綜合英語教學(xué)課件

Contents123456ActiveReading21.Listenanddecidewhetherthestatementsaretrueorfalse.2.Listenandanswerthequestions.WarmingUpListentoapassageandthendecidewhetherthestatementsbelowaretrueorfalse:1.Theeconomyissufferingdepressionrecently.2.AccordingtotheNewYorkTimes,nowadayswomenhavesuffered82percentofthejoblosses.3.Industrieslikeauto-makingandshipbuildingemployalargeamountofmaleworkforce.4.Advocatesfor

women'srightswereangeredbecausewomenmakelessmoneythanmeninmanyjobs.WarmingUpTFFTListenagainandanswerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethereasonsforwomentohavebetterjobprospectsthanmen?2.Howdomanyindustriesreducetheirexecutiveandveteranmaleworkforce

?3.

AccordingtoCatherineKaputa,

whatarethereasonsforwomentobesuccessfulintheircareer?WarmingUpListenagainandanswerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatarethereasonsforwomentohavebetterjobprospectsthanmen?Firstly,womenhavealreadyejustmorethan49percentofthenon-farmlaborforce.Secondly,womenmakelessmoneythanmeninmanycomparablejobs,whichmakeswomenmoreattractivetoemployerswhoarecuttingcoststoweathertherecession. Finally,womenhaveprovedtheyaresuperiortomenincertainjobsituations.WarmingUp2.Howdomanyindustriesreducetheirexecutiveandveteranmaleworkforce

?

Bypayingolderworkerstoretire.3.

AccordingtoCatherineKaputa,

whatarethereasonsforwomentobesuccessfulintheircareer?

Firstly,womenaremoreintuitiveandempatheticthanmostmen;Secondly,womenoutscoremenonoralandwrittenteststhatcanbecriticaltojobplacementandadvancement.WarmingUpScriptScript: Womenworkersarefaringbetterthanmeninthecurrenteconomicdownturn,foravarietyofreasons.SomuchsothattheymaysoonpassmenandethemajoritygenderintheAmericanworkplace.ByNovemberoflastyear,accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,womenhadalreadyejustmorethan49percentofthenon-farmlaborforce.AndTheNewYorkTimesreportsthatinthecurrenteconomicturndown,menhavesuffered82percentofthejoblosses.That'strue,inpart,becausestrugglingindustrieslikeauto-makingandhomebuildingemployanoverwhelminglymaleworkforce.WarmingUp

Butthereareotherreasonswhyjobprospectsforwomenarebrighterrightnowthantheyareformen.Womenmakelessmoneythanmeninmanycomparablejobs.Thatinfuriateswomen's-rightsadvocates,butitmakeswomenmoreattractivetoemployerswhoarecuttingcoststoweathertherecession.Manyindustrieshaveculledtheirexecutiveandveteranworkforce-men,byandlarge-bypayingolderworkerstoretire.WarmingUp

Andinsomeestimations,womenhaveprovedtheyaresuperiortomenincertainjobsituations. Inhernewbook,TheFemaleBrand:UsingtheFemaleMindsettoSucceedinBusiness,CatherineKaputawritesthatwomenare,touseherword,"wired"forcareersuccess.Theyare,shesays,moreintuitiveandempatheticthanmostmen.Andtheyoutscorethemonoralandwrittenteststhatcanbecriticaltojobplacementandadvancement.WarmingUp That'sbecause,Kaputacontends,womenlistenbetterthanmen,askmoreandbetterquestions,andputmorecareintotheirwriting.Andbecausewomenare,inherview,natural-bornnetworkersandteambuilders,theymakeandkeepfriendswhowilllookoutfortheirinterestsintheworkplace. Ifallthisistrueandiscontributingtotheirjobsurvivalduringtherecession,itwouldrepresentaradicalchangefromthedaysinwhichitwasmen,whoseno-nonsense,es-firstapproachgavethemtheedgeoversupposedlyemotionalwomenonthejob.WarmingUpTextBackgroundInformationChoosetheBestAnswerTextBackgroundinformation

Thispassageisfromthe1994book,Talkingfrom9to5bytheUSwriter,DeborahTannen(1945–),who

isaprofessoroflinguisticsatGeorgetownUniversityinWashington,D.C.Thebookisabouthowwomen

andmentalkintheworkplace,includingtopicsaboutritualsinconversation,indirectnessatwork,the“glass

ceiling”(theideathatintheworkplacewomenarejudgedinasystemsetupandrunbymenwhichmakes

itverydifficultforwomentorisetothetop),womenandauthority,andtalkingatmeetings.Text

