

hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.

What解析:考查名詞性從句連接詞。what引導主語從句并在從句中做主語。

who/that解析:考查關(guān)系代詞。masters后面的定語從句中缺少主語,又因先行詞masters指人,故用關(guān)系代詞who或that引導。2.缺賓語如果空格前為及物動詞、及物動詞短語或者介詞,要考慮代詞,主要有以下三類:(1)人稱代詞:做賓格的人稱代詞him,her,them,it以及反身代詞myself,themselves等。(2)關(guān)系代詞:在定語從句中做賓語的關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom,who等。(3)名詞性從句連接詞:what,who,which,whomever,whichever等。練習3(2019·北京卷)Nervouslyfacingchallenges,IknowIwillwhisperto

thetwosimplewords“Beyourself”.

練習4(2022·山東棗莊二模)Legendhas

thatwheneverJimadeapromise,hewouldsparenoefforttofulfillit.

myself解析:考查反身代詞。該句主語為I,故其后需用反身代詞做賓語。

it解析:考查代詞。分析句子可知,空處應用it做形式賓語,代替that引導的從句,即真正賓語,故填it。原則二:名詞、代詞、動詞-ing形式前設(shè)空,可以考慮填限定詞或介詞。1.限定詞如果在名詞前設(shè)空,答案應首先考慮限定詞。因為根據(jù)英語的習慣,名詞前一般需要限定詞。限定詞包括冠詞(a,an,the)、物主代詞(my,your,his,her,our,their,its)、指示代詞(this,that,these,those)、關(guān)系詞(whose,which,who,whom,that,as)、疑問詞、不定代詞(no,some,any,each,every,either,neither,several,many)等。練習1(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)Nevertheless,itwasnot

easytaskforTianQinxin,theartdirectoroftheshow.

練習2(2018·全國Ⅱ卷)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover

past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.

an解析:考查冠詞。此處表達一項不容易的任務,easy為元音音素開頭,需要使用不定冠詞an。故填an。the解析:考查冠詞。根據(jù)句意可知,此處特指“過去的25年”,故應用定冠詞the表示特指。練習3(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Whileyou’reinChina,MountHuangshanis

musttovisit!

a解析:考查冠詞。該處must用作名詞,意為“必須做的事”。

2.介詞名詞或代詞前面是空格,而該名詞或代詞在句中不做主語、表語,也不做動詞的賓語時,很可能是填介詞。此時要特別關(guān)注其與空前動詞等構(gòu)成的固定搭配。練習4(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)IfitwerenotforaTVshow,FuSheng,ascholarwholivedduringthe3rdand2ndcenturiesBCE,mayhaveremainedunfamiliar

themoderngeneration.

to解析:考查介詞。此處的搭配為be

unfamiliar

to

sb.“對某人來說是陌生的,不熟悉的”。故填to。練習5(2019·北京卷)Firstcelebrated

1970,theDaynowincludeseventsinmorethan190countriesandregions.

in解析:考查介詞。在年份前用介詞in。

原則三:若兩個或幾個單詞或短語之間沒有連詞,可能是填連詞。主要的連詞有表示并列關(guān)系的and、表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but和表示選擇關(guān)系的or等。練習1(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Thoughitistheonlyunnaturalthingonyourwayupthemountain,stillithighlightsthewholeadventure

offersaplacewhereyoucansitdowntorestyourachinglegs.

and解析:考查連詞。highlights

和offers

為并列謂語動詞,故填and。

練習2(2019·全國Ⅱ卷)IworknotbecauseIhaveto,

becauseIwantto.

but解析:考查連詞。not...but...為固定搭配,意為“不是……而是……”。

原則四:若兩句之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號或句號,通常填以下詞:連接并列句的連詞and,but,or,yet,so等;引導狀語從句的從屬連詞when,while,until,as,because,since,if,unless等;引導名詞性從句的連接詞what,which,who,that,where,when等;以及引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞who,which,that等。練習1(2020·江蘇常州高三一模)

theenvironmentalimpactsoflargerplasticsarewelldocumented,verylittleisunderstoodaboutthedangersassociatedwithmicroplastics.

While/Though/Although解析:考查從屬連詞。根據(jù)句子前后的邏輯判斷,主從句之間是讓步關(guān)系,故用While/Though/Although(雖然,盡管)引導讓步狀語從句。練習2(2020·山西一模)Tosumup,digitaltechnologywilldefinitelycontinuetochangeourlives,andoneofthosechangeswillbe

wewon’tneedtoownsomuchstuff.

