Transportation進出口相關(guān)的海洋運輸

InternationalTradePracticeJUNE,2014ChapterFiveCargoTransportationInductionCaseAChinesecompanyexported1,000cartonsofgoodstoanAustraliancompanyfromGuangzhoutoSidney.TheshipcompanyissuedacleanshippedB/L.WhentheAustraliancompanytookdeliveryofthegoods,theyfoundthat1)15cartonsweremissing;2)10cartonswerebadlydamagedand50%ofthegoodsinsidearelost;3)30cartonswereingoodcondition,butthegoodsinsidewerenotenoughasstipulated.QuestionWhoisresponsiblefortheabove-mentionedincidents,shipperorcarrier?Why?5.1OceanTransportationLinertransportation班輪運輸Chartertransportation租船運輸5.1.1LinertransportationLiner:definitionavesselwithregularsailingsandarrivalssailingonafixed(regular)sailingroutecallingatfixed(regular)baseportsadoptingacomparativelyfixedtimetablechargesatcomparativelyfixedfreightratesfreightinclusiveofloading&unloadingcostLiner:typesconferenceliners工會定期船non-conferenceliners非工會定期船5.1.1LinertransportationLinerFreight

=basicfreightrate

+surchargesandadditionalCalculationformulaoflinerfreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity

×BasicFreightRate

×

(1+

Surcharge/AdditionalRates)BasicFreightRate:quotedbythecarrier5.1.1LinertransportationA.V.從價運費5.1.1LinertransportationSurcharges附加費BunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)燃油附加費CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)貨幣貶值附加費PortCongestionSurcharge港口擁擠附加費TransshipmentSurcharge轉(zhuǎn)船附加費PortSurcharge港口附加費DeviationSurcharge繞道附加費5.1.1LinertransportationAdditionals

附屬費Heavyliftadditional超重附屬費e.g.forcargoover5MTperunitLengthycargoadditional超長附屬費e.g.forcargoover9mperunitBulkycargoadditional超大附屬費e.g.forcargoover6cbmperunitAdditionalondirect直航附屬費Additionalonoptionaldischargeport選擇港附屬費Additionalforalternationofdestination變更卸港附屬費5.1.1LinertransportationFreightcalculation:IllustrationSuppose:CompanyAexports1000casesofCommodityYtoLondon.Thevolumepercaseis40cmx30cmx20cm,andthegrossweightis30kgpercase.ForCommodityY,thefreightratebasisisW/M,andtheFreightTariff(China—London)isUSD230,witha10%portsurcharge.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?5.1.1LinertransportationSolution:W:30kg=0.03M/TM:0.4x0.3x0.2=0.024m3W>M,“W”isthefreightbasisforthecalculationoffreightTotalFreight =TotalQuantity

×BasicFreightRate×

(1+

Surcharge/AdditionalRates)

=1000cases

×0.03M/T×USD230×(1+10%)

=USD7590Answer:ThetotalfreightcostisUSD7590.5.1.2Chartertransportation租船運輸CharacteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(e.g.bulkcargo)Typesvoyagecharter程租船:hiredbasedonaparticularvoyagetimecharter期租船:thehireofashipforaperiodoftimebareboatcharter光船租船:thehireofthevesselitself5.1.2ChartertransportationCharterpartythecontractbetweentheship-owner(carrier承運人)andthecharterer(shipper發(fā)運人)Contentsthecontractpartiestheshipconditions:e.g.theship’sname,age,nationality,tonnagevoyage:e.g.portsofshipment&destinationcharterfreightdivisionofloading&unloadingcostlaydays裝卸日期demurrage滯期費

&dispatch速遣費freightpaymentterms..5.1.2ChartertransportationSpecifyingloading&unloadingcostFourmethods:I.&O.orLinerTerms/GrossTerms:InandOut班輪條件（船方負責(zé)裝卸費）F.I.:FreeIn船方管卸不管裝F.O.:FreeOut船方管裝不管卸F.I.O.:FreeInandOut船方不管裝卸OrF.I.O.S.T.:理艙平艙條件FreeInandOut,StowedandTrimmed5.1.2ChartertransportationLaytime裝卸時間

alsocalledlayday,istheperiodoftimeallowedtothechartererfortheloadingorunloadingofgoodswithoutadditionalchargeMethodsofstipulation