Inanumberof

otherbest-sellingbooksforgeneralaudiences,Tannenhaswrittenaboutmenandwomen’sconversational

styles,the“argumentculture”aboutoppositionalstylesofargumentanddebate,andmorerecentlyabout

familyconversation:betweenparentsandchildren,childrenasadultsandtheirsiblings,mothersand

daughters,andsisters.Inheracademicwork,shehaswrittenaboutnarratives,repetitionanddialogueand

conversationaldiscourse.Text

Somepeoplehavecharacterizedherideasasa“genderlect”theorywhichproposes

thattherearedifferentstylesoftalkbetweenmenandwomenwhich,sayatwork,affectwhogetsheard,who

getscredit,andwhatgetsdone.Tannenpointstoa“doublebind”,thatifwomenatworktalklikewomen

theymaynotberespected;iftheytrytotalklikemen,theymaynotbeliked.TextLookatthetitleofthepassageandchoosethemeaningofmarkedthatislikelytobeused.1Amarkedpersonisindangerbecausesomeonewantstohurtorkillthem.2Ifsomeoneinateamhasbeenmarked,theyarebeingcloselyfollowedbyanopponent.3Amarkedversionofsomethingisnotneutralorbasic.4Ifsomethinghasbeenmarked,ithasbeenspoiledordamaged.TextMarked:womenintheworkplace1 Theterm"marked"isastapleoflinguistictheory.Itreferstothewaylanguagealtersthebasemeaningofawordbyaddingsomething–alittlelinguisticadditionthathasnomeaningonitsown.Theunmarkedformofawordcarriesthemeaningthatgoeswithoutsaying,whatyouthinkofwhenyou'renotthinkinganythingspecial.Text2 TheunmarkedtenseofverbsinEnglishisthepresent–forexample,visit.Toindicatepast,youhavetomarktheverbfor"past"byaddingedtoyieldvisited.Forfuture,youaddaword:willvisit.Nounsarepresumedtobesingularuntilmarkedforplural.Toconveytheideaofmorethanone,wetypicallyaddsomething,usuallysores.Morethanonevisitesvisits,andonedishestwodishes,thankstothepluralmarking.Text3 TheunmarkedformsofmostEnglishwordsalsoconvey"male".Beingmaleistheunmarkedcase.Wehaveendings,suchasessandette,tomarkwordsasfemale.Unfortunately,markingwordsforfemalealso,byassociation,tendstomarkthemforfrivolousness.Wouldyoufeelsafeentrustingyourlifetoa

doctorette?Thisiswhymanypoetsandactorswhohappentobefemaleobjecttothemarkedformspoetessandactress.Text

AlfreWoodard,anOscar

nomineeforBestSupportingActress,sayssheidentifiesherselfasanactorbecause"actressesworryabouteyelashesandcellulite,andwomenwhoareactorsworryaboutthecharactersweareplaying".Anymarkedformcanpickupextrameaningbeyondwhatthemarkingisintendedtodenote.Theextrameaningscarriedbygendermarkersreflectthetraditionalassociationswiththefemalegender:notquiteserious,oftensexual.Text4 Iwasabletoidentifythestylesandtypesofthewomenattheconferencebecauseeachofushadtomakedecisionsabouthair,clothing,make-upandaccessories,andeachofthosedecisionscarriedmeaning.Everystyleavailabletouswasmarked.Ofcourse,themeninourgrouphadtomakedecisionstoo,buttheirchoicescarriedfarlessmeaning.Themencouldhavechosenstylesthatweremarked,buttheydidn'thaveto,andinthisgroup,nonedid.Unlikethewomen,theyhadtheoptionofbeingunmarked.Text5 Itookaccountofthemen'sclothes.Therecouldhavebeenacowboyshirtwithstringtieorathree-piecesuitoranecklacedhippieinjeans.Buttherewasn't.Alleightmenworebrownorblueslacksandstandard-styleshirtsoflightcolors.6 Nomanworesandalsorboots;theirshoesweredark,closed,comfortable,andflat.Inshort,unmarked.Text7 Althoughnomanworemake-up,youcouldn'tsaythemendidn'twearmake-upinthesensethatyoucouldsayawomandidn'twearmake-up.Formen,nomake-upisunmarked.8 Iaskedmyselfwhatstylewewomencouldhaveadoptedthatwouldhavebeenunmarked,likethemen's.Theanswerwas:none.Thereisnounmarkedwoman.Text9 Thereisnowoman'shairstylethatcouldbecalled"standard",thatsaysnothingabouther.Therangeofwomen'shairstylesisstaggering,butifawoman'shairhasnoparticularstyle,thisinitselfistakenasastatementthatshedoesn'tcarehowshelooks–aneloquentmessagethatcandisqualifyawomanformanypositions.Text10 Womenhavetochoosebetweenshoesthatarecomfortableandshoesthataredeemedattractive.Whenourgrouphadtomakeanunexpectedtrek,thewomanwhoworeflatlacedshoesarrivedfirst.Thelasttoarrivewasthewomanwithspikeheels,hershoesinherhandandahandfulofmenaroundher.Text11 Ifawoman'sclothesaretightorrevealing(inotherwords,sexy),itsendsamessage–anintendedoneofwantingtobeattractivebutalsoapossiblyunintendedoneofavailability.Butifherclothesarenotsexy,thattoosendsamessage,lentmeaningbytheknowledgethattheycouldhavebeen.Inherbook

