2023年考研外語考前沖刺試卷1

考研外語考前沖刺試卷1

一、UseofEnglish

1、In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitled”The

LimitsofGrowth,“based(1)acomputeranalysisoffuture

economictrends.(2),presentedinmoderatelanguage,the

conclusionsreached.(3),thisinquiryareshocking..

(4),thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatand

persistsunchecked,theexpertsdemonstratethatonlyone

outcomeispossible—arathersudden,uncontrollabledecline

inpopulationandindustrialcapacity(5)beforetheyear

2100.@

Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsible:first,

theacuteshortageoffarmingland,whichwilllead(6)

massstarvation,and(7)theabsoluteincreasein

industrialproduction,(8)_____willcancelanyattemptto

(9)pollutionandwill(10)exhaustnatural

resources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow(11)technology

temporarilysucceeds(12)multiplyingavailable

resources;thesoonertheyareexploited,(13)theywill

beusedup.

Thereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocated

bytheauthorsofthereport,(14)theimmediateadoption

(15)measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnew

plantsandmachinerytotherate(16)_____whichphysical

capitalnowwearsout.Unfortunately,(17)mostparty

leadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues

(18)arecompelledtoignorethem(19)theselfish

interestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend(20)

politicalsupport.

A.at

B.by

C.on

D.in

2、(2)

A.So

B.Therefore

C.However

D.Though

3、⑶

A.by

B.at

C.to

D.on

4、(4)

A.Assuming

B.Incase

C.Apartfrom

D.Inaddition

5、(5)

A.sometime

B.sometimes

C.sometime

D.sometimes

6、(6)

A.in

B.to

C.by

D.way

7、(7)

A.on

B.second

C.lastly

D.inaddition

8、⑻

A.that

B.which

C.one

D.experts

9、(9)

A.reduce

B.increase

C.compare

D.match

10、(10)

A.necessarily

B.eventually

C.timely

D.doubtfully

IK(11)

A.however

B.furthermore

C.evenif

D.because

12、(12)

A.by

B.in

C.on

D.at

13、(13)

A.theless

B.thes1ower

C.thesooner

D.thefewer

14、(14)

A.namely

B.consequently

C.moreover

D.asaresult

15、(15)

A.to

B.of

C.by

D.with

16、(16)

A.at

B.to

C.by

D.in

17、(17)

A.however

B.though

C.providing

D.evenif

18、(18)

A.and

B.or

C.neither

D.but

19、(19)

A.becauseof

B.apartfrom

C.inadditionto

D.inspiteof

20、(20)

A.on

B.by

C.in

D.for

二、ReadingComprehension

1PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Oneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinability

ofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeofthe

radioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.

Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensof

thousandsofyears,whileothershavealifespanclosertoa

quarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedto

date,butallhaverevealedweaknesses,forcingscientiststo

continuetheirsearch.

Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstages,withthedanger

ofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactors

comesfromuraniumore,which,whenmined,,spontaneously

producesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.This

characteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtime

resultinginthedeath,duetocancer,ofhundredsofuranium

miners.

TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactive

wastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcrete

andcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeit

wasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolved,

untilsomeofthesetanksleaked,allowingtheradioactive

wastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystores

itsnuclearwasteinunderwatertanks,withthelong-term

effectslargelyunknown.

However,plansareunderconsiderationforabove-ground

storageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethe

buildingofthreevastconcretecontainers,whichwouldbetwo

storieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwo

footballfields.Othersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewaste

inglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcaverns,or

placinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregion,wherethey

wou1dmelttheice,therebysinkingdownadverseeffectonthe

icesheets.