練習3(2022·廣西南寧高三一模)However,

thisscholarcarefullyprotected,duringwarsandsocialchanges,isShangshu,oneofthe“fiveclassics”ofConfucianism(儒家).

that解析:考查名詞性從句連接詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,will

be之后的句子為表語從句。連接詞在從句中不做成分,且表示陳述語氣,故用that。what解析:考查名詞性從句連接詞。句意:然而,這位學者在戰(zhàn)爭和社會變遷中精心保護的是儒家“五經(jīng)”之一的《尚書》。空格處連接主語從句,在從句中做賓語,指事物用what。故填what。原則五:若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,空格后的謂語動詞是原形,特別是動詞與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時,很可能是填情態(tài)動詞(can,may,must,should,will等)或表示強調(diào)或倒裝的助動詞(do,does,did)。如果是一般疑問句則要考慮填助動詞(be,do,does,did,have,has,had)。練習1(2019·江蘇卷改編)Whatapity!Youmissedthesightseeing,orwe

havehadagoodtimetogether.

would/could/might解析:考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)What

a

pity!和You

missed

the

sightseeing可以判斷,or后面的句子是一種假設(shè)的情況,要用虛擬語氣。由missed可知,該句表示與過去情況相反的假設(shè),所在句謂語動詞用would/could/might

have

done的形式(or相當于if

you

hadn’t

missed

the

sightseeing)。練習2(2022·天津南開一模改編)Therewasnosignofabreak-in,sothethieves

havehadsomeoneinsidehelpingthem.

must解析:考查情態(tài)動詞。根據(jù)上文的There

was

no

sign

of

a

break-in判斷,應填must表示十分肯定的判斷,意為“一定”。[遷移訓練]A(2021·全國乙卷)Ecotourismiscommonlyregardedaslowimpact(影響)traveltoundisturbedplaces.Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome1.

(educate)abouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe2.

(develop)ofthelocalareas.

educateddevelopment

Ecotourismhas3.

(it)originwiththeenvironmentalmovementofthe1970s.Itwasnotwidelyacceptedasatravelconcept4.

thelate1980s.Duringthattime,increasingenvironmentalawarenessmadeitdesirable.

Dueto5.

growingpopularityofenvironmentally-relatedandadventuretravel,varioustypes6.

tripsarenowbeingclassifiedasecotourism.Actually,atrueeco-friendlytripmustmeetthefollowingprinciples:

?Minimizetheimpactof7.

(visit)theplace.

its

untiltheofvisiting?Buildrespectforandawarenessoftheenvironmentandculturalpractices.?Provide8.

(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.

?Makesurethatthetourismprovidespositiveexperiencesforboththevisitorsandthehosts.KomodoNationalPark,officiallyrecognizedin1980,ispopularforecotourismbecauseofitsuniquebiodiversity.9.

(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠足)andaccommodationsaim10.

(have)alowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.

financial

ActivitiestohaveB(2020·全國Ⅲ卷)InancientChinalivedanartist1.

paintingswerealmostlifelike.Theartist’sreputationhadmadehimproud.Onedaytheemperorwantedtogethisportrait(畫像)done,sohecalledallgreatartiststocomeandpresenttheir2.

(fine)work,sothathecouldchoosethebest.Theartistwassurehewould3.

(choose),butwhenhepresentedhismasterpiecetotheemperor’schiefminister,theoldmanlaughed.ThewiseoldmantoldhimtotraveltotheLiRiver—perhapshecouldlearnalittlefromthegreatestartistintheworld.

whosefinest

bechosenFilledwith4.

(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.5.

heaskedthevillagersonthebanksoftheriverwherehecouldfindthelegendary(傳奇的)artist,theysmiledand6.

(point)downtheriver.Thenextmorninghehiredaboatandsetout7.

(find)thewell-knownpainter.Asthesmallboatmoved8.

(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.Hepassedmilkywhitewaterfallsandmountainsinmanyshadesofblue.Andwhenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds

9.

(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.Theartistwasfinallyhumbled(謙卑)bythegreatestartist10.

earth,MotherNature.

curiosityWhen/AspointedtofindgentlysurroundingonC(2019·全國Ⅰ卷)ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidence1.

theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen2.

(poor)studied;however,biologistscalculatethatthereareabout20,000-25,000polarbearsworldwide.

thatpoorlyModernmethods3.

trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive4.