WomenLawyers,MonaHarrington

quotesawomanwho,despitebeingapartnerinherfirm,foundherself

slippingintothisfaultlinewhenshegotanunexpectedcalltogotocourtrightaway.Text Assheheadedoutthedoor,ayoung(male)associatesaidtoher,"Hadn'tyoubetterbuttonyourblouse?"Shewascaughtcompletelyoffguard."Myblousewasn'tbuttonedunusuallylow,"thewomantoldHarrington."Andthiswasnotaconservativeguy.Buthethoughtonemorebuttonwasnecessaryforcourt."Andhere'stherub:"Istartedwonderingifmyauthoritywasbeingunderminedbyonebutton."Text12 Awomanwearingbrightcolorscallsattentiontoherself,butifsheavoidsbrightcolors,shehas(asmychoiceofverbinthissentencesuggests)avoidedsomething.Heavymake-upcallsattentiontothewearerassomeonewhowantstobeattractive.Lightmake-uptriestobeattractivewithoutbeingalluring.Therearethousandsofproductsfromwhichmake-upmustbechosenandmyriadwaysofapplyingthem.Text

Yetnomake-upatallisanythingbutunmarked.Somemenevenseeitasahostilerefusaltopleasethem.Womenwhoordinarilydonotwearmake-upcanbesurprisedbythetransformingeffectofputtingiton.Inabooktitled

FaceValue,mycolleagueRobinLakoffnotedtheincreasedattentionshegotfrommenwhenshewentforthfromatelevisionstationstillprofessionallymade-up.Text13 Womencan'tevenfilloutaformwithouttellingstories

aboutthemselves.Mostapplicationformsnowgivefourchoicesfortitles.Menhaveonetochoose–"Mr."–sotheirchoicecarriesnomeaningotherthantosaytheyaremale.Butwomenmustchooseamongthree,eachofthemmarked.Awomanwhocheckstheboxfor"Mrs."or"Miss"communicatesnotonlywhethershehasbeenmarriedbutalsothatshehasconservativetastesinformsofaddress,andprobablyotherconservativevaluesaswell.Text Checking"Ms."declinestoletonaboutmarriage(whereas"Mr."declinesnothingsincenothingwasasked),butitalsomarksthewomanwhochecksitonherformaseitherliberatedorrebellious,dependingontheattitudesandassumptionsoftheonemakingthejudgment.Text14 Isometimestrytoduckthesevariouslymarkedchoicesbygivingmytitleas"Dr.”–andtherebyriskmarkingmyselfaseitheruppity(hencesarcasticresponseslike"Excuseme!")oranover-achiever(hencereactionsofcongratulatorysurprise,like"Goodforyou!").Text

15 Allmarriedwomen'ssurnamesaremarked.Ifawomantakesherhusband'sname,sheannouncestotheworldthatsheismarriedandalsothatsheistraditionalinhervalues,accordingtosomeobservers.Toothersitwillindicatethatsheislessherself,moreidentifiedbyherhusband'sidentity.Text Ifshedoesnottakeherhusband'sname,thistooismarked,seenasworthyofcomment:Shehasdonesomething;shehas"keptherownname".Thoughamancandoexactlythesamething–andusuallydoes–heisneversaidtohave"kepthisownname",becauseitneveroccurstoanyonethathemighthavegivenitup.Forhim,butnotforher,usinghisownnameisunmarked.Text16 Amarriedwomanwhowantstohavehercakeandeatittoomayusehersurnameplushis.

