2024屆新高考英語熱點精準(zhǔn)復(fù)習(xí)說明文閱讀方法

2024屆新高考英語熱點精準(zhǔn)復(fù)習(xí)說明文閱讀方法閱讀中常見文體類型應(yīng)用文A篇常見細(xì)節(jié)題記敘文B篇在故事基礎(chǔ)上表述道理細(xì)節(jié)題、人物性格+人物想法、主旨升華、最佳標(biāo)題議論文

C篇或D篇就某一問題，陳述自己的觀點中心句比較好找說明文類型題簡介真題再現(xiàn)-結(jié)構(gòu)再現(xiàn)

天津.2020高考引出說明對象[1]Transporthasalottoanswerforwhenitcomestoharmingtheplanet.Whilecarsandtrainsaremovingtowardsgreener,electricpower,emissionsfromairtravelareexpectedtoincreasemassivelyby2050.Ifwewantbiggreenskysolutions,we

needblueskythinking.Fortunately,there'splentyofthathappeningrightnow,particularlytheshort-haulflightspoweredbybatteries.介紹特征及發(fā)展[2]HarbourAiristhelargestseaplaneairlineinNorthAmerica,flying30,000commercialflightsin40seaplaneseachyear.Significantly,allHarbourAirrouteslastlessthan30minutes,makingitperfectlyfitforelectricengines."Asanairline,we'recurrentlyintheprocessofturningallourplanesintoelectricairplanes."saysCEOGregMcDougall.Tomakethishappen,theairlinehaspartneredupwithMagniXtocreatetheworld'sfirstcommercialflightwithanelectricengine.分析優(yōu)勢[3]Makingtheskieselectricisn'tjustgoodfortheenvironment,italsomakessoundfinancialsense:asmallaircraftuses$400onconventionalfuelfora100-mileflight,whileanelectriconecosts$8-12

forthesamedistance,andthat'sbeforeyoufactorinthehighermaintenancecostsofatraditionalengine.There'salsotheaddedbonusthatelectricplanesarejustmuchmorepleasanttoflyin.Noloudenginenoise,nosmelloffuel,justenvironmentallyfriendlypeaceandquiet.Ⅰ新鮮事物類真題再現(xiàn)-結(jié)構(gòu)再現(xiàn)

天津.2020高考分析面臨的挑戰(zhàn)[4]Whiletherehasbeenrealprogressinthee-planeindustry,thetechnicalchallengesthatremainare

keepingeveryone'sfeetfirmlyontheground.Abattery,evenalithiumone,onlyprovides250watt-hoursper

kilogram;comparethistoliquidfuel,whichhasaspecificenergyof11,890watt-hoursperkilogram.Carryingadequatebatteries,however,wouldmaketheplanetooheavytogetofftheground.Inaircraft,whereeverybitofweightcounts,thiscan'tjustbeignored.預(yù)測未來發(fā)展[5]Thetransition（過渡）fromgastoelectricintheautomobileindustryhasbeenmadeeasierbyhybrids—vehiclespoweredbyboth

fuelandelectricity.Manybelievethesamepatterncouldbefollowedintheair.Fuelconsumptioncouldbe

reducedastheelectriccomponentisswitchedonatkeypartsofthejourney,especiallyontake-offandlanding.態(tài)度評價[6]It'scertainlyanexcitingtime

forelectricflying.Withcompanies

likeHarbourAirtakingthelead,battery-poweredplanes,especiallyonshort-hauljourneys,aresettobecomearealityinthenextfewyears.4.Whatmightbethebiggestchallengeofelectricflying?A.Toimprovethegroundservicefore-planes.B.Tofindqualifiedtechniciansfore-planeindustry,C.Tocalculatetheenergyneededtopowere-planes.D.Tobalancepowerandweightofbatterlesine-planes.5.Whatcouldbedoneduringthetransitionfromgastoelectricinairflight？A.Toproducenewelectriccomponents.B.Toincreasebatteryconsumption.C.Tousemixed-powertechnology.D.Toexpandthelandingfield.6.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheprospectofelectricflying?A.Short-sighted.

B.Wait-and-see.

C.Optimistic.

