高中英語語法-句子成分分析

PAGEPAGE4句子成分(MembersofaSentence)什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)?，F(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)和補語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：Wecome.此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物動詞）1.Thesun│wasshining.太陽在照耀著。2.Themoon│rose.月亮升起了。3.Theuniverse│remains.宇宙長存。4.Weall│breathe,eat,anddrink.我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5.Who│cares?管它呢？6.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。7.They│talkedforhalfanhour.他們談了半個小時。8.Thepen│writessmoothly這支筆書寫流利。基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be,look,keep,seem等屬一類，表示情況；get,grow,become,turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：lookwell/面色好,soundnice/聽起來不錯,feelgood/感覺好，smellbad/難聞Ｓ│Ｖ（是系動詞）│Ｐ1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.這是本英漢辭典。2.Thedinner│smells│good.午餐的氣味很好。3.He│fell│inlove.他墮入了情網(wǎng)。4.Everything│looks│different.一切看來都不同了。5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他長得又高又壯6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我們井干枯了。8.Hisface│turned│red.他的臉紅了。Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)：Therebe表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’試比較：Thereisaboythere.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞‘那里’?；揪湫腿海樱郑希ㄖ鳎^＋賓）此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them等Ｓ│Ｖ（及物動詞）│Ｏ1.Who│knows│theanswer?誰知道答案？2.She│smiled│herthanks.她微笑表示感謝。3.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.他拒絕幫他們。4.He│enjoys│reading.他喜歡看書。5.They│ate│whatwasleftover.他們吃了剩飯。6.He│said│"Goodmorning."他說："早上好！"7.I│want│tohaveacupoftea.我想喝杯茶。8.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.他承認(rèn)犯了錯誤。基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序為：動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如：Givemeacupoftea,please.強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。如：ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+代詞直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。如：Bringittome,please.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）1.She│ordered│herself│anewdress.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She│cooked│herhusband│adeliciousmeal.她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3.He│brought│you│adictionary.他給你帶來了一本字典。4.He│denies│her│nothing.他對她什么都不拒絕。5.I│showed│him│mypictures.我給他看我的照片6.I│gave│mycar│awash.我洗了我的汽車。7.I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.我告訴他汽車晚點了。8.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.他教我開機器?；揪湫臀澹海樱郑希茫ㄖ鳎^＋賓＋賓補）此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。名詞/代詞賓格+名詞Thewarmadehimasoldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞Newmethodsmakethejobeasy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松.名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語Ioftenfindhimatwork./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.名詞/代詞賓格+動詞不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶.名詞/代詞賓格+分詞Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（賓語）│Ｃ（賓補）1.They│appointed│him│manager.他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。2.They│painted│thedoor│green.他們把門漆成綠色3.This│set│them│thinking.這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。4.They│found│thehouse│deserted.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。5.What│makes│him│thinkso?他怎么會這樣想？6.We│saw│him│out.我們送他出去7.He│asked│me│tocomebacksoon.他要我早點回來。8.I│saw│them│gettingonthebus.我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和Theteachercamein,withglassesonhisnose./老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句onhisnose不可省略！）句子成分練習(xí)題(一)(一).指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分，4分鐘）①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(二)選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分，10分鐘）①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘）①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表語（5分，5分鐘）①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘）①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的賓語補足語（6分，6分鐘）①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥D(zhuǎn)idyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的狀語（8分，8分鐘）①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分，5分鐘）①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?答案(一)①teacher②man③dictionary④Todo(二)①B②A③C④A⑤C⑥C⑦D⑧C⑨A⑩A(三)①homework.②English.③attention④words⑤togoswimming⑥hewasill.⑦h(yuǎn)immonitor⑧bridgemuseum⑨itschool.⑩who"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)①tired.②worried③yellow.④interested⑤thefirst(五)①family②given③third④some⑤downstairs⑥oftheothershoe!(六)①toreadnewspapersandbooks②totaketheboy③difficult④Lily⑤getonthebus⑥playingfootball(七)①onherface.②Everynight③whenhewaseleven.④toofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm⑥becauseshelovesbooks.⑦ifyou’velostit⑧toseetheothermachine.(八)①us,間接賓語astory,直接賓語②me,間接賓語anewbike,直接賓語③us,間接賓語history,直接賓語④Tom,間接賓語it,直接賓語⑤me,間接賓語message,直接賓語句子成分練習(xí)題(二)指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.Isaiditinfun.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.Shehadtoworkstandingup.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.句子成分練習(xí)題(三)A1、___sixyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.

