建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻建筑工程基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)ImprovedDesignReviewThroughWebCollaborationAbstract:Anin-depthanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationhasshownthatitisaveryeffectivemediumforconductingdesignreviewsandoffersmanybenefitsovertraditionalmanualmethodsofcommentcollectionandresolution.Findingsfromtwofederalagencieshaveshownasignalcantreductioninboththetimerequiredtoconductadesignreviewandthenumberofrequiredparticipatingparties.AneconomicanalysisoftheimpactofWebcollaborationonthedesignreviewprocessdoneforU.S.CorpsofEngineersprojectsindicatesthatusingtheWebfordesignreviewcollaborationprovidesa73%savingsinmeetingtimeandtravelcost.CEDatabasesubjectheadings:Internet;Economicanalysis;Design;Reviews;U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.IntroductionThefacility-acquisitionprocessencompassesundersteps:planning,design,procurement,construction,andstart-up.Decisionsmadeduringtheplanninganddesignphaseshaveagreaterimpactontheoverallacquisitioncostofthefacilitythandecisionsmadeduringtheconstructionandstart-upphases.TheBuildingandEconomicDevelopmentCommitteereportsthat50%oftheproblemsencounteredduringtheconstructionandstart-upphasesarerelatedtomanagementofinformationexchangeduringthedesignphase.Changesinthedesignofafacilityduringtheconstructionphaseresultincostandtimeoverruns.TheFederalFacilityreportsthatconductingaformalreviewofthedesignmayconsiderablyreducethetotalcostofafacility.Thisisbecauseawell-andthoroughlydesignedfacilityrequiresfewerchangesandcorrectionsduringitsconstruction.Moreover,theFFCreportedthatbetween30and50%ofallchangesrequiredduringtheconstructionphaseresultedfromerrorsinthedesigndocumentsrelatedtomiscommunicationbetweendesigndisciplines.Hence,aformaldesignreviewprocessshouldbeincorporatedinanyqualitymanagementplangoverningthedeliveryofprofessionaldesignservices.DesignReviewObjectivesModernfacilitiesandinfrastructuresystemsarequitecomplexsystems,andthedesignprocessoftenrequiresagroupofgeographicallydistributedexperts.Comprehensivedesignreviewsaretypicallyperformedbyteamsofexperiencedengineers,architects,facilitymanagers,andenduserswhotypicallyarenotgeographicallycollocated.Inaddition,adesignreviewshouldbeconductedbyateamthatisindependentfromthedesignteamtoavoidanycontactofinterest.Thedesignreviewprocessisanexchangeofinformationaboutcompetinginterests,goals,andobjectivesthatmustberesolvedinatimelymanner.Agooddesignreviewshouldbecontainthefollowingpoints：Detectproblemsrelatedtoerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciescausedbydesignprocess;Identifyinappropriateconstructionmethodsandmaterialsthatwouldincreaseconstructioncosts;Certifycompliancewithstandards,codes,andregulations;Identifycomponentsandbuildingsystemsthatwouldresultinmakingfacilitiesdifficulttomaintainandoperate;Increaseprojectquality,integration,constructability,andmaintainability;Reduceconstructionchangeorderswithconsequentdeclineinconstructiondelaysassociatedwiththem;Decreasenumberofrequestsforinformationduringconstruction;Acquireknowledgethatcanbeappliedinotherphasesofprojectlifecycle,whichcanimprovereturnsgainedfromthisknowledge;Improveclientsatisfactionandusefulnessofthefacility.DesignReviewBenefitsThedesignreviewprocessisanintegralpartofthequalitymanagementplanforimprovingtheengineeringanddesignfunctions.Severalbenefitsareachievedbyusingthedesignreviewprocessthatdifferentinnaturefromoneanother.Thedesignreviewprocessproducesthreeimmediatebenefits.First,theprocessavoidsfuturecontingenciesbydetectingdesignerrors,omissions,andinconsistenciesbeforetheprojectgoesoutforbid.Asaconsequence,futureclaimsareavoidedand/orfuturedelaysareavoided.Second,thedesignreviewprocessconsiderablyimprovesthequalityofthefacilityand/orcivilworksproject.Thoseimprovementstranslateintofacilitiesthataremorefunctional,haveareducedenvironmentalimpact,andaresaferfortheoccupants.Third,adesignreviewsystemthatincreasesproductivitywillnotonlyreducethecostofaccomplishingthedesignreviewbyreducingthenumberofparticipantsandthetimenecessarytocompletethereviewphases,butwillalsoshortenthefacilitydeliverycycle.Thereduceddeliverydurationwillprovidethecustomerwithbeneficialoccupancyearlier.Earlieroccupancytranslatesintosignificanttotalprojectsavingstothecustomer.DesignReviewProcessSeveraldesignreviewsareoftenconductedduringthedesignphaseofaproject.Thenumberofdesignreviewsforeachprojectdependsuponthesizeoftheproject,thecomplexityandnatureofit,andtheprocurementmethodusedtobuythefacility.Forinstance,reviewmanagersattheCorpsofEngineersestimatethat,onaverage,eachnewdesign/bid/buildconstructionprojecthasthreedesignreviews:conceptdesign,95%design,anddesignsubmit.Fordesign/buildprojects,thenumberofdesignreviewsperprojectisfourorfive:tworeviewsbeforetherequestforproposalandtwoorthreemoreduringdesign.Forsmallprojectsprocuredthroughtraditionalmeans,thenumberofreviewsmaybetwo:the35%designreview,andthe95%designreview.Inatypicalhistoricalapproachfordesignreview,theprocessstartswhenthedesignersubmitsthepreviouslyagreedorpartialdesigntotheprojectmanager,whothendistributescopiesofthesubmittaltoallthemembersofthereviewteam.Participantsinthereviewprocessthensubmitcommentstotheprojectmanagerinvariousformsandformats,whichincludehard-copywrittencomments,faxedcomments,ande-mailcomments.Theprojectmanagerthenreviewsandifnecessarythecommentsandsubmitsthemtothedesignerforaction.Whenthedesignerhascompletedtheresponsetothesecomments,theprojectmanagercallsareviewconferencebetweenallthemembersofthereviewteamandthearchitect/engineer.Priortotheconference,theprojectmanagersendscopiesofthedesigncommentsandthedesignerresponsetoallmembersofthereviewteam.Underthismethodthedesigneranswersthereviewercommentsatthereviewconference.Asaconsequence,allreviewershavetoattendtheconference.Moreover,sincereviewcommentsaresubmittedunformattedandunsorted,thereviewconferencemustbeconductedinaninterdisciplinaryformandthereforemustinvolveallparticipantsfortheentiredurationofthemeeting.DesignReviewAutomationTheCorpsofEngineersrecognizedtheneedtodevelopanautomatedreviewmanagementsystemcapableofsupportingthedesignreviewprocessasearlyasthemid-1980s.Thefocusoftheeffortwastodevelopamainframesystemtosupportthecollection,collation,andexchangeofinformationrequiredtoaccomplishthereviewprocess.Theinitialexperience,althoughpartiallysuccessful,waslimitedbyremoteconnectivitytothemainframeapplication.TherapidgrowthoftheWorldWideWebasaback-bonefore-businesssolutionspromptedareviewandupdateoftheconceptsofremotecollaborationondesignreview。