Butthistooannouncesthatsheisorhasbeenmarriedandoftenresultsinatongue-tyingstringthatmakeslifemiserableforanyonewhoneedstoalphabetizeit.Inalist(HarveyO'Donovan,JonathonFeldman,StephanieWoodburyMcGillicutty),thewoman'smultiplenamestandsout.Itismarked.Text帶標(biāo)記的職業(yè)女性

1

“有標(biāo)記的”這個術(shù)語是語言學(xué)理論的一個主要概念。它是指通過添加一個成分來改變詞的基本含義的一種方式，而這種語言學(xué)上小小的添加成分本身并沒有獨立的語義。無標(biāo)記的詞，其語義是不言自明的，就是你沒有任何特殊所指時的語義。Text

2

英語中無標(biāo)記的動詞時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時，如visit。要表達(dá)過去時態(tài)，你必須在動詞后面加上ed，這樣就轉(zhuǎn)化成visit這個詞的過去式visited。要表達(dá)將來時態(tài)，你要加一個詞：will

visit。名詞的原形是單數(shù)的，有標(biāo)記的名詞則變成復(fù)數(shù)名詞。為了表達(dá)“多于一個”的概念，我們象征性地加上些東西，通常加s或es。由于有了復(fù)數(shù)標(biāo)記，一次訪問（visit）的變成了數(shù)次訪問（visits），一道菜（dish）就變成了兩道菜（two

dishes）。Text

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大多數(shù)英語詞的無標(biāo)記形式也表達(dá)“男性”的含義。男性代表無標(biāo)記的情形。我們有些后綴，如ess和ette，是用來標(biāo)示女性的詞。令人遺憾的是，被標(biāo)示成女性的詞往往會讓人聯(lián)想到“無足輕重”的含義。你如果把自己的生命交到一位doctorette（女見習(xí)醫(yī)生）的手上會有安全感嗎？這

就是為什么許多碰巧是女性的詩人和演員反對被稱為poetess

（女詩人）和actress（女演員）的原因。Text

一位被提名奧斯卡最佳女配角獎的演員阿爾弗雷·沃達(dá)德認(rèn)為自己是一位actor(演員)，因為“actress（女演員）關(guān)注自己的睫毛和身上的贅肉，而作為actors的女人則只關(guān)注自己所扮演的角色”。任何標(biāo)記的形式都會衍生出該標(biāo)記含義以外的額外含義。性別標(biāo)記所表達(dá)的額外含義反映了對女性的傳統(tǒng)聯(lián)想：即不太嚴(yán)肅，而且通常與性有關(guān)。Text

4

我能夠分辨出參加會議的女性的著裝風(fēng)格和類型，因為我們中的每個人都要選擇發(fā)型、衣服、化妝品和飾品，而每一個選擇都有含義，每一種可供我們選擇的著裝風(fēng)格都是有標(biāo)記的。當(dāng)然，參加會議的男人也要做出此類的選擇，但他們的選擇所附帶的含義要少得多。男人可以選擇標(biāo)記性的著裝，但是他們無須非得選擇。事實上，我們這群人中沒有一個男人選擇標(biāo)記性的著裝。和女人不同，男人有選擇無標(biāo)記著裝的自由。Text

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我注意到男人的著裝。他們本可以穿帶蝶形領(lǐng)結(jié)的牛仔襯衫、三件套的西裝或帶項鏈、穿牛仔褲的嬉皮士裝。但是沒有。所有的8位男士都選擇了棕色或藍(lán)色的休閑褲及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的淺色襯衫。

6

沒有一個男人穿拖鞋或皮靴，他們的皮鞋都是黑色、滿幫、舒適、平跟的?？傊际欠菢?biāo)記性的。Text

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雖然男人不化妝，但男人不化妝的含義和女人不化妝的含義卻大不相同。對男人而言，不化妝是非標(biāo)記性的。

8

我曾經(jīng)問過自己，我們女人是否能像男人那樣選擇無標(biāo)記的著裝風(fēng)格呢？回答是：不可能。不存在無標(biāo)記的女人。Text

9

女人的發(fā)型沒有一種能被稱為是“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的，沒有哪一種發(fā)型不透露一個女人的心思。女人的發(fā)型有相當(dāng)多的式樣，但是如果一個女人的頭發(fā)沒什么特別的式樣，這本身就說明她不在乎自己的形象——這就足以使她失去許多職務(wù)的就任機(jī)會。

Text

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女人選擇鞋子時必須在舒適和被認(rèn)為是吸引人的這兩種類型中做出抉擇。有一次，我們這群人出乎意料地走了一段長路，穿平跟系帶鞋的女人最先到達(dá)了目的地，最后到的是一位穿細(xì)高跟鞋的女人，她手里提著鞋，身邊簇?fù)碇脦讉€男人。