(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavut

5.

(report)increasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa6.

(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.Scientistshaverespondedby7.

(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(錯覺)thatpopulationsare8.

(high)thantheyactuallyare.Of9.

nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,six10.

(be)stable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.

of/fortoperformhavereportedbeliefnotinghigher

theareDAdamBraunestablishedtheorganizationPencilsofPromisein2008.Itsgoalis1.

(make)sureallchildrenhaveachanceforeducation.

Itallstartedwhenhewasacollegestudent.AdamBraunwasvisitingIndiawhen2.

girlstoppedhimonthestreetandaskedformoney.Heaskedherwhatshedesired3.

(much)ofallintheworld.Astonishingly,heranswerwas“apencil”.

Thegirlhadneverbeentoschoolbefore,andthatwasthe4.(real)______

for57millionchildrenaroundtheworld.

tomakeamostreality

Aftergraduation,AdamBraunneverforgotthegirlandtheproblemof

5.

(her).“Weliveinaworldinwhicheverysinglechildcanhaveaccess6.

qualityeducation.SoIwasdeterminedtocreateschoolsinotherplaces7.

childrenarehungryforeducation.”AdamBraunbegantoraisemoneyforhisprojectthroughsocialmedia.

“Weareworkinghardtomakesurethattheprogramsarenotjustbeautifulphotosandvideosofchildren,butthatwe’re8.

(actual)seeingamazingresultsintheclassroom.That’swhyour9.

(kid)inPencilsofPromiseschoolsprogressfastfromonegradetothenext,”Braunsaid.

Sincethen,it10.

(help)morethan22,000childreninAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmerica.

herstowhere

actuallykidshashelped[考情分析]高考英語命題的指導思想是有利于中學素質(zhì)教育的推進,有利于高校選拔人才,訓練學生的語言綜合運用能力。幫助學生掌握實際語言知識的命題原則是:保證知識覆蓋面,盡可能增加綜合性和語境化的因素。而在語言運用方面,要求語言必須放在實際的并盡可能不同的情景中運用;語言必須適合具體的交際行為,而高考考查的焦點在于能否達到交際目的。語言交際行為除了以語言能力為主外,還需一些交際能力、溝通能力以及其他能力。以上的命題原則和要求在短文改錯題型中均有體現(xiàn)。從近幾年的高考試題中,我們可以看到,短文改錯的題型結(jié)構(gòu)相對穩(wěn)定,考查目標明確,幾乎涉及了中學英語中全部的基礎(chǔ)知識。二、短文改錯短文改錯是集多項語法規(guī)則和多種語言技能于一體的綜合性試題,具有題型小、靈活性大、覆蓋面廣、綜合性強、測試層次多的特點。短文改錯試題并不是單純檢測語法知識,而是檢測考生在語篇上下文理解中,運用語言知識去解決實際的語言問題的能力。具體來說,短文改錯主要檢測考生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷、糾正文章中錯誤的能力,以考查考生在語篇中綜合運用英語知識的準確性。高考英語短文改錯的考點涵蓋知識的領(lǐng)會、運用、分析、綜合等諸多方面,考查目標既涉及語言知識的多個方面(詞法、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、行文邏輯等),又涵蓋理解、分析、運用和整體思維等諸方面的能力。在這個層面上,該題型和語法填空題異曲同工。[命題規(guī)律]短文改錯的文章內(nèi)容淺顯,詞數(shù)為100左右,多采用記敘文文體,偶爾也有說明文和應用文。下面將縱向分析近幾年的高考真題,以便找出考查要點,得出解題規(guī)律。2020~2022高考全國卷短文改錯考點分布

考點甲卷乙卷甲卷乙卷Ⅰ卷Ⅱ卷Ⅲ卷2022202220212021202020202020冠詞0000101名詞0111111動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1211011非謂語動詞2110201代詞1121111考點甲卷乙卷甲卷乙卷Ⅰ卷Ⅱ卷Ⅲ卷2022202220212021202020202020形容詞/副詞1122122介詞0111010連詞1111111數(shù)詞0000000復合句2100121情態(tài)動詞0000100主謂一致1110001動詞詞組1003110[真題詮釋]A(2022·全國甲卷)MyfatheroftentookmetohishospitalwhenIwasoffmyschool.Heshowedmehowhismedicalinstrumentswasused.Ifeltsocloselytohim.However,afterIwenttohighschool,somehowIbecomedistantfromhim.Iwasunwillingtalkwithhimandoftendisobeyedhisruleofnotstayoutwithmyfriendstoolate.ThedisagreementwastoosharpthatneitherhenorIknewwhattosettleit.Oneday,hetalkedwithmeorhopedtomendourrelations.Withtheeffortsmadebyallsides,webegantounderstandeachotherbetter.第一句:刪除my第二句:was→were第三句:closely→close第四句:become→became第五句:unwilling后面加to第五句:stay→staying第六句:too→so第六句:what→how第七句:or→and第八句:all→both【考點分析】