D.Skeptical.真題再現(xiàn)-結(jié)構(gòu)再現(xiàn)

天津.2020高考考查面臨的挑戰(zhàn)考查未來發(fā)展考查作者態(tài)度引出說明對象[1]Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric（生物測量）technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.介紹特征[2]ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice（裝置）thatgetsaroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence（節(jié)奏）withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecurity

byanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsare

uniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.[3]Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.真題呈現(xiàn)【2019年高考真題新課標(biāo)1卷】預(yù)測發(fā)展趨勢[4]Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword"touch"fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferent

participantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommerclalizeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.真題呈現(xiàn)【2019年高考真題新課標(biāo)1卷】考査說明對象 1.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys.

B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping.C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.

D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.考察特征2.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.

B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquedevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.

D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.考察發(fā)展趨勢3.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A.It’llbeenvironment-friendly.

B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It’llbemadeofplastics.

D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.主旨大意

4.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.

B.Aguidebook.

C.Anovel

D.Amagazine.真題呈現(xiàn)【2019年高考真題新課標(biāo)1卷】說明文閱讀方法新生事物類1.文章結(jié)構(gòu)新生事物類說明文通常按照如下步驟組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）引出說明對象（2）介紹特征及研發(fā)的過程（3）分析優(yōu)勢及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)（4）預(yù)測應(yīng)用及發(fā)展的趨勢（5）表達(dá)人們的態(tài)度及評價2.考查重點（1）特征及研發(fā)的過程

Vaccines（疫苗）maysoonmaketheirfirstfilm

appearances.LedbyexpertMaria

A.Croyle,

researchershavedeveloped

athinsheet（thatpreservesvaccinesforlong

periods

without

refrigeration.

）This

meansthecarefullycooledsmallbottlesnowusedtoshipvaccinescouldpotentiallybereplaced

bylightweightfilms(thatcanbemailedinanenvelopeandstoredonashelf.)Croyka'slaboratorybegandeveloping

thetechnologyin2007.Inspiredbyambor'sabillytopreservetheDNAofinsects,theresearcherssetout

tocreatetheirownversion(ofthesubstancebymixing"alotofsugarandaittlebitofsalt,)(muchlikehardcandy,)"Croyleexplains.Thevaccine-containingfilmisadministeredbymouth-sweetnewsformanywhodislikeneedles.Whatcanwelearnaboutthefilm?A.Itcontainsanimal'sDNA.B.Itwillreplacevaccines.C.Itcomesindifferentflavours.D.Itcanholdbio-products.說明文閱讀方法(2)優(yōu)勢及面臨的挑戰(zhàn)常見關(guān)鍵詞：advantages,favor,limitation,challenge

"Thesystemcouldbeusedtomanipulateconsumers'impressionsof

products",saytheresearchers.Forexample,mirrorsinclothing-store

fittingroomscouldbereplacedwithscreensshowingalteredreflections.Theyalsosuggestpeoplemaybemorelikelytofindclothesattractiveif

theyseethemselveslookinghappywhiletryingthemon."It'scertainlyaninterestingarea,"saysChrisCreedattheUniversity

ofBirmingham,UK.Buthenotesthatusingsuchtechnologyinashop

wouldbeharder

thaninthelab,becausepeoplewilluseawiderange

ofexpressions."Attemptingtomakeslightdifferencestotheseand

ensuringthatthereflectedimagelooksbelievablewouldbemuchmore

challenging,"hesays.WhatdoesCreedmentionasalimitationofthetechnology?A.Itonlychangestheareasaroundthemouthandtheeyes.B.Itonlyworksinclothingstores.C.Itonlymakessubtlechangestopeople'sexpressions.D.Itonlydealswithalimitednumberoffacialexpressions.說明文閱讀方法（3）應(yīng)用及發(fā)展的趨勢常見關(guān)鍵詞∶find,

Finding

partners

(tomass-produce

forclinicaltrials)

isthe

researchers'

mostpressing

problem,Croylesays.Theyarealsoexploringpackagingmethodstokeeptheirfilmsstableupto40℃.