Itisimpliedinthepassagethattheprimarydifficultyin

seekingasafewaytodisposeofnuclearwastesiscaused

by______

A.thenuclearprocessinvolvingthedangerofradioactivity

atitseverystage

B.fuelfornuclearreactorsproducingdangerouswastes

C.theweaknessscientistshavefoundineveryprevious

methods

D.thenatureofnuclearwastestogetherwiththeirlengthy

lifespan

2、

Accordingtothepassage,uraniumoreisverydangerous

because

A.itproducesradioactivesubstancesafteritisdugout

B.ithascauseddeathsofmanyminers

C.theminingofitproducesdangerousby-products

D.thereisaprobleminminingtechniques

3、

Accordingtothepassage,scientistsfailedto

A.discoverthecharacteristicofnuclearprocess

B.discoverthenatureofuraniumore

C.savethelifeofuraniumminers

D.storenuclearwastesinunderwatertanks

4、

HotcontainersofnuclearwastestobeputinAntarcticregion

would

A.remainaboveicesheets

B.besafetoenvironment

C.behighlyprobable

D.remainundersea

5、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A.NuclearEnergyandPublicSafety

B.UraniumOreandItsCharacteristics

C.ScientificApproachtoDisposalofNuclearWastes

D.NuclearProcessandItsWastes

6>Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldbacklargelyby

skepticismaboutadvertisers'claimsthatheatpumpscan

provideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitof

electricalenergyused,thusapparentlycontradictingthe

principleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluid

refrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphaseto

itsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerant,startingas

alow-temperature,low-pressurevapor,enterscompressor

drivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthe

compressorasahot,densevaporandflowsthroughaheat

exchangercalledthecondenser,whichtransfersheatfromthe

refrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerant,asa

high-pressure,cooledliquid,confrontsaflowrestriction

whichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefalls,the

refrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizes,becomingchilled.

Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchanger,theevaporator,

whichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerant,reducing

thetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheat

exchangers,oneislocatedinside,andtheotheroneoutside

thehouse,soeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:

roomairandoutsideair,respectively.

Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpis

controlledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversed,

theheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversal

capabilityallowsheatpumps—eithertoheatorcoolroomair.

Now,ifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmore

thermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergy,hasthe

lawofenergyconservationbeenchallenged?No,noteven

remotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothe

circulatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthe

differenceintheenergyequation.

Unfortunately,thereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacity

ofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.The

dropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountof

refrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.The

heatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:the

lessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressed,thelessthe

thermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.The

volumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speed

rotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.

Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlower

pressurethanwarmervapor.Therefore,themassofcold

refrigerant一andthusthethermalenergyitcarries—isless

thaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression.

Here,then,liesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremely

coldclimates—wherethemostheatisneeded—heatpumpsare

leastabletosupplyenoughheat.

Theprimarypurpose,ofthepassageisto

A.explainthedifferencesintheworkingofaheatpumpwhen

theoutdoortemperaturechanges

B.contrasttheheatingandthecoolingmodesofheatpumps

C.describeheatpumps,theiruse,andfactorsaffectingtheir

use

D.advocatethemorewidespreaduseofheatpumps

7、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,inthecourseofa

heatingseason,theheatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatest

when______

A.heatingisleastessential

B.electricityratesarelowest

C.itscompressorrunsthefastest

D.outdoortemperaturesholdsteady

8、

Iftheauthor;sassessmentoftheuseofheatpumpsiscorrect,

whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthelessonthat

advertisersshouldlearnfromthiscase?

A.Donotmakeexaggeratedclaimsabouttheproductsyouare

tryingtopromote.

B.Focusyouradvertisingcampaignonvagueanalogiesand

veiledimplicationsinsteadofonfacts.

C.Donotusefactsinyouradvertisingthatwillstrainthe

prospectiveclient'sabilitytobelieve.

D.Donotassumeinyouradvertisingthattheprospective

clientsknoweventhemostelementaryscientificprinciples.