句子順序考點具體分析第一句動詞詞組beoffschool“不上學”第二句主謂一致從句主語instruments為復數(shù)形式第三句形容詞felt為系動詞,用形容詞做表語第四句動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)該文描述的是過去的經(jīng)歷第五句非謂語動詞beunwillingtodosth.第五句非謂語動詞of為介詞,后接動詞-ing形式做賓語第六句固定句型so...that...為固定句型第六句連接副詞howtodosth.“如何來做某事”第七句連詞talked和hoped為并列關(guān)系第八句代詞“兩者都”用bothB(2021·全國乙卷)Ilovedoinghousework.Ialwaysassistmyparentsindoingthedishaftermeals.Ialsowatertheflowersintheyardandtidyingupmyownbedroomwhatevernecessary.Inmyopinion,studentscanbenefitalotdoingsomehousework.Firstly,doinghouseworkwashelpfulforustobearesponsibleperson.Also,itgivesourparentsmoretimetodowhattheyarelikeanditimprovesthefamilyrelationship.What’smost,doinghouseworkcanbeaformofmentallyrelaxationfromstudy.That’sourviewonhousework.Andhopesthiscaninspiremorethinkingonthetopic!第二句:dish→dishes第三句:tidying→tidy;whatever→whenever第四句:在doing前加from第五句:was→is第六句:去掉are第七句:most→more;mentally→mental第八句:our→my第九句:hopes→hope【考點分析】

句子順序考點具體分析第二句名詞dothedishes“洗碗”第三句動詞(詞組)water和tidy為并列謂語動詞第三句連詞whenever“無論何時”第四句介詞benefitfrom...“受益于”第五句動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)指一種客觀情況用一般現(xiàn)在時第六句動詞(詞組)系動詞和實義動詞不能疊用第七句形容詞what’smore“而且”第七句形容詞形容詞修飾名詞第八句代詞此處指作者的個人觀點第九句動詞(詞組)該句為祈使句,謂語用動詞原形[解題策略]1.短文改錯的解答一般可遵循如下步驟:(1)通讀全文,理解語篇大意:掌握短文大意和上下文邏輯關(guān)系,檢查全文語意是否連貫,起承轉(zhuǎn)合是否符合文意,語句間的邏輯關(guān)系是否合理等。(2)解讀句子,分析語法或詞匯錯誤:綜合運用所學語言知識,根據(jù)各句不同的錯誤情況分別答題(即改詞、加詞或刪詞)。在糾錯時要仔細地讀懂每一個句子,不到句號不要停頓,這樣才能發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的錯誤。(3)注意解題順序:先分析語篇,注意上下文的聯(lián)系;再分析句子,注意句子成分與聯(lián)系;再分析意群或短語,看看固定搭配方面是否存在問題。(4)改后回讀,糾正失誤:做完短文改錯題后將答案放回原文,再重讀全文,其目的主要是查看有無不符合邏輯、語句不通暢、不符合英語習慣的問題。改后復讀,往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)不曾發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題或做出的誤改。復讀過程中,凡遇到不通順或不連貫之處,需進行細致的分析和推敲。此外,還要注意正確的書寫及符號的運用。2.重點關(guān)注:(1)關(guān)注該題所涉及的一致性問題:主要包括主謂一致,時態(tài)、語態(tài)一致,代詞指代一致,名詞的數(shù)與格的一致,句式結(jié)構(gòu)與語意一致,行文關(guān)系的一致等。(2)關(guān)注詞性問題:了解主要詞類的語法作用及其在句中的經(jīng)常性位置。如:名詞在句中一般做主語、賓語、表語;動詞做謂語;形容詞充當表語、定語和賓語補足語;副詞則充當狀語,修飾形容詞、動詞乃至句子。(3)關(guān)注固定搭配