Daysorrunningdaysorconsecutivedays作業(yè)日Weatherworking晴天工作日daysof24hoursAweatherworkingdayof24consecutivehours..5.1.2ChartertransportationDemurrage滯留費 theamountofmoneypaidasapenaltyatanagreedratebythecharterertocompensatetheship-ownerforhislossesincasethechartererfailstohaveloadingandunloadingcompletedwithinthelaytimeDispatch速遣費theamountofmoneypaidasabonusbytheship-ownertothechartereriftheygetloadingandunloadingdoneaheadofschedule.normallydispatchmoney=?thedemurrage5.2OthermodesoftransportationAirTransportationRailTransportation&RoadTransportationInternationalMultimodalTransportationContainerTransportation5.2.1AirTransportationGeneralcargoratesW:byweight(usu.1kgastheunit)M:bymeasurement(usu.6000cm3=1kg)W/M:byweightorbymeasurement,subjecttothehigher theheavier,thecheaper(unitfreight)e.g.45kgdrawsalineminimumfreight…5.2.1AirTransportationAirfreight:illustrationCompanyAwantstosendoneconsignmenttoSydney,Australia.Thegoodsarepackedin50cartons,eachweighing15kgs,withmeasurementas50x40x30cm.TheairfreightrateisquotedatUSD2.00/KG(W/M).Howmuchwouldthetotalairfreightcost?5.2.1AirTransportationSolutionW:15kgM:(50x40x30)/6000=10kgW>M,soWwillbeadoptedforthecalculationofairfreightTotalairfreight=TotalQuantity

×BasicFreightRate=50cartons×15kg

×USD2.00=USD1500Answer:thetotalairfreightcostisUSD1500.5.2.3InternationalMultimodalTransportation

國際多式聯(lián)運onlyonemulti-modaltransportationoperatoronlyonecarriagecontractonefreightrateforthewholejourneyhighoperatingefficiencylowoperatingcostshorttimeperiodforcargomovementmoreandmorepopularinshippingpractice5.2.4ContainerTransportationDefinitionamethodofdistributingmerchandiseinaunitizedformadoptinganinter-modalsystemprovidingapossiblecombinationofsea,roadandothermodesoftransportationFeaturesvarietyinservice involvingoneoperator lowriskofdamageandpilferage substantialcostsavings 5.2.4ContainerTransportationTypesofcontainersdrycargocontainer干貨集裝箱refrigerated/reefercontainer冷凍集裝箱tankercontainer罐式集裝箱carcontainerSizesofcontainersStandardsizes(mostpopular)FEU8’x8’x40’TEU8’x8’x20’