Sizeisamajoradvantage—aletter-sizedshootofthefilm

cancarrymorethan500doses（劑)ofvaccine，about1/900theweight(ofthesameamount)

(oftraditionaldoses.)Bymakingiteasierandcheapertoshipandpreservevaccinesefficiently,Croylesays,thetechnologycouldvastlyimproveimmunizationrates

theworldover,particularlyinmidde-tolow-incomecountries.Whatwillbethenexturgent

taskforCroyle'steam?A.AdvertisingthefilmworldwideB.Improvingthefilm'scapacityC.Reducingtheshippingcost.D.Seekingidealmanufacturers.說明文閱讀方法（4）態(tài)度及評價常見關(guān)鍵詞：how,like,attitude

Ofcourse,therearealso

importantmoralquestionssurrounding

suchsubtlymanipulativetechnology."You

couldarguethatifitmakespeoplehappy,whatharmisitdoing?"saysCreed."ButIcanimaginethatmanypooplemayfeel

manipulated,

uncomfortable

andcheatediftheyfoundout."WhatdoesCreed'scommentonthemoralissueswiththistechnologyimply?A.Nothingismoreimportantthanhappiness.B.Technologyisunabletomanipulatepeople.C.Peopleshouldmaketheirdecisionsindependently.D.Peopleshauldneglacttheharmofthetechnology.說明文閱讀方法補(bǔ)充練習(xí)

Inventorshavebeentryingtomake

flyingcarssincethe1930s,

accordingtoRobertMann,an

airlineindustryexpert.ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingthe

flyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.Thetransitionisnowgoing(throughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.)Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?A.Cautious.

B.Favorable.

C.Ambiguous.

D.Disapproving.說明文閱讀方法補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容：表達(dá)作者態(tài)度的詞正面:positive，optimistic，supporting，approval，favorable，approving反面:negative,pessimistic,passive，disapproval，disapproving,critical客觀中立:objective，neutral困惑懷疑：confused，puzzled，doubtful，suspicious，skeptical拓展知識知識小結(jié)研究背景[1]Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaid

somethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction（干擾）inhisopenoffice，hesaid，"That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus."Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout（布局）.ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.研究過程[2]Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels（分貝），70decibels，and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipants

(inthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop)—significantlyoutperformed

theothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.真題呈現(xiàn)【2021年高考真題新課標(biāo)l卷】II.調(diào)查研究類研究結(jié)果[3]Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudy

alsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone'screativethinkingability.Therightlevelofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof"distractedfocus"appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.研究結(jié)果[4]Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.真題呈現(xiàn)【2021年高考真題新課標(biāo)l卷】1.Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?（研究背景）A.Ithelpshimconcentrate.

B.Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C.Ithasapleasantatmosphere.

D.Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.2.Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability?（研究過程）A.Totalsilence.

B.50decibels.C.70decibels.

D.85decibels.3.Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?（研究結(jié)果）A.Personalprivacyisunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.4.Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?（推理判斷）A.He'sanewsreporter.

C.He'saprofessionaldesigner.B.He'sanofficemanager.

D.He'sapublishedwriter.真題呈現(xiàn)【2021年高考真題新課標(biāo)l卷】1.文章結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)查研究類說明文通常按照如下步驟組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)引出說明對象(2)研究背景(3)研究過程(4)研究結(jié)果(5)未來發(fā)展II.調(diào)查研究類說明文閱讀方法2.考查重點(1)研究背景

Choosingtoforgetsomethingmighttakemorementaleffortthan

tryingtorememberit,researchersatTheUniversityofTexasatAustin

discoveredthroughneuroimaging(神經(jīng)成像).Thesefindings,publishedintheJournalofNeuroscience,suggest

thatinordertoforgetanunwantedexperience,moreattentionshould

befocusedonit.Thissurprisingresultcontinuedpreviousresearch

onintentionalforgettingwhichfocusedonreducingattentiontothe

unwantedinformationthroughredirectingattentionawayfromunwanted

experiencesorholdingbackthememory'sretrievals(恢復(fù)).Previousstudies

onintentionalforgettingresearched

.A.thepatternofbrainactivityB.theprocessofrecoveringamemory

C.thewaytoreduceattentiontounwantedinformationD.theamountofattentionrequiredbyintentionalforgettingII.調(diào)查研究類說明文閱讀方法(2)研究過程常見關(guān)鍵詞：carryout,conduct,involve,participants,testTheWhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt,theWalkerArtCenterandthe

