《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)》綜合考試習(xí)題集胡壯麟版word打印版

#/9《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)》綜合習(xí)題集胡壯麟版《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)》綜合習(xí)題集I.Writeoutasinglesentenceforeachofthefollowtechnicaltermsinlinguistic（定義題）;1.arbitrariness3.creativity5.culturally-transmitted7.informativefunctionoflanguage9.recreationalfunctionoflanguage11.phonology13.syntax15.pragmatics17.sociolinguistics19.computationallinguistics21.synchronicvs.diachronic23.competenceandperformance25.narrowtranscriptionofIPA27.alveolarsounds29.voicelessness31.highvowels33.laxvowels35.allophones37.assimilation39.onsetofasyllable41.primarystressofwords43.open-classwords45.freemorphemevs.boundmorpheme47.inflectionalsuffixes49.blending51.back-formation2.alinguist4.displacement6.yo-he-hotheory8.phaticcommunion10.metalingualfunctionoflanguage12.morphology14.semantics16.psycholinguistics18.appliedlinguistics20.descriptivevs.prescriptive22.langue&parole24.articulatoryphonetice26.mannersofarticulationofconsonants28.nasalsounds30.bilabialsounds32.roundedvowels34.minimalpairs36.freevariation38.distinctivefeatures40.sonorityscaleofEnglishspeechsounds42.lexeme44.functionwords46.astem48.allomorphs50.clipping52.tensevs.aspect53.concordandgovernment54.syntagmaticandparadigmatic55.signifiedandsignifier56.immediateconstituentanalysis57.endocentricvs.exocentricconstructions58.deepstructureandsurfacestructure59.transformationalrules60.binding61.anaphor62.themeandmunicativedynamism64.textualfunction65.denotativemeaning66.socialmeaning67.thematicmeaning68.thereferentialtheory69.synonymygradableantonymyhyponymysuperordinatesemanticcomponentspropositionallogicsyllogismpsychologyoflanguagerecencyeffectsemanticassociationnetworkgardenpathsentencesminimalattachmenttheoryII.Short-answerQuestions（簡(jiǎn)答題）：Directions：Explaineachofthefollowinglinguisticviewsinnomorethan50words..WhatisDisplacementoflanguage？Howtounderstandthatlanguageisproductive?Howtounderstandlanguageisdually-structured?Whylinguistssay“Allthelanguagesareequal”?Commentonthesaying“Languageisculturall-ytransmitted”。Whyisitsaid“Linguisticsisatransdisciplinary”subject?Whymodernlinguisticstakesspokenlanguageasprimary?Commentonthesaying“Theonlyfunctionforlanguageistopassinformation”.Whatisagoodlinguist?Whatisbow-wowtheory?Whatisyo-he-hotheory?WhatisSapire-WhorfHypothesis?EssayQuestions：Directions：DevelopONEofthefollowingtopicsintoa200-300-wordessay.ThetheoryofcommunicativecompetenceanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.Transformational-generativelinguisticsanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.FunctionallinguisticsanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.Sociallinguisticsanditssignificanceinlanguageteachingandlearning.WhatisSpeechActTheory?BlankFilling（填空）Linguisticsisthescientificsystematicstudyof .Tomanypeople,alinguististhesameasa ,onewhocanspeakseveralLanguagesfluently.Inprofessionalusage,the isascholarwhostudiesLanguageobjectively,observingitscientifically,recordingthefactsofLanguage,andgeneralizingfromthem. phoneticsstudiesthemovementofthevocalorgansofproducingthesoundsofspeech; phoneticsstudiesthewaythesoundsofspeechareperceivedbythehumanear. dealswithhowLanguageisacquired,understoodandproduced.___studiestheneurologicalbasisofLanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.___isconcernedwiththediversityofLanguageasitrelatestovarioussociologicalfactors.___isconcernedwithvariationanduseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.TheancienttheoriesoftheoriginofLanguagewereof origin.TheEgyptiansconsideredthemselvestohavetheoldestcivilizationandassertedthattheoriginalhumanLanguagewas___.Thetheorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe___theory.Thetheorythatprimitivemaninstinctivelygavevocalexpressiontoeveryexternalimpressionhasbeencalledthe___theory.AcommonlyheldviewamongtheclassicGreekswasthatatsomeancienttimetherewasa“___“whogavethecorrect,naturalnametoeverything.ThetheorythatLanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledthe___theory.ThetheorythatprimitiveLanguagewasanimitationofnaturalsound,suchasanimalcries,hasbeencalledthetheory.ThetheorythatLanguagearosefromhumanbeings’instinctiveneedforcontactwithhiscompanionhasbeencalledthe___theory.WritingisasecondaryLanguageformbasedupon___,andMorsecodeistertiary,basedupon___.ThereasonwhyLanguagesotherthanourownsoundlikegibberishisbecausewehavenotmasteredthecomplexityoftheir___.Thesymbolsaresaidtobearbitrarybecausetheydonot___whattheyrepresent.Languageiscalleduponnotonlyforcommunication,butalsofor___andcultural .Languageisan___systemofarticulatedsoundsmadeuseofbyagroupofhumansasameansofcarryingontheaffairsoftheirsociety.Languageisapurelyhumanand___methodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofa___ofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.Languageisasystemofarbitrary___symbolswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthe___ofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.TheearliestgrammarofanyLanguagewas___grammarbytheHinduscholarPanini.Platoproceededfirsttodividethesentenceintotwoparts:___and___.TheGreekapproachtoLanguagewastakenoverbythe___andappliedwithlittlechangetotheirLanguage___.Thefirstmajornewdevelopmentinlinguisticsuntilthe13thcenturywas___grammar.The15thand16thcenturiesweremarkedbythe___ofviewsofLanguageandanincreasedawarenessofthe___amongLanguages.Inthe17thcenturythePortroyalGrammariansstressedthe___ofthought.Thebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasfromthelate18thandearly19thcenturywhenthe___methodwasdevelopedandestablished.Chomsky’stheoryofgenerativegrammarrevolutionizedworkinlinguisticsin1957,withthepublicationofhisbook___.Saussure’sexpositionof___analysisledtotheschoofl___linguisticswhichdevelopedaroundtheworkofLeonardBloomfieldinAmerica.ALanguageisresponsivetothe___forcesthatshapehistory.TheLanguageofBritainwas___whentheRomansinvadedthelandin55and54BC.TheCelticLanguagewasinfluencedby___duringtheromanoccupationafterAD44.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsestablishedinEnglandbythesuccessiveinvasionsafterAD450were:___,___and__.AsaresultoftheNormanConquestof1066,vastquantitiesof___wordswereaddedtotheEnglishvocabulary.ThemostmemorablewritingintheMiddleEnglishperiodwas___byGeoffreyChaucer.AsSamuelJohnson’sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageestablishedauniformstandardfor___andworduse,soBishopLowth’sandothergrammarians’worksstandardizeEdnglish___.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproduceapatternof___.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe___comingfromthelungs.Whensoundsareproduced,theair-streamsentoutfromthelungspassesthroughthe___containedinthelarynx.Iftheglottisiswideopen,theairpassesfreelythroughthecords,butifitisnarrowed,thepresenceoftheaircausesthecordstovibrate,producing___sounds.Asoundwhichismadewiththeglottiswideopeniscalleda___sound.Consonantsoundscanbeeither___or___,whileallvowelsoundsare___.Theshapeofthe___and___cavitiescanbechanged,andeachchangeproducesadifferentsound.46.Thedifferencesbetweenthevowelinthewordteaandthevowelinthewordtwoisthatthefirstismadewiththelips___andthefrontofthetonguehumped,andthesecondismadewiththelips___andthebackofthetonguehumped.Inthecaseofvowelsounds,thepharynxandthemouthcavitiesarechangedbytheshapeandpositionofthe___andthe___.Thesounds/t/,/d/,/p/,and/b/aremadewhenthe___inthemouthissuddenlyopenedandtheairallowedtoescapeinalittlepufforexplosion.