A.ItisB.IhavebeenC.ThereareD.Itwas2、___intheroomatthattime.

A.NobodywasB.SomeonewereC.WhoisD.Heare3、IT'Sverynoisyoutside.___isgoingon?

A.WhoB.WhatC.WhichD.Where4、___inEnglishinclasseverydayisimportant.

A.SpeakB.TalkingC.SayingD.Totell5、Theremustbe____nearthefactory.

A.abookstoreB.bookstoreC.booksstoreD.booksstores6、Althoughit'sraininghard,___arestillworkinginthefields.

A.buttheyB.andtheyC.theyD.sincethey

B1、Thedoctoraswellasthenurses___greatconcernforthepatients.

A.showB.showsC.haveshownD.areshowing2、Yoursonmustbeacleverboy,___he?

A.isB.isn'tC.mustD.mustn't3、Thecomputercenter,___lastyear,isverypopularamongstudentsinthisschool.

A.openB.openingC.openedD.beingopened4、I___gototheshoptoday,forthereisalotoffoodathome.

A.mustn'tB.hadtoC.can'tD.needn't5、Don't___excited.

A.getB.isC.seemD.look6Thisroom___everymorning.

A.iscleaningB.iscleanedC.cleansD.cleaning

C1、Gladtomeetyou!___isyourfullname?

A.WhatB.WhereC.HowD.Who2、Heis___tolifttheheavybox.

A.tooweakB.weaktooC.enoughweakD.weakenough3、Thedaysare___warmerandwarmerinspring.

A.gettingB.lookingC.seemingD.going4、Hisjobis____English.

A.teachB.toteachC.taughtD.teaches5、Twoballsare___.

A.underthedeskB.inthewallC.tohereD.atdesks

D1、Weshouldgetready___others.

A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpD.helpwith2、___interestingworkwearedoing?

A.WhataB.HowC.WhatD.Whatan3、Iwant___ateacherwhenIgrowup(-fx;fc).

A.tobeB.toC.beD.being4、-Wouldyouliketogoonapicnicwithmetoday?

-Idon'tthinkso.Tobehonest,Ireallydon'tfeellike___ona

picnic.

A.goingB.togoC.goD.went5Doyouknow___?

A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehelives

C.whereheliveD.ifwherehelives6Let____doitagain.

A.IB.meC.heD.she7Idon'tknow___.

A.howtodoB.whattodoC.wheretodoD.whentodo

E1、Isawhim___basketballwithJackanhourago.

A.playsB.toplayC.playedD.playo2、Sorry,we'vekeptyou___foralongtime.

A.waitedB.singC.standD.waiting3、Theteachertoldus____lateagain.

A.aren'tbeB.don'tbeC.nottobeD.notbe4、Wefindtheroomvery___.

A.warmB.warmlyC.terriblyD.hardly

F1、Ifound___difficulttoworktogetherwithhim.

A.itB.itsC.thatD.those2、Weallknow___ourdutytocleanourclassroomafterschooleveryday.

A.thatB.thisC.whichD.it3、Hefound___veryinterestingtoplaywiththelittledog.

A.whatB.itC./D.that

G()1Tomsaidhe___agooddreamyesterdayevening.

A.dreamB.dreamedC.haveD.has()2Children___ahappylifeinChina.

A.leadB.livingC.hasD.leading

H()1Am