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PAGEPAGE1Thecurrencyofneweconomyistrust信任是新經(jīng)濟(jì)的貨幣作者:RachelBotsman翻譯:瀟湘影兒2012年10月12Soifsomeoneaskedyouforthethreewordsthatwouldsumupyourreputation,whatwouldyousay?Howwouldpeopledescribeyourjudgment,yourknowledge,yourbehaviors,indifferentsituations?TodayI'dliketoexplorewithyouwhytheanswertothisquestionwillbecomeprofoundlyimportantinanagewherereputationwillbeyourmostvaluableasset.如果有人要你用三個(gè)詞來(lái)總結(jié)你的名聲,你會(huì)怎么說(shuō)?人們會(huì)如何描寫(xiě)你在不同情況下的判斷、知識(shí)和行為?今天我向你揭密為什么說(shuō)名聲在這個(gè)年代將成為你最重要的資產(chǎn)。I'dliketostartbyintroducingyoutosomeonewhoselifehasbeenchangedbyamarketplacefueledbyreputation.SebastianSandyshasbeenabedandbreakfasthostonAirbnbsince2008.Icaughtupwithhimrecently,where,overthecourseofseveralcupsoftea,hetoldmehowhostingguestsfromallovertheworldhasenrichedhislife.Morethan50peoplehavecometostayinthe18th-centurywatchhousehelivesinwithhiscat,Squeak.Now,ImentionSqueakbecauseSebastian'sfirstguesthappenedtoseearatherlargemouserunacrossthekitchen,andshepromisedthatshewouldrefrainfromleavingabadreviewononecondition:hegotacat.AndsoSebastianboughtSqueaktoprotecthisreputation.現(xiàn)在我要向你介紹一個(gè)通過(guò)名聲打通市場(chǎng)而改變了生活的人:SebastianSandys自2008年在Airbnb(旅行房屋租賃社區(qū)網(wǎng)站)注冊(cè)成為一個(gè)提供住宿和早餐的房東。最近我遇上他,幾杯茶的功夫,他告訴我招待來(lái)自世界各地的客人如何豐富了他的生活。有50多個(gè)人和他以及他的貓一起呆在那所18世紀(jì)的看家房里,Squeak,我提它是因?yàn)镾ebastian的第一個(gè)客人,碰巧那天她看到一只大老鼠穿過(guò)廚房,她許諾說(shuō)如果不想她留下差評(píng),他必須有一只貓。后來(lái)Sebastian買(mǎi)了只貓——Squeak,保全了他的名聲。Now,asmanyofyouknow,Airbnbisapeer-to-peermarketplacethatmatchespeoplewhohavespacetorentwithpeoplewhoarelookingforaplacetostayinover192countries.Theplacesbeingrentedoutarethingsthatyoumightexpect,likespareroomsandholidayhomes,butpartofthemagicistheuniqueplacesthatyoucannowaccess:treehouses,teepees,airplanehangars,igloos.Ifyoudon'tlikethehotel,there'sacastledowntheroadthatyoucanrentfor5,000dollarsanight.It'safantasticexampleofhowtechnologyiscreatingamarketforthingsthatneverhadamarketplacebefore.NowletmeshowyoutheseheatmapsofParistoseehowinsanelyfastit'sgrowing.Thisimagehereisfrom2008.Thepinkdotsrepresenthostproperties.Evenfouryearsago,lettingstrangersstayinyourhomeseemedlikeacrazyidea.Nowthesameviewin2010.Andnow,2012.ThereisanAirbnbhostonalmosteverymainstreetinParis.Now,what'shappeninghereispeoplearerealizingthepoweroftechnologytounlocktheidlingcapacityandvalueofallkindsofassets,fromskillstospacestomaterialpossessions,inwaysandonascaleneverpossiblebefore.It'saneconomyandculturecalledcollaborativeconsumption,and,throughit,peoplelikeSebastianarebecomingmicro-entrepreneurs.They'reempoweredtomakemoneyandsavemoneyfromtheirexistingassets.