9、

Accordingtothepassage,theroleoftheflowrestrictionin

aheatpumpisto

A.measureaccuratelytheflowrateoftherefrigerant-mass

atthatpoint

B.compressandheattherefrigerantvapor

C.bringabouttheevaporationandcoolingofrefrigerant

D.exchangeheatbetweentherefrigerantandtheairatthat

point

10、

Theauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuine

drawbackasa

A.causeforregret

B.signofprematuredefeatism

C.welcomechallenge

D.focusforaneducationalcampaign

11、Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiant

enterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichman

becomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoiling

isdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpiped

music,andbypsychologistsandz，human-relations，/experts;yet

allthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecome

powerless,thathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhis

workandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthe

white-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodanceto

thetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymight

findthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausethey

areunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.

Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthe

fundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyand

intellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Their

livesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.They

areevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighly

competitiverace.

Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybut

evenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheir

firstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthe

rightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthat

momentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologists,

forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,who

judgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.

Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetter

thanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyand

stress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmode

ofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprise

capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedby

returningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggest

transformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratical1ymanaged

industrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionare

endsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichman

andfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities一thoseofloveand

ofreason一aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Production

andconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,and

shouldbepreventedfromrulingwan.

By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendsto

rendertheideathatmanis

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividuals

functionisnegligible

B.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthe

societythoughfunctioningsmoothly

D.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworking

smoothly

12、

Whatistherealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersand

employees?

A.Theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B.Theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C.Theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhuman

existence

D.Theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

13、

Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflife

belongstothose

A.whoareatthebottomofthesociety

B.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C.whoprovebetterthantheirfellowcompetitors

D.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

14、

Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhat

weshould

A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted.

15、

Whatisoneoftheauthorsattitudetowards

industrialism?

A.Approval

B.Dissatisfaction

C.Suspicion

D.Tolerance

16、Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhas

only6percentoftheworld'spopulationbut46percentofthe

world'scars.Rightnow,thereare97millionprivatelyowned

carsconsuming75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelingan

estimated1,000billionmiles,ayear.Thefiguresalsoaffirm

somethingweknoweverytimewerefillourgasolinetank.The

automobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.Ofthetotal

petroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates,30percentgoestoquench

thatthirst.Everyyearforeachpassengercar,about800

gallonsofgasolineareconsumed.

Otheraspectsofourcommitmenttotheautomobilealsobear

mentioninghere,ittakesagreatdealofenergytomanufacture

oneautomobile一about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisis

equivalentto1,200gallonsofgasoline,enoughtorunacar

forabout16,000miles.Weexpendenergyintheprocessof

shippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowrooms,displayingthemfor

salehandmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsix

jobsinthenationisassociatedwiththeautomobilebusiness.

Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocessof

makingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobile，s

gastank.

Buildinghighwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.

Ithasbeenestimatedthatwehavepavedover21,000square

milesofthiscountry'ssurface,mostofittoaccommodatethe

automobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributorto

ournation'sairpollutionproblemandaveryseriousone

becausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlarge

metropolitanareas.

Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryone

seriouslypractisedconservation,oneshouldstopandthink

abouthisowncasualuseoftheautomobile.Therearenumerous

situationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscouldreally

makeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.Becausethe

automobileusesthelargestpercentageofenergyinanaverage

Americanfamily，senergybudgetandalmosthalfofthedollars,

theimpetusforsavingsistremendous.

Accordingtotheauthor,whatdomostpeoplerealize?

A.Alternatesourcesofenergymustbefound

B.Carpoolshelptosolvesomeoftheenergyproblem

C.Theautomobileuseslargeamountsofgasoline

D.Greateffortshavebeenmadetosolvetheenergyproblem

17、

Mostpeopledonotrealizethat

A.themanufactureoftheautomobilerequiresmuchenergy

B.gasolineismoreexpensivethanhomeheatingoil

C.automobilespeedlowersenergyefficiency

D.oilresourcescouldsomedayrunout

18、

Theauthorsimplicationisthat

A.smallcarsuseenergyefficiently

B.anti-pollutiondevicesonautomobilesarenoteffective

C.Americanshavetoimportagreatquantityofgaseachyear

D.Americanswasteenergy

19、

Theauthorsuggeststhatenergysavingscouldbe

realized

A.withmoreeffectivetransportationofconsumergoods

B.withbettereducationalprogramsandplanningtechniques

C.withanefficientsystemofinner-citytransportation

D.withforcefullimitationoftheuseoftheautomobile

20、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A.AmericansAnnualConsumptionofGas