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing___.Thesounds/f/and/v/aretheresultofairescapingunderfrictionbetweenthelower___andupper___.AllEnglishsoundsexceptme,n,andnyaremadewiththesoftpalate___.Whenthe___israised,theaircannotescapethroughthenoseandthesounds/m/,/n/,and/n/cannotbemade。___soundsareproducedbyaradicalconstrictionatsomepointinthevocaltract.___soundsareproducedbyloweringthevelum.___soundsareproducedbyvibratingthevocalcords.___soundsareproducedbyincreasingthemusculareffortinthelowerjaw.___soundsareproducedbymaintainingtheairflowinthevocalcavity(butnotinthenasalcavity).Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe___andthelips.___soundsareproducedbyretractingthebodyofthetonguefromtheneutralposition.Vowelscanbedescribedbyreferringtothepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Ifthefrontofthetongueisatthehighestpointnearthehardpalate,a___vowelisproduced.Ifthebackofthetongueisatthehighestpointnearthesoftpalate,a___vowelisproduced.Vowelsproducedbetweenthepositionsforafrontvowelandabackvowelarecalled___vowel.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe___towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.Ifthetongueisraisedashighaspossibleinthemouth,withoutcausingfriction,thevowelwhichresultsisa___vowel.Ifthetongueisplacedaslowaspossibleinthemouth,thevowelwhichresultsisan___vowel.Thepositionofthelipsalsohasaneffectonvowelquality.Ifthelipsaredrawntogethersothattheopeningbetweenthemisround,wehavea___vowel.Ifthelipsarenotdrawntogether,thevowelis___.66.If,inmakingavowelsound,theorgansofspeechremaininonepositionwithoutmovingtoanother,theresultisa___vowel.Iftheorgansofspeechstartinthepositionforonevowelandthenimmed8iatelyglidetothepositionofanother,theresultisa___.Asingleimpulseofbreathfromthelungsaccompaniedbyvoicingisknownasa___.Diphthongsarerepresentedbytwosymbolsinphonetictranscription,thefirstshowsthepositionoftheorgansofspeechatthe___oftheglide,andthesecondshowstheirapproximatepositionatthe___oftheglide.Ifthetongueproducesadiphthongbymovingfromamoreopenpositiontoamoreclosedpositioninthemouth,thediphthongisknownas___diphthong.Ifthemovementofthetongueinmakingaclosingdiphthongissmall,thediphthongwhichresultsiscalleda___diphthong.Inthecaseofclosingdiphthongsthe___letterindicatesthepointtowardswhichtheglideismade.Thepointtowardswhichtheglideismadeis___necessarilyreached.Suchdiphthongssoundquite___iftheorgansofspeechperformonlypartofthemaximumpermissiblemovement.Thediphthongsmadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas___diphthongs.Consonantsarecharacterizedinpronunciationby___oftheair-streaminthevocaltract.Labialreferstotheuseofthe___intheprocessofarticulatingasound.Alveolarreferstothe___behindthetopteeth.Palatalsaresoundsarticulatedbythe___ofthetongueagainstthe___palate.Velarsaresoundsarticulatedbythe___ofthetongueagainstthe___palate.Anasalisproducedbythereleaseofairthroughthe___.Astopwithafricativereleaseiscalled___.A___isformedbyanobstacleplacedinthemiddleofthemouth,theairbeingfreetoescapeatoneorbothsides.Languagemaybedefinedassystematizedsequencesofvocal___thatcarrymeaningtoallmembersofagivenculturalgroup.Thosewhoareinterestedinallpossiblevariationsofsoundarecalled___.Asoundproducedinthelarynxbyclosingofftheair-streamintheglottisiscalled___.Thosewhoareinterestedprimarilyindistinctivesoundsarecalled___.