正如你所知道的,Airbnb是一個(gè)為192個(gè)以上的國(guó)家的人提供面對(duì)面交易的網(wǎng)絡(luò)市場(chǎng),迎合那些有空置地方可以出租給那些尋找住地的人。出租的正是你想租的那種地方,比如閑置的房間,度假屋,不過(guò)最神奇的是你現(xiàn)在就可以進(jìn)入那種獨(dú)特的地方:樹(shù)屋,圓錐形帳篷,飛機(jī)機(jī)庫(kù),拱型圓頂小屋。如果你不喜歡旅館,路上有5000美元租一晚的城堡。如何用技術(shù)創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)以前沒(méi)有的市場(chǎng)這是一個(gè)稀奇的例子?,F(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)向你展示巴黎的這些熱門(mén)地圖,看看它們是以何種瘋狂的速度快速發(fā)展,這是2008年的影像。這桃紅色的點(diǎn)代表房東的財(cái)產(chǎn)。即使是在4年前,讓陌生人住進(jìn)你的房子看起來(lái)似乎是一件瘋狂的事,同樣的觀點(diǎn)——2010年如何?2012年如何?現(xiàn)在巴黎幾乎每一條主要的街道都有一個(gè)Airbnb房東,這里所發(fā)生的一切是人民認(rèn)識(shí)到技術(shù)的力量開(kāi)啟了各種閑置資產(chǎn)(從技術(shù)到空間到物質(zhì)財(cái)富)的生產(chǎn)力和價(jià)值,在方法和規(guī)模上都是以前不可能出現(xiàn)的。這是經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的協(xié)作消費(fèi),通過(guò)它,象Sebastian這樣的人成了微型企業(yè)家。他們可以從他們現(xiàn)有的資產(chǎn)上掙錢(qián)或是省錢(qián)。ButtherealmagicandthesecretsourcebehindcollaborativeconsumptionmarketplaceslikeAirbnbisn'ttheinventoryorthemoney.It'susingthepoweroftechnologytobuildtrustbetweenstrangers.ThissideofAirbnbreallyhithometoSebastianlastsummerduringtheLondonriots.Hewokeuparound9,andhecheckedhisemailandhesawabunchofmessagesallaskinghimifhewasokay.Formerguestsfromaroundtheworldhadseenthattheriotswerehappeningjustdownthestreet,andwantedtocheckifheneededanything.Sebastianactuallysaidtome,hesaid,"Thirteenformerguestscontactedmebeforemyownmotherrang."(Laughter)不過(guò)隱藏在合作消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)—比如Airbnb背后真正的魔術(shù)和秘密源泉不是存貨清單和錢(qián),而是它用技術(shù)的力量在陌生人之間建立起了信任。去年夏天倫敦的暴亂真的讓Sebastian感到Airbnb在方面給他家的感覺(jué),9點(diǎn)左右他起床,查看他的郵件,發(fā)現(xiàn)一堆的信息全都是問(wèn)他是否安好。世界各地他以前的客人都看到了這個(gè)暴亂,正好發(fā)生在這個(gè)街,于是都想查看一下他是否有什么需要。實(shí)際上,Sebastian對(duì)我說(shuō),他說(shuō)有13個(gè)以前的客人比我媽還早就聯(lián)系我了。(笑聲)Now,thislittleanecdotegetstotheheartofwhyI'mreallypassionateaboutcollaborativeconsumption,andwhy,afterIfinishedmybook,IdecidedI'mgoingtotryandspreadthisintoaglobalmovement.Becauseatitscore,it'saboutempowerment.It'saboutempoweringpeopletomakemeaningfulconnections,connectionsthatareenablingustorediscoverahumannessthatwe'velostsomewherealongtheway,byengaginginmarketplaceslikeAirbnb,likeKickstarter,likeEtsy,thatarebuiltonpersonalrelationshipsversusemptytransactions.這個(gè)小故事促使我為什么對(duì)協(xié)作消費(fèi)抱有熱情,為什么結(jié)束我的書(shū)后,我決定把它推向全球。