MuseumofContemporaryArt,LosAngelesrecentlyaskedresearchers

toconductastudy

tofindouthoweffectivetheirlong-standingteenart

programsreallyare.Theyinvolvedover300formerparticipantsoffourprogramsforteensthathavebeeninexistencesincethe1990s.Alumni,whosecurrentagesrangefrom18to36,wereinvitedtofindouthowtheyviewedtheirparticipationyearsafterthefact.WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytellus?A.Theresultofthestudy.B.Theprocessofthestudy.C.Theapproachwaymeantothestudy.D.Theobjectandcontentofthestudy.II.調(diào)查研究類說明文閱讀方法(3)研究結(jié)果常見關(guān)鍵詞：itturnsout,find,concludeItturnsoutthatparticipatinginartprogramsalsohelpskeepteens

enthusiasticaboutartsevenaftertheyreachadulthood:

96percentof

participantshadvisitedanartmuseumwithinthelasttwoyears,and68

percenthadvisitedanartmuseumfiveormoretimeswithinthelasttwo

years.Thirty-twopercentofprogramalumniworkintheartsasadults.Thoughthestudyisthefirstofitskindtoexploretheimpactof

teen-specificartprogramsinmuseums,itreflectsotherresearchonthe

importantbenefitsofengagingwiththearts.Adecadeofsurveysbythe

NationalEndowmentfortheArtsfoundthatchildhoodexperiencewiththe

artshavelinkedartseducationtoeverythingfromlowerdrop-outratesto

improvementincriticalthinkingskills.

Whatcanbeinferredofthestudymentionedinthetext?A.Passionforartsmayremainlonginkids'wholelife.B.Nootherstudiesexistconcerningthebenefitsofarts.

C.Agemattersinhowpeopleviewtheirartexperiences.D.Mostchildrentakingpartinartprogramswillworkinarts.說明文閱讀方法(4)未來發(fā)展常見關(guān)鍵詞：futurestudies，furtherstudies,continue"We'relearninghowthesemechanismsinourbrainrespondto

differenttypesofinformation,anditwilltakealotoffurtherresearchand

replication(重復(fù))ofthisworkbeforeweunderstandhowtocontrolour

abilitytoforget,"saidLewis-Peacock,whohasbegunanewstudyusing

neurofeedbacktotrackhowmuchattentionisgiventocertaintypesof

memories."Thiswillmakewayforfuturestudiesonhowweprocess,and

hopefullygetridof,thosereallywrong,stickyemotionalmemories,which

canhaveapowerfuleffectonourhealthandwell-being"Lewis-Peacock

said.Lewiscontinuedhisstudytofindout

.A.howtocontrolpeople'sabilitytoforgetB.wheretoapplythefindingsofhisteam'slateststudyC.whateffectsupsettingmemorieshaveonpeople'shealthD.ifdifferenttypesofinformationrequireddifferentlevelsofattention說明文閱讀方法1.重要信息常出現(xiàn)在：(1)

轉(zhuǎn)折詞后

but,however

；(2)表觀點處

常見觀點表達(dá)：suggest/find/prove等

；(3)段落主旨

段首和斷尾

。2.出現(xiàn)在以下位置的常為次要信息：(1)

表雖然（盡管）

although，though，while

；(2)

舉例子

forexample，forinstance

。III.說明文閱讀方法知識小結(jié)知識小結(jié)

1.Mostautonomousvehiclestest-drivingincitiesnavigate(導(dǎo)航)

byusing3-Dmapsmarkingeveryedgeofroadsidewithalmost

centimeter-levelaccuracy.Butfewplaceshavebeenmappedinsuch

detail,whichhasleftmostareaslikesmallertownsinaccessibletothose

driverlesscars.

2.ResearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)

nowhavedevelopedanewnavigationsystemthatguidesautonomous

vehicleswithoutsuchaccuratemaps.Thistechnologycanhelpdriverless

carstravelalmostanywhere.實戰(zhàn)演練1Whatmaybeaproblemformostdriverlesscars?A.Theyfailintest-driving.B.Theirmapsar