B.ImportanceofEnergyConservation

C.EnergyProblems

D.Automobile-AmericasThirstyMachine

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

WillAmerica,scitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewantto

livein?Itseemsunlikely.Hereasin1970America'ssuburbs

contained25%morefamiliesthanitscities,todaytheycontain

75%more.Middle-classfamilies-"thebedrockofastable

community”,inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrban

Development—associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.

(41).NowondersomanyfamiliesequatetheAmerican

dreamwithahomeinthesuburbs.

Buttheresultingurbansprawlcarriesacost.Areportthis

weekfromtheSierraClub,whichhasbeenpreachingecological

sensitivityformorethanacentury,underlineswhatitcalls

“thedarksideoftheAmericandream"trafficcongestion;

commutingjourneysthat"stealtimefromfamilyandwork”;air

andwaterpollution;lostfarmlandandrecreationalspace;

increasedflooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburban

infrastructurethatrangesfrompolicingtosewagesystems.

(42).

Puttingnumberstoitsargument,theSierraClubreckonsair

pollution"costsUSagriculturemorethan$2.5billionevery

0---------￡

,21

year,“anditarguesthatthepavingoverofnaturalwetlands

helpsproducethefloodsthatcostAmericaanaverageof$4.3

billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990,urbansprawl

ledthetwincitiesofMinneapolis—StPaul,inMinnesota,to

close162schoolsinandaroundthecitycenterswhilebuilding

78newonesintheoutersuburbs.Betweenl970and1995,Maine

spent6ver$338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenasthenumber

ofstudentsinitspublicschoolsfellby27,000.(43).

(44).Amongthecountry'slargestcities,themost

threatened,apparently,arethecitizensofAtlanta;among

medium-sizedcities,itisthepeopleofOrlando,Florida,who

havemosttofear;andamongsmallcities,theinhabitantsof

McAllen,Texas.AsforLosAngles,the"grand-daddyofsprawl”,

thecitydeservesadishonorablemention”,alongwithSan

DiegoandPhoenix.

(45).OneideabeingtriedinpartsofMichiganand

Maryland'isforcommunitiestobuyfarmlandorenvironmentally

sensitivelandtopreventitsdevelopment;anotheridea,

practicedinOregonandWashingtonstate,istosetan“urban

growthboundary"toencloseanurbanareawithinaninviolate

greenbelt;athirdistooffertaxinducementstocommunities

thatforgodevelopmentrights.Butinthelandofthecar,

perhapsthemostunlikelyideaisthatAmericanswillfollow

theexampleofNewJersey,whichrecentlyvotedforhigher

petroltaxestopreserveamillionacresofundevelopedland

overthenexttenyears.

A.Moreover,asthesuburbexpands,theinnercity，staxbase

shrinks,settingoffaviciouscycleofhighertaxes,lower

corporateprofits,higherjoblessnessandlowerproperty

values.

B.Itwasobviousthatafter1970peoplepreferredtolivein

thesuburbwhileworkinthecity.

C.Canurbansprawlberepulsed?

D.Theyhaveapoint:thepovertyrateinAmerica'surbanareas

rosefrom14.2%in1970to21.5%in1993,withmostofthe

increaseintheinner-cityareasfromwhichthemiddleclass

hasfled.

E.Meanwhile,theexhaustionofcommutersishardlylessened

bynewandbetterroads,sinceeach1%increaseinnew

lane-milesgenerateswithinfiveyearsa0.9%increasein

traffic.

F.Thehouseinthesuburbmaynotbefullofconveniencesof

everysort,socarsaretheonlymeansforshoppingand

transportation.

G.Allthis,theSierraClubmaintains,illustratesthethreat

thaturbansprawlrepre