5.2.4ContainerTransportationTypesofserviceAccordingtoplaceofshipmentanddestinationCYtoCY(ContainerYardtoContainerYard)場到場（港口集裝箱堆場）CFStoCFS站到站（集裝箱貨運站）(ContainerFreightStationtoContainerFreightStation)DRtoDR(DoortoDoor)門到門DRtoCFS(DoortoContainerFreightStation)門到站CFStoDR(ContainerFreightStationtodoor)站到門5.2.4ContainerTransportationAccordingtothecapacityneededFCLforgoodsoffullcontainerloadfreightbasedoncontainercapacityLCLforcargoinsmallquantity(lessthanacontainerload)Carriers’consolidatinggoodsofdifferentshipperstobedeliveredtothesamedestination5.2.4ContainerTransportationContainerfreightFCL:determinedmainlybythecapacityofthecontainertheplaceofshipmentDestination…LCL:similartothoseoftheoceanlinerserviceW,MorW/Mthedistanceofvoyage…surchargesandadditionalifapplicable5.3TransportationdocumentsBilloflading(B/L)海運提單Definitionadocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.Functionareceiptofcargoanevidenceofcontractofcarriageadocumenttitletothegoods5.3TransportationdocumentsContentsonthefaceInformationconcerningcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecargo,termsofcarriagecontract…onthebackthegeneraltermsandconditions5.3TransportationdocumentsTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvesselshippedB/L已裝船提單IssuedaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevesselTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhetherthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardthecarryingvesselreceivedforShipmentB/L備運提單GoodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloadedDifficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,sonotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsareshippedonboardWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2011”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/LTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheconditionoftheexteriorpackingofthereceivedcargocleanB/L清潔提單Proofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementuncleanB/L不清潔提單Markedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.e.g..2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunacceptabletobuyersandbanksCase3ChinesetradingCompanyAconcludedasalescontractwithaHollandtradingCompanyB,sellingabatchofChineseporcelain.ThecontractwasbasedonCFRRotterdam.CompanyAdeliveredthegoodsincompliancewiththecontractandobtainedacleanonboardBillofLading.However,nextdayCompanyAfoundthatshippingadvicewasnotdispatchedtoCompanyB.Meanwhile,Chineseporcelaingotlostbecauseofroughsea.QuestionWhoisresponsiblefortheloss?Why?Case6AChinesecompanyexported1,000cartonsofgoodstoanAustraliancompanyfromGuangzhoutoSidney.TheshipcompanyissuedacleanshippedB/L.WhentheAustraliancompanytookdeliveryofthegoods,theyfoundthat1)15cartonsweremissing;2)10cartonswerebadlydamagedand50%ofthegoodsinsidearelost;3)30cartonswereingoodcondition,butthegoodsinsidewerenotenoughasstipulated.QuestionWhoisresponsiblefortheabove-mentionedincidents,shipperorcarrier?Why?TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheaddressoftheconsigneestraightB/L記名提單MadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferablebearerB/L不記名提單NonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”CanbetransferredwithoutendorsementHighrisk→unfavorableininternationaltradeTypesofBillofLadingOrderB/L指示提單MadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable，butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement記名背書:signatureoftheendorserandnameoftheendorseeBlankendorsement空白背書:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorseeWidelyusedininternationaltradeTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtowhethertransshipmentisinvolvedintransitdirectB/L直達提單portofshipment→portofdestinationPreferredbythebuyertransshipmentB/L轉(zhuǎn)船提單portofshipment→intermediateport→portofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectserviceTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtotheperplexityorsimplicityofthecontentlongformB/L全式提單detailedshippingcontractclauseprintedonboththefaceandthebackShortformB/L 略式提單simplifiedandabbreviatednodetailedshippingcontractclauseesp.onthebacknotsuitableforevidenceofcontractofcarriageTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothepaymentconditionoffreightfreightprepaidB/L運費預(yù)付提單IssuedonlyafterfreighthavingbeenpaidNormallysuitableforSalesContractsontradeterms(e.g.CFR/CIF)wherethesellerisobligedtoarrangecontractofcarriageandpaythefreight.freighttobecollectedB/L運費到付提單Wordingsuchas“Freightpayableatdestination”or“Freighttocollectatdestination”isindicatedNormallysuitableforSalesContracts(e.g.FOB)wherecontractofcarriageisarrangedbytheselleronbehalfofthebuyerCase7AChinesecompanyexported500M/TofaluminumingottoaJapanesecompanywhichresoldthegoodstoanAustraliancompany.ThetradetermwasFOBQingdao,theportofdestinationisSidney.TheJapanesecompanyopenedtheL/CwhichprovidedthattheB/Lwastobemadeouttoindicate“Freightprepaid”.Discussion.1.WhyJapanesepartyasksustoindicate“Freightprepaid”inthebilloflading?2.HowcantheChinesecompanyprotectitsowninterests?TypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothevalidityoriginalB/L正本提單ValidonlyafterbeingsignedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyTypesofBillofLadingaccordingtothevalidityCopyB/L副本提單Bearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”NormallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsmadeoutinseveraltobeafullsetoftogetherwiththeoriginalsTypesofBillofLadingStaleB/L過期提單presentedlaterthanthelatestpresentationdatespecifiedintheL/Corpresentedlaterthanthegoods’arrivalatthedestinationUCP600:theB/Lshallbepresentedwithin21daysafterissuance,unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecreditnecessarytoaddaclausethata“StaleB/Lisacceptable”inthecontractforshortvoyagesTypesofBillofLadingAnti-datedB/L倒簽提單theshipmentdateshownonthebillbeingearlierthantheactualoneissuedattherequestoftheshippertomeetthetimeofshipmentstipulatedinthecreditfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraudCase2ChinesecompanyAconcludedasalescontractwithaforeignCompanyB,selling2,000tongoods.ThecontractwasbasedonCIFAntwerpUSD3,450M/T.ThetimeofshipmentwasinDecember.TheL/Cshowedthatthelatestdateofshipmentwas31st,December2002.However,theshiparrivedattheportofshipmenton13th,Feb.,2003andthedateofshipmentwason18th,Jan2003.CompanyAaskedtheshippingcompanytoissuetheAnte-dateBillofLadingandthedateoftheB/Lwas31stDecember2002.Aftershipment,companyApresentedthedocumentstobank,itgotthepayment.OnApril2003,theshiparrivedattheAntwerpport.CompanyBthoughtthattheshipshouldnotarriveatAntwerpsolate.SoCompanyBconsultedthedairyofshippingandfoundtheactualshipmenttimewas18thJan2003.CompanyBrefusedtoacceptthegoodsandaskedCompanyAtorefundthepaymentofgoodsandcompensatethemfortheirlosses.DiscussionIfyouweretheseller,whatwouldyoudo?TypesofBillofLadingAdvancedB/L預(yù)簽提單issuedbeforeactualloadingofthegoodsiscompletedorevenbeforethecommencementoftheactualloadingoperationissuedwhenthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheL/Cisalmostduebuttheactualloadingofthegoodsisnotyetcompletedorthegoodsarenotreadyforshipment.issuedattherequestofthesellerfortheavoidanceofanon-paymentconstituteafraudTypesofBillofLadingOndeckB/L艙面提單indicatingthatthegoodsarestowedandshippedondeckcarrierbeingresponsibleforthedamage&lossesusu.unacceptabletobuyerandbankunlessthecreditstipulatesotherwisespecialarrangementforinsuranceisneededifapplicable5.3TransportationdocumentsOthertypesoftransportationdocumentsSeaWaybill海運單AirWaybill空運提單ConsignmentNote(RailWaybill)貨物承運收據(jù)RoadConsignmentNote陸運提單MultimodalTransportationDocument(MTD)