Text

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如果一個女人穿著緊身衣服或者坦胸露背（也就是說很“性感”），那么她有意傳達(dá)的信息就是她想讓自己看起來更吸引人，但與此同時，她也在無意間表露了自己是單身、想找男友的意思。如果她的衣服不性感，那也傳達(dá)了另一種信息：即讓人知道她本來可以穿得更性感的。莫娜·哈林頓在《女律師》一書中提到一位在律師事務(wù)所工作的女士。有一次，她突然接到電話，要求她馬上出庭。雖然她是該事務(wù)所的合伙人，但她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無意間犯了一個錯誤。Text

她正準(zhǔn)備出門時，一位年輕的(男)同事對她說：“你是不是該扣上襯衣的紐扣??？”這使她措手不及。她告訴哈林頓：“我襯衣的領(lǐng)口并不低啊，而且他也不是一個特別守舊的人，但他覺得上法庭必須再扣上一個紐扣?！眴栴}是：“我開始琢磨是不是少扣一個紐扣就會讓我失去權(quán)威?！?/p>

Text

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著裝艷麗的女人引人注意，但如果她避免穿鮮艷的衣服，她就有意（像我在這個句子中選用的動詞一樣）回避了某些東西。如果有人想讓自己更有魅力，她就會濃妝艷抹以吸引別人的眼球。而淡妝使人既俏麗又不妖媚?；瘖y品成千上萬，我們必須加以取舍，并且化妝手法也不勝枚舉。Text

但不施粉黛絕不意味著不帶標(biāo)記。甚至有些男人會把這當(dāng)成敵意，即不肯取悅他們。平時不施粉黛的女士會對自己化妝后容貌的改變感到吃驚。在《面貌的價值》一書中，我的同事羅賓·洛克夫說，當(dāng)她沒卸妝從電視臺出來時，她吸引了更多男人的注意。Text

13

女人一填表就會暴露自己的個人經(jīng)歷?，F(xiàn)在大多數(shù)的申請表會給出四種稱謂選擇。男人只有一種選擇，即“先生”（Mr.），這除了表明他們是男性之外沒有其他任何含義。女人則必須從三種稱謂中選一個，而任何一種都是標(biāo)記性的。如果一位女士勾選了“太太”（Mrs.）或者“小姐”（Miss）的稱謂，那么她不僅暴露了自己的婚姻狀況，而且還表明她在稱謂方面很保守，或許在其他價值觀念方面也很保守。Text

如果她選擇“女士”（Ms.）這一稱謂，那么說明她拒絕透露自己的婚姻狀況（而男士選“先生”這個稱謂時則沒有故意隱瞞任何事情，因為本來就沒有要求他透露婚姻信息）。另外，在表格中勾選“女士”這一稱謂的人會被標(biāo)記為思想解放的人或叛逆者，這就要看評判她的人持什么樣的態(tài)度和看法了。Text

14

我有時會選擇“博士”頭銜，以避開這幾種帶標(biāo)記的稱謂選項。但這么做又會給自己帶來風(fēng)險，標(biāo)明自己要么驕傲自大（于是乎招來譏諷的反應(yīng)，比如“對不起，我不知道你是博士！”），要么是一個成功欲過強(qiáng)的人（那么對方的反應(yīng)就是祝賀式的驚奇，比如“你真行！”）。Text

15

所有已婚婦女的姓都是帶標(biāo)記的。如果一個女人采用了丈夫的姓，那么她就向全世界宣布她已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了，而且，對某些旁觀者來說她的價值觀很傳統(tǒng)。對另一些人來說，這表明她自我意識較弱，更愿意以丈夫的身份來標(biāo)明自己的身份。Text

如果她不采用丈夫的姓，這也是標(biāo)記性的，會被認(rèn)為是一件值得議論的事：她做了件不同尋常的事情；她“保留了自己的姓”。雖然男人可以做完全相同的事——而且他們通常都是這樣做——但他永遠(yuǎn)都不會被認(rèn)為“保留了自己的姓”，因為一開始就沒有人覺得他會放棄自己的姓。對男人而言——而不是對女人——使用自己的姓是非標(biāo)記性的。Text