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled___.ThesoundskandgareindistinctiveoppositioninEnglishandtheyarethemselvesdistinctivesoundsor___.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedp,andanunreleasedpare___ofthep___.Thecontrastbetweenkandgenablesustodistinguishbetweenwordswhichwouldotherwiseby___.Conventionallyaphonemeisputin___whileanallophoneisputin___brackets.Thesoundsandthemeaningofawordare___.Morphologyisthestudyofword___andtheinternal___ofwords.ThemostelementalgrammaticalunitsinaLanguageare___.Morphemesmaybeclassifiedas___orfree.Somemorphemesare___inthattheymustbejoinedtoothermorphemes,andarealwayspartsofwordandneverwordsbythemselves.Othermorphemesare___inthattheyneednotbeattachedtoothermorphemes.Boundmorphemesmaybesubdividedinto___and___morphemes.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongsto“___class’,whilethaerglestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto“___class”.ScholarsintheMiddleAgesappliedtheGreco-LatinmodeltotheirownLanguageswithlittledifficultybecauseoftheclose___betweentheirownLanguagesandGreek&Latinaswellastheirsimilaritiesin___.Certainbasic___originatedfromtraditionalgrammarareaninescapablepartofanyapproachtoLanguageanalysis.___analysisisabasictechniqueintraditionalgrammarandisstillinuseinallmodernapproachestolinguistics.Traditionalgrammariansadoptedthepracticeofpresentinga___ofatypicalverbfromeachconjugationandlettingitserveasamodelforotherverbsinthe___.Traditionalgrammarhasremainedstrongly___initsapproach.Traditionalgrammariansusedthemethodof___todescribesentencesstructure.Customarily,traditionalgrammariansbeginwith___definitionofthesentenceanditscomponents.Structuralgrammarplacedgreatemphasisonanalyzingthe___systemofLanguage.SaussureheldthataLanguagemaybeviewedasaself-containedsystem—thatis,asetof___structures.Sussuredescribed___studyasslicingthroughthetrunkofatreetostudythearrangementofrings.___studywasthenseenastracingthedevelopmentoftheringsbycomparingtwosynchronicslices.Saussuresawsynchronicstudiesaslogically___todiachronicstudies.HavingdiscoveredgreatvarietyamongNorthAmericanLanguages,BoaswasquicklyconvincedthateachLanguagehadtobedescribedintermsofitsown___system.Bloomfield(1933)andFries(1940),twoofthebest-knownstructurallinguists,believedintheneedforscientific___inlinguisticdescription.Thestructuralismsfocusedtheirattentionondescribingthe___ofthespokenLanguagebecausetheyfeltthat___inLanguagewastoomessytodealwithinanobjectivemanner.Thestructuralgrammarrecognizesthefundamentaldifferencebetween___wordsand___words.Instructuralgrammar,distributionalanalysisisusedtodefine___,whicharetakenasthebasicbuildingblocksofLanguage.___GrammarisafinitesetofrulesandprinciplesforcapturingtheregularitiesintheLanguage.K-terminalstringisthe___stringofthederivation.Referringtodistinguishingbetween___and___,thepointisthatwemustdistinguishbetweenwhatitcando(underidealcircumstances)andwhatitisactuallydoing(inthegivencircumstancesofthemoment).AccordingTGgrammarians,perhapsthemostimportantfactaboutthesentencesofhumanLanguagesisthatallsentenceshavebotha___structureanda___structure.Thephrases-structurerules,inconjunctionwithlexicalinsertionrules,generatea___structure.Next,thetransformationalrulesapplytochangethebasicstructureintoastructurerepresentation.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasic__ofsentences.Inordertopreventunacceptablesentencesfrombeinggenerated,itisnecessarytoimposecertain___onthepoweroftransformations.InTGGrammar,thesyntacticcomponentprovidesthe___forasentence,whereasthephonologicalcomponentprovidesthe___ofthesentenceandthesemanticcomponentprovidesits___.Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalled___.Whendifferentwordsarepronouncedthesamebuthavedifferentforms,theyarecalled___.NotonlydoLanguagescontaindifferentwordsthatsoundthesamebuthavedifferentmeanings,theyalsocontainwordsthatsounddifferentbuthavethesameornearlythesamemeanings.Suchwordsarecalled___.___arewrittenidenticallybutsounddifferently.Twowordsthatare“opposite”inmeaningare__.Somesentencesareambiguou8sbecausetheyhavebothaliteralmeaningandanon-literalmeaning.Thenon-literalmeaningisalsocalled___meaning.“Theconjoiningofcontradictoryterms”iscalled___.___isaformofcomparisoninwhichanexactnameforsomethingisreplacedbyatermcloselyassociatedwithit.___attributeshumanqualitiestoobjectsorideas.Thestudyof___holdingbetweenindividuallexicalitemsintheelaborationofatheoryofstructuralsemanticsby___isagreatcontributiontosemantics.___referstoarelationbetweentwowords,inwhichthemeaningofoneofthewordsincludesthemeaningoftheotherword.Underantonymy,adistinctionissometimesmadebetweenpairslikemaleandfemale,andParislikebigandsmall,accordingtowhetherornotthewordsare___.Apersonwhoisnotmalemustbefemale,butsomethingthatisnotbigisnotnecessarilysmall,itmaybesomewherebetweenthetwosizes.Maleandfemalearecalled___;bigandsmallarecalled___antonyms.Presuppositionreferstothe___thatmustbymetinorderfortheintendedmeaningofasentencetoberegardedasacceptable.Entailmentmeansthatthemeaningofonesentenceis___inthatofanother.Contradictionmeansifonesentenceistrue,theothermustbe___.Sentencesthatviolatepossiblesemanticrelationsaresaidtobe___.The__actistheactualutteringofasentencewithaparticularmeaning;the___actistheintentthatthespeakerhasinutteringthesentence;andthe___actistheresultachievedinutteringthesentence.ThestudyofLanguageuseanditsrelationtoLanguagestructureandsocialcontextistermed___.___isatheoryofcommunicationinwhichthesendersequentiallyencodestheinformationtobecommunicatedintoasignalthattravelstoareceiver,whothensequentiallydecodesittorecovertheoriginalmessage.Communicationisalsoasocialaffair,usuallytakingplacewithinthe__ofafairlywelldefinedsocialsituation.Likewise,MessageModelportraysLanguageasabridgebetweenspeakerandhearerwhereby“private”ideasrecommunicatedby“public”sounds,whichtherebyfunctionasthe___forcommunicatingtherelevantmassage.Theprocessofconvertingamessageintoasignalbymeansofwhichitcanbecommunicatedtootherindividualsiscalled___.Theprocessofconvertingasignalinsomecommunicationsystembackintotheoriginalmessageistermed___.Wesometimesspeak___;thatis,wesometimesintendtoperformonecommunicativeactbymeansofperforminganothercommunicativeact.Weoftenspeak___;thatis,wedonotmeanwhatourwordsmean.___isthequickestandthemostefficientofthethreehumancomm7unicationsystems.___hasoftenbeenviewedasreflectionofspeech.Thefirstformofcommunicationwasprobably___.Chinesewritingutilizesasystemofcharacters,eachofwhichrepresentsthe“meaning”ofa___.___istheonlymajorLanguagethatusesasyllabicwritingsystem.Thetermsound-writingissometimesusedinplaceof__writing.Agestureisa___manipulationthatisneitherverbalnor___butiscommunicative.ThestudyofthepositioningandmovementofthebodyanditspartsduringconversationiscalledThemodulationofthevoiceincommunicationiscalled___.Thestudyofthespacemaintainedbetweentwospeakersinconversationiscalled___.Languageisthesumtotalofthestructuresavailabletothespeaker,whilestyleconcernsthecharacteristic___inagivencontext.___choiceisusuallyregardedasamatterofformorexpression.Butthisviewismisleading,forwritersobviouslychoose__too.ThedifferencebetweenMytwenty-three-year-oldbrotherisabachelorandMytwenty-three-year-oldbrotherisunmarriedis___,not___.Tospeakofstyleaschoice,onemustrecognizenotonlythatthereis___ofchoi