多式聯(lián)運提單5.4Shipmentclauseinthesalescontracttimeofshipmentvs.timeofdeliveryforshipmentcontractstimeofshipment=timeofdeliveryforallarrivalcontractstimeofshipment≠timeofdelivery5.4ShipmentclauseincontractStipulatingmethodsspecifyingafixedperiodoftimeoradeadlineShipmentistobemadeduringJanuary/February/March2011Shipmentnotlaterthan31stJuly,2011settingatimeperioduponreceiptofpaymentShipmentistobemadewithin30daysafterreceiptoftheL/C.TherelevantL/Cmustreachthesellernotlaterthan30thJune,2011.5.4ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningtimeofshipmentSufficiencyintermsofavailabilityofgoodsavailabilityofshippingspacePaymentNormallyL/Cshouldarriveatleast15daysbeforethetimeofshipmenttoallowtimeforexaminingandmodifyingL/CFlexibility:avoid“shipmentonMay15th”Clarityavoidwordinglike“Immediateshipment”,“Promptshipment”,“Shipmentassoonaspossible”etc.Case5

AChinesecompanyexported12,000M/Tofrice.ThesalescontractstipulatedthatTheChinesepartyshipped1,000M/TofriceeachmonthfromJanuarytoDecember.FromJanuaryChinesepartymadetheshipment,butwhentheforeignpartytookdeliveryofriceinMay,theyfoundthericebecamemoldyandnotedible.Theforeignpartylodgedaclaimagainstourparty,andcanceledthecontract.Questions1.Ifyouweretheexporter,whatwouldyoudo?2.Doyouthinktheforeignpartycancancelthecontract?Why?3.Ifthegoodsareasetofequipments,cantheforeignpartycancelthecontract?5.4ShipmentclauseincontractIssuesconcerningportofshipmentanddestination:closetotheoriginofthegoodsconsideringportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctions..definiteandspecificbeingawareofdifferentportsinthesamename5.4ShipmentclauseincontractPartialShipment分批裝運thecommoditiesunderacontractaretobeshippedinmorethanonelotReasonsforpartialshipmentthelackofmeansofconveyanceshippingspaceunavailablethelimitationofloadingorunloadingfacilitiesattheportofshipmentordestinationtherestrictionofmarketcapacityproductionability…5.4ShipmentclauseincontractPartialShipment:relevantrules&practiceUCP600Article31,“transportationdocuments,whichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmentcommencingonthesamemeansofconveyanceandforthesamejourney,providedtheyindicatethesamedestination,willnotberegardedascoveringapartialshipment,eveniftheyindicatedifferentdatesofshipmentordifferentportsofloading,placesoftakinginchargeordispatch.”Case1ChineseCompanyAexportedtoforeignCompanyB2,000metrictonsofcornpackedinsacksof50kgeach.ThecontractprovidedthattheshipmentwastobemadeinMayandJune,andpaymentbyL/C.WhenCompanyAbookedtheshippingspace,itfoundthattheshippingspacewasnotavailableforthewholelot,soitmadetheshipmentsinMayandJunerespectively.Discussion1.IsitnecessaryforCompanyAtoaskCompanyBtoamendtheL/Ctoallowpartialshipment?2.Ifyouweretheexporter,howwouldyoudealwithit?Case4AChinesecompanysignedasalescontractwithaforeigncompanytoexport2,000M/Tofbeans.Theletterofcreditstipulatedthatpartialshipmentwastobenotallowed.Whentheshipmentwasmadeaccordingtothetimeofshipmentinthecontract,asthesupplyfromoneplace