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一個希望兩全其美的已婚女士可能會用自己的姓加上丈夫的姓，但這也同樣表明她已經(jīng)結(jié)婚，而且還常常會導(dǎo)致一串長得叫人說不清的名字，而當(dāng)必須按字母順序排列姓名時，也會讓人倍感無奈。在一串名字中（如HarveyO’Donovan,JonathonFeldman,StephanieWoodburyMcGillicutty），女性的復(fù)合姓會很顯眼，因為復(fù)合姓是標(biāo)記性的。TextWords&Phrasesstaplelinguisticunmarkedpresumesingularpluralfrivolousnesscowboymake-upsexualmarkerdenotecellulitenomineeunintendedsexyrevealingspikelacedisqualifyeloquententrustdoctorettepoetesshairstyleslacksnecklacedassociatequoteavailabilityWords&Phrasesrubundermineweareralluringmyriadhostiletitlemultiplealphabetizecongratulatoryover-achieversarcasticuppityduckvariouslytherebyWords&Phrasesgo

without

saying

(that)takeaccountofsth./takesth.intoaccountslipintocatchsb.off(their)guardfilloutotherthanWords&PhrasesAlfre

Woodard

阿爾弗雷·沃達(dá)德（美國女演員）Robin

Lakoff

羅賓·洛克夫（美國加州大學(xué)語言學(xué)教授）Harvey

O’Donovan

哈維·奧多諾萬（人名）Jonathon

Feldman

喬納森·菲爾德曼（人名）Mona

Harrington

莫娜·哈林頓（人名）Stephanie

Woodbury

McGillicutty

斯蒂芬妮·伍德伯里·麥吉利卡迪（人名）staplen.

[C]1)

aregularandimportantpartorfeatureofsth.主要內(nèi)容；基本特點e.g.1.

Theweatherformsthestapleoftheirconversation. 天氣是他們的主要話題。

2.ParchedcornwasastapleoftheIndiandiet.

烤玉米是印度人的主要食物。3.Coffeeisthestapleofthisdistrict.咖啡是這個地區(qū)的主要產(chǎn)品。Words&Phrases2)asmallpieceofmetalshapedlikeaUwithpointedendsthatyouforceintoasurfacetoholdsth.inplace訂書釘e.g.Heusedapairofscissorstotakethestaplesoutofthedocument.

他用剪刀將訂書釘從文件上取了出來。Words&Phraseslinguistica.consistingoforrelatedtolanguage

語言上的；語言學(xué)上的e.g.1.

Thismagazineispublishedby

theInternationalLinguisticAssociation.

這本雜志由國際語言學(xué)協(xié)會出版發(fā)行。2.Hislinguisticabilitieswoulddecreaseashegetsolder.

年紀(jì)越大，他的語言能力隨之下降。3.Heisbentonlinguisticstudies.

他專心致志于語言學(xué)研究工作。Wordfamily:linguistics

n.Words&Phrasesunmarkeda.1)

LINGUISTICSanunmarkedwordorphraseisgenerallyusedinnormalEnglishratherthanbeing,forexample,formalorinformal（詞或詞組）無標(biāo)記的e.g.Onthispage,‘duck’isunmarked,whereas‘drake’ismarked.

這一頁上的“duck”一詞是無標(biāo)記的，而“drake”是有標(biāo)記的。Words&Phrases2)

sth.thatisunmarkedhasnowordsorsymbolsonittoshowwhatorwhereitis無記號的e.g.1.Afewcopsprowledinmarkedandunmarkedcars.

幾名警察乘坐有標(biāo)志和無標(biāo)志的汽車在暗中巡查。2.Becausetheroadswereunmarked,partofthechallengewasfindingtheway.由于沒有路標(biāo)，所以當(dāng)時的一個挑戰(zhàn)就是找路。

Words&Phrasespresumevt.thinkthatsth.istruebecauseitislikely,althoughyoucannotbecertain假設(shè)；認(rèn)為e.g.1.Youhadbetterpresumenosuchthing.

你最好不要這樣設(shè)想。2.

Thetaskdemandsskillswhichcannotbepresumedandthereforerequirepropertraining.這一任務(wù)要求的不是想當(dāng)然的技術(shù)，因此需要足夠訓(xùn)練。Wordfamily:presumption

n.e.g.Theargumentisbasedoncertainpresumptionsabouthumannature.這個論點以對人類本性的某些假設(shè)為基礎(chǔ)。Words&Phrasessingular

a.asingularnoun,orthesingularformofanoun,isawordthatreferstoonepersonorthing

單數(shù)的e.g.1.Thenoun"mouse"issingular;itisthesingularformof"mice".

名詞“mouse”是單數(shù)，它是“mice”的單數(shù)形式。2.