原因就是它的核心——關(guān)于賦予,賦予人們聯(lián)結(jié)的意義,通過(guò)Airbnb,Kickstarter,Etsy建立在人際關(guān)系上的對(duì)空交易的聯(lián)結(jié)使我們能夠重拾遺失的人性。Nowtheironyisthattheseideasareactuallytakingusbacktooldmarketprinciplesandcollaborativebehaviorsthatarehard-wiredinallofus.They'rejustbeingreinventedinwaysthatarerelevantfortheFacebookage.We'reliterallybeginningtorealizethatwehavewiredourworldtoshare,swap,rent,barterortradejustaboutanything.We'resharingourcarsonWhipCar,ourbikesonSpinlister,ourofficesonLoosecubes,ourgardensonLandshare.We'relendingandborrowingmoneyfromstrangersonZopaandLendingClub.Wearetradinglessonsoneverythingfromsushi-makingtocodingonSkillshare,andwe'reevensharingourpetsonDogVacay.Nowwelcometothewonderfulworldofcollaborativeconsumptionthat'senablingustomatchwantswithhavesinmoredemocraticways.諷刺的是,這些想法實(shí)際上是用網(wǎng)線把我們重新帶回到老的市場(chǎng)原則和合作行為。他們只是用FACEBOOK年代的方式重回舊路。我們漸漸開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到我們用網(wǎng)線去分享,交換,租用,交易或是貿(mào)易任何東西。我們?cè)赪hipCar上分享我們的汽車(chē),在Spinlister分享我們的自行車(chē),在Loosecubes上分享我們的辦公室,在Landshare分享我們的花園。我們?cè)赯opa和LendingClub向陌生人借錢(qián)或是還錢(qián)。我們?cè)赟killshare,上交易從壽司制作到編碼的教育經(jīng)驗(yàn),我們甚至在DogVacay上分享我們的寵物。歡迎來(lái)到這個(gè)奇妙的協(xié)作消費(fèi)的世界,讓我們以更民主的方式迎合我們的需求。Now,collaborativeconsumptioniscreatingthestartofatransformationinthewaywethinkaboutsupplyanddemand,butit'salsoapartofamassivevalueshiftunderway,whereinsteadofconsumingtokeepupwiththeJoneses,peopleareconsumingtogettoknowtheJoneses.Butthekeyreasonwhyit'stakingoffnowsofastisbecauseeverynewadvancementoftechnologyincreasestheefficiencyandthesocialglueoftrusttomakesharingeasierandeasier.現(xiàn)在協(xié)作消費(fèi)不僅開(kāi)始改變我們對(duì)供需的思考方式,而且也部分的改變了人們對(duì)攀比的認(rèn)識(shí),使人們不再追資逐利。不過(guò),它發(fā)展如此之快的關(guān)鍵原因是,每個(gè)技術(shù)的新進(jìn)展都增加了信任的有效性和社會(huì)凝聚力使分享越來(lái)越容易。Now,I'velookedatthousandsofthesemarketplaces,andtrustandefficiencyarealwaysthecriticalingredients.Letmegiveyouanexample.Meet46-year-oldChrisMok,whohas,Ibet,thebestjobtitlehereofSuperRabbit.Now,fouryearsago,Chrislosthisjob,unfortunately,asanartbuyeratMacy's,andlikesomanypeople,hestruggledtofindanewoneduringtherecession.AndthenhehappenedtostumbleacrossapostaboutTaskRabbit.目前我觀察過(guò)幾千個(gè)這樣的市場(chǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)信任和有效性往往具有決定性因素。讓我來(lái)給你說(shuō)個(gè)例子,遇到46歲的ChrisMok,我打賭他是這些級(jí)別最好的超級(jí)兔子。不幸的是,四年后他失去了他的工作,作為奧美集團(tuán)的美術(shù)統(tǒng)籌購(gòu)買(mǎi)商,他象其他人一樣,在這個(gè)衰退期去找新工作。后來(lái)他偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)TaskRabbit.(跑腿網(wǎng)站)的貼吧。