Aseriesoffocusgroupswasheldintheearly1990stoidentifyspecialautomationgoals.Theendingsfromtheseenterprise-widesurveysrevealedtheneedtoimprovefourfunctions:executionofthedesignreview,qualityofthedesign,managementofthereviewprocess,andabilitytocaptureandreusecorporateknowledge.Theinitiallydevelopedmainframe-basedsystemin1986wasreplacedin1998withamuchimprovedWeb-basedsystem,theDesignReviewandCheckingSystem.Thethreekeydesignconsiderationsforthedevelopmentareshownhere:1、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingexecutionofdesignreview:Thesystemmustbereadilyavailable,fullysupported,andwelldocumented;Thesystemmustsupportelectronicsubmissionofcommentstoprojectmanagers;Reviewersmustbeabletoreadotherreviewers'commentsandfollowdiscussions;Commentsmustbeabletobesortedbydisciplines;Designersmustbeabletoanswercommentsdirectlytoreviewersandresolveissuesbeforethereviewconference;Supervisorsmusthavetheabilitytoscreen/scrubreviewercommentsbeforetheyaresubmittedtodesigners.2、Characteristicsnecessaryforimprovingmanagementofreviewprocess:Thesystemmustsupportreal-timereviewstatusreporting;Thesystemmustfostertheabilitytocommunicatebetweenparticipants.3、Characteristicsnecessaryforsupportofcaptureandreuseofcorporateknowledge:Priorreviewcommentsmustbeeasilyretrievedandreused;Thesystemmustallowcapture,validation,andreuseofapprovedlessonslearnedwhiletheapplicationisbeingused.WebCollaborationasSolutionManyofthedesignrequirementslistedaboveforthedevelopmentofDrCheckswerecenteredontheneedtoeasilyfostercommunicationsbetweendesignreviewparticipants.Theseprocessesarefullydocumented.AtthetimeofinitialdevelopmentofDrChecks,e-businessapplicationswerejustbecomingrecognizedasaviablealternative.Sincethelate1990sthismediumhasshownitsabilitytohostawidevarietyofenterprise-wideapplications.TheWebfosterscollaborationonenterprise-wideapplicationsforavarietyofreasons:1、Centrallyhostedapplicationeasessoftware-maintenanceandeliminatessoftwaredistributionandversioncontrolrequirements;2、Browser-basedaccesssignificantlyreducesneedforend-userapplicationtraining;3、Initialandmaintenanceexpensesforapplicationuser'sinformationtechnologyaresignificantlyreducedwithbrowseraccessedsystems;4、Sincealmost100%ofenterpriseusersalreadyhavee-mail,thiscanbeusedasauniversalconnectivitymedium.ConclusionsAcasestudyreviewoftheactualresultsofusingaWebcollaborationapplicationforthedesignreviewprocesshasshownthisapproachtobeaneffectivewayofimprovingtheprocess.Improvementshavebeenobservedintheareasofdesignreviewmanagement,commentmanagement,anddesignreviewmeetings.Asignificantcostsavings72.5%ofthereviewconferencecosthasbeenfoundtobepossiblewitheachCorpsofEngineersdesignreview.Incombinationwiththeirtightlymanagedreviewprocess,Webcollaborationhasbeenabletoreducetheirdesignreviewissuesidentificationfrom28to17days,andtheactualresolutionofdesignissueshasbeenreducedto28daysfrommanymonths.Inaddition,StateDepartmentusersofWeb-basedcollaborationondesignreviewestimatetheoverallimpactontotalprojectcostisareductionof1/2%.Follow-oneffortstobuilduponthisinitialcollaborativeefforthaveproducedWebapplicationsforrelateddesignactivities,suchasanintegratedlessons-learnedcapture,evaluation,andreuseability,requestforinformation,bidderinquiry,criteriamanagement,andsecuretransfer.