“it”isthethird-personsingularneuterpronoun.

“it”是單數(shù)第三人稱的中性代名詞。

Words&Phrasesplural

a.apluralwordorformisusedforreferringtomorethanonepersonorthing

復(fù)數(shù)的e.g.1.Suchwordsasstockingsandsocksareonlyusedinthepluralform.

像“長筒襪和短襪”這些詞只用于復(fù)數(shù)形式。2.

Itcanalsofollowapluralsubjectoranindirectobjectwithapluralverb.

這個詞還可以用于復(fù)數(shù)的主語之后或復(fù)數(shù)動詞的間接賓語之后。

Words&Phrasesfrivolousness

n.[U]

1)

thestateof

lackinganyrealpurposeorimportance

無足輕重；不重要；不必要e.g.Howdoyoudeterminefrivolousnesswithoutthepresentationofevidence?

你沒有提供證據(jù)如何確定此事無足輕重呢？2)thequalityof

behavinginasillywayinsituationswhereyoushouldbebehavinginaseriousorsensibleway

輕佻；輕浮e.g.The

presidentdidnotagreewiththisfrivolousness;hesattight-lippedandunsmilingtoshowhisdisapproval.

校長深不以這種輕薄為然，緊閉著嘴不笑，聊示反對。

Words&PhrasesWordfamily:

frivolous

a.e.g.1.Wouldyoupleasestopaskingsuchfrivolousquestions?請你別再問這些無意義的問題好嗎？2.Dressisatalltimeafrivolousdistinction,andexcessivesolicitudeaboutitoftendestroysitsownaim.

無論什么時候，衣服都是徒有其表的東西，過分考究往往會使它失去原有的作用。3.Thisisaseriousissue.Pleasedon’tmakefrivolousremarks.

這是個嚴(yán)肅的問題，切莫妄下評語。Words&Phrasesentrust

vt.givesomeoneresponsibilityforanimportantjoboractivity

委托；交托e.g.1.

Ientrustyouwiththecareofmyproperty.

我托你照管我的財產(chǎn)。

2.

Iwouldn’tadviseyoutoentrustanythingofvaluetohim.我勸你不要把任何貴重的東西托付給他看管。3.Youcouldn’tentrustyourchildrentostrangers.你不能把孩子交給陌生人照看。

Words&Phrasesdoctorette

n.[C]

afemaledoctor

女見習(xí)醫(yī)生；女博士e.g.1.Adoctorettecertifiedtohisinsanity.

一位女見習(xí)醫(yī)生證明他精神不正常。2.Onlyonedoctoretteisondutytodaytheotherdoctorisoffduty.

今天只有一個女見習(xí)醫(yī)生值班，另一位醫(yī)生下班了。3.ShewasmadeaDoctoretteofDivinity.她成了神學(xué)博士。Words&Phrasespoetess

n.[C]

(old-fashioned)agirlorwomanwhoisapoet女詩人e.g.1.

LiQingzhao

isoneofthegreatestpoetessesinChineseliteraryhistory.

李清照是中國文學(xué)史上最偉大的女詩人之一。2.EmilyDickinsonwasapoetesswhohadagreatinfluenceonAmericanpoetry.

艾米麗·狄金森是對美國詩歌有重大影響的女詩人。

Words&Phrasesnominee

n.[C]

someonewhohasbeenofficiallysuggestedforajoboraprize

被提名者e.g.1.

Fromamongthesenomineesallacademymembersselectthewinnersbysecretballot.

學(xué)院的全體成員通過無記名投票從提名者中選出獲獎?wù)摺?.AcademyAwardnomineeswhogohomeempty-handedmaynothaveashinyOscartoshowoff,buttheymayturnouttobethebiggerwinnersinthegameoflife.雖然空手而歸的奧斯卡獎提名者沒有金燦燦的奧斯卡金像向人們炫耀，但是他們可能會成為現(xiàn)實生活中更大的贏家!

Words&Phrasescellulite

n.[U]

smalllumpsoffatjustbelowtheskin,especiallyontheupperlegs（尤指大腿上的）皮下脂肪團(tuán)

e.g.The51-year-oldMadonnareportedlyshelledout$75,000foramachinethatclaimstobe“amiraclecure”forcellulite.

據(jù)報導(dǎo)，51歲的麥當(dāng)娜花了75,000美元買了臺據(jù)稱能“神奇治愈”皮下脂肪團(tuán)的機(jī)器。

Words&Phrasesdenote

vt.(fml)

meansth.表示e.g.1.

Thesesignsdenotethatacrisisisapproaching.

這些征兆表示危機(jī)即將來臨。

2.Darkcloudsdenoteacomingstorm.

黑云表明風(fēng)暴要來臨。3.Aquickpulseoftendenotesfever.脈搏跳得快一般表明是發(fā)燒了。Wordfamily:denotationn.Words&Phrasesmarker

n.[C]

adistinctivefeatureorcharacteristicindicativeofaparticularqualityorcondition;anobjectusedforshowingwheresth.isorwhereyoushouldgo

標(biāo)識，標(biāo)志e.g.1.

Identificationwithone'sownlanguagehasalwaysbeenamarkerofnationalism.對本族語的認(rèn)同從來就是一種民族主義的標(biāo)志。2.Stepoffeightfeetandthenplaceamarkerintheground.

用步測出8英尺，然后在地上設(shè)置一個標(biāo)志。Words&Phrasessexual

a.involvingorrelatingtosex

性的；有關(guān)性的

e.g.1.Thereisareportaboutasexualharassmentintheofficeonthisnewspaper.

今天的報紙上有一篇關(guān)于辦公室里的性騷擾的報道。2.Therewasnothingovertlysexualaboutthephotograph.

這張照片沒有明顯的性暗示。

Wordfamily:

sex

n.

sexy

a.Words&Phrasesmake-up

n.[U]

substancesthatpeopleputontheirfaces,includingtheireyesandlips,inordertolookattractiveortochangetheirappearance

化妝品

e.g.1.Sheneverwearsmake-up.

她從來不搽化妝品。2.Idisguisedthespotsonmyfacewithmake-up.我用化妝品蓋住臉上的斑點.

Words&Phrasescowboy

n.[C]

aman,typicallyamountedone,whoherdsandtendscattle,especiallyinthewesternUSandasrepresentedinwesternsandnovels

牛仔e.g.1.

Unlikethemovingpicturecowboy,realcowboysrarelycarriedgunsorchasedoutlaws.

并非像電影中描述的那樣，真正的牛仔很少帶槍或追逐逃犯。2.Themaninthepictureiswearingacowboyshirt.

圖片上的那個人穿一件牛仔襯衫。

Words&Phrasesnecklaced

a.wearinganecklace;markedaswithanecklace

戴項鏈的e.g.Isawanecklacedyoungmangoingintotheroom.

我看見一個戴項鏈的小伙子走進(jìn)了房間。

Wordfamily：necklacen.

Words&Phrasesslacks

n.(pl)(old-fashioned)

trousers,especiallyonesthatarewornforinformaloccasions（尤指非正式場合穿的）便褲，寬松長褲e.g.1.Iputonapairofgolfingslacks.我穿上了一條高爾夫球?qū)捤裳潯?.Theslackshaveanelasticwaistband.

這條便褲的腰帶可伸縮。Words&Phraseshairstyle

n.[C]

theshapethatyourhairhasbeencutorarrangedinto

發(fā)式；發(fā)型e.g.1.Tobecandid,Idon'tlikeyourhairstyle.

坦率地說，我不喜歡你的發(fā)式。

2.WhathairstyledoyoufeelwilllookBestonme?

你覺得什么樣的發(fā)型看起來最適合我?

Words&Phraseseloquent

a.expressingwhatyoumeanusingclearandeffectivelanguage

雄辯的；口才流利的e.g.1.

Headdressedtheaudienceinaneloquentspeech.

他向聽眾發(fā)表了雄辯的演說。2.Suchaneloquentmanwilleasilytalkusdown.

這樣一個有口才的人很容易把我們駁得無話說。3.Factsaremoreeloquentthanwords.

事實勝于雄辯。

Words&Phrasesdisqualify

vt.1)

notallowsb.todosth.becausetheyhavecommittedanoffense;notallowsb.totakepartinacompetition,ortoforcethemtoleaveit,usuallybecausetheyhavedonesth.thatisnotallowedbytherules

取消……的資格e.g.1.Hewasdisqualifiedfromdrivingforsixmonths.他被取消駕駛資格六個月。2.Hewasdisqualifiedafterfailingadrugstest.他因未通過藥檢而被取消參賽資格。Words&Phrases2)(ofafeatureorcharacteristic)make(sb.)unsuitableforanofficeoractivity（某個特點）使（某人）不適合；使（某人）不合格1.

Lackofeducationwilldisqualifyyouformostgoodjobs.

缺乏教育就會使你失去找好工作的資格。2.Anewlawdisqualifiespersonsfromgetti