Now,thestorybehindTaskRabbitstartslikesomanygreatstorieswithaverycutedogbythenameofKobe.Nowwhathappenedwas,inFebruary2008,Leahandherhusbandwerewaitingforacabtotakethemoutfordinner,whenKobecametrottinguptothemandhewassalivatingwithsaliva.Theyrealizedthey'drunoutofdogfood.Kevinhadtocancelthecabandtrudgeoutinthesnow.Now,laterthatevening,thetwoself-confessedtechgeeksstartingtalkingabouthowcoolitwouldbeifsomekindofeBayforerrandsexisted.Sixmonthslater,Leahquitherjob,andTaskRabbitwasborn.Atthetime,shedidn'trealizethatshewasactuallyhittingonabiggerideashelatercalledservicenetworking.It'sessentiallyabouthowweuseouronlinerelationshipstogetthingsdoneintherealworld.跑腿網(wǎng)站背后的故事就象許多偉大的故事一樣始于一只名叫KOBE的狗。2008年2月,Leah和她丈夫準(zhǔn)備等出租車(chē)帶他們外出晚餐,這時(shí)KOBE流著口水和唾液向他們小跑過(guò)來(lái),他們發(fā)現(xiàn)狗糧吃完了。克文不得不取消出租車(chē),在雪里長(zhǎng)途跋涉。后來(lái),那天晚上兩個(gè)自詡技術(shù)愛(ài)好者開(kāi)始討論多冷的天啊,如果有一種EBAY的跑腿公司存在就好了。6個(gè)月后,Leah辭了職,建立了TaskRabbit(跑腿網(wǎng)站)。那時(shí),她沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到她偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的高招成了后來(lái)她所謂的業(yè)務(wù)網(wǎng)。這就是我們?nèi)绾斡镁W(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系做到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的事情。

NowthewayTaskRabbitworksis,peopleoutsourcethetasksthattheywantdoing,namethepricethey'rewillingtopay,andthenvettedRabbitsbidtoruntheerrand.Yes,there'sactuallyafour-stage,rigorousinterviewprocessthat'sdesignedtofindthepeoplethatwouldmakegreatpersonalassistantsandweedoutthedodgyRabbits.Now,there'sover4,000RabbitsacrosstheUnitedStatesand5,000moreonthewaitinglist.跑腿網(wǎng)站的工作方式是人們外包他們想做的任務(wù),標(biāo)上他們?cè)竿o付的價(jià)格,然后,已審核過(guò)的兔子們開(kāi)始投標(biāo)競(jìng)價(jià)。嗯,沒(méi)錯(cuò),這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的四級(jí)面試,旨在找到可以提供最好個(gè)人助理的人們而淘汰那些不靠譜的兔子。現(xiàn)在全美有4000多只兔子,還有5000多個(gè)侯選名單。Nowthetasksbeingpostedarethingsthatyoumightexpect,likehelpwithhouseholdchoresordoingsomesupermarketruns.Iactuallylearnedtheotherdaythat12andahalfthousandloadsoflaundryhavebeencleanedandfoldedthroughTaskRabbit.ButIlovethatthenumberonetaskposted,overahundredtimesaday,issomethingthatmanyofushavefeltthepainofdoing:yes,assemblingIkeafurniture.(Laughter)(Applause)It'sbrilliant.Now,wemaylaugh,butChrishereisactuallymakingupto5,000dollarsamonthrunningerrandsaroundhislife.And70percentofthisnewlaborforcewerepreviouslyunemployedorunderemployed.IthinkTaskRabbitandotherexamplesofcollaborativeconsumptionarelikelemonadestandsonsteroids.They'rejustbrilliant.這些貼出來(lái)的任務(wù)可能正是你所期盼的事情,比如幫忙做家務(wù)或是做一些超市的搬運(yùn)。我聽(tīng)說(shuō)有天跑