通過Web協(xié)作改進設(shè)計審查摘要:深入分析了網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)作的影響表明,它是一種非常有效的媒介進行設(shè)計審查和提供了許多超過傳統(tǒng)的用手工方法去評論收集和解決問題的方法。結(jié)果從兩個聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)顯示的信號來看并不能減少參政黨要求的進行設(shè)計評審和數(shù)量所需的時間。通過對美國工程兵項目使用web協(xié)作來設(shè)計審查的的過程進行經(jīng)濟分析的結(jié)果表明，使用web設(shè)計審查協(xié)作可以節(jié)約73%的會議時間和旅行成本。CE數(shù)據(jù)庫主題詞:互聯(lián)網(wǎng);經(jīng)濟分析;設(shè)計;評論。 概述一個基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的過程包含以下幾步：規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、采購、建設(shè)和使用。決定在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計階段比在決定在構(gòu)建和使用階段對整個設(shè)備的購置成本有著更大的影響。建設(shè)和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展委員會報告指出，50%的在建設(shè)過程和啟動階段遇到的問題與在設(shè)計階段的信息交換管理有關(guān)。在構(gòu)建階段設(shè)計機構(gòu)的改變將導(dǎo)致成本和時間超支。聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)報告，通過正式審查的設(shè)計可以大大降低這種設(shè)施的總成本。這是因為，在設(shè)施建造的過程中原本的設(shè)計需要更少的變化和修正。此外，F(xiàn)FC報道，30%-50%的在結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件階段由于錯誤而做出的改變都與對設(shè)計文件的誤解有關(guān)。因此，一個正式的設(shè)計審查的過程應(yīng)該包含很多的質(zhì)量管理計劃以及提供專業(yè)的設(shè)計管理服務(wù)。設(shè)計審查的目標(biāo)現(xiàn)代設(shè)施和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施系統(tǒng)是一種相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，在這種設(shè)施的設(shè)計過程中通常需要一組來自不同地方的專家。對這種全面設(shè)計的評價通常都是由團隊經(jīng)驗豐富的工程師、建筑師、項目經(jīng)理以及來自不同地方的最終用戶來進行。此外，設(shè)計審查應(yīng)該由一個獨立的團隊來進行，以避免任何利益上的聯(lián)系。設(shè)計審查是一個關(guān)于相互競爭的利益、目標(biāo)，以及必須及時解決的問題的信息交流的過程。一個好的設(shè)計審查過程應(yīng)該包含以下幾點：檢測在設(shè)計過程中出現(xiàn)的錯誤、遺漏和不一致等問題；識別導(dǎo)致建設(shè)成本增加的不適當(dāng)?shù)氖┕し椒ê筒牧?；證明符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范和規(guī)定；識別會導(dǎo)致設(shè)備難以維護和操作的組件和構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)；提高工程質(zhì)量,集成、施工能力和可維護性；減少建設(shè)過程中訂單的改變，那么建設(shè)過程中延期的現(xiàn)象會隨之下降；減少在施工工程中對信息數(shù)量的要求；在項目周期的其他階段獲取知識，可以從這些知識中獲得回報；提高客戶滿意度和建設(shè)有用性的設(shè)施。設(shè)計審查的好處設(shè)計審查的過程是實現(xiàn)質(zhì)量管理計劃和改善設(shè)計功能的一個重要組成部分。在不同的項目中進行設(shè)計審查的過程會取得不同的好處。設(shè)計審查過程有三個直接的好處：首先，這個過程可以避免在項目投標(biāo)之前由于檢測設(shè)計錯誤、遺漏或者不一致的問題導(dǎo)致的未來不可意料的事件發(fā)生。因此，也可以避免索賠和工程延期。其次，設(shè)計審查的過程可以大大提高設(shè)備或者土建工程的質(zhì)量。這些改進可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦喽喙δ艿脑O(shè)施，減少環(huán)境的影響，使居住者更安全。第三，設(shè)計審查系統(tǒng)不僅僅能通過提高效率來降低設(shè)計審查的成本、參與者的數(shù)量以及完成設(shè)計審查的必要時間，而且也可以縮短交付周期。減少交付時間將為客戶提供更早的入住機會。更早的入住就給客戶節(jié)約了更多的時間。設(shè)計審查過程一個項目在設(shè)計階段的時候往往會進行幾個設(shè)計評估。為每個項目進行設(shè)計審查的數(shù)量取決于項目的規(guī)模大小、復(fù)雜性、本質(zhì)性和用于購買設(shè)備的采購方法。例如，審查經(jīng)理對工程兵項目的評估，平均而言，沒一個新的設(shè)計、報價、建設(shè)項目有三個設(shè)計評審過程：概念設(shè)計、95%設(shè)計、設(shè)計提交。設(shè)計或者建造項目，每個項目需要四個或五個設(shè)計評審：在兩個評論之前需要提案和兩個或三個設(shè)計方案。對于通過傳統(tǒng)手段獲取的小型項目，評論的數(shù)量可能有兩個：35%的設(shè)計評審和5%的設(shè)計評審。一個通過典型的歷史方法進行的設(shè)計審查過程，這個過程開始于設(shè)計師提交設(shè)計或者部分設(shè)計之前，然后項目經(jīng)理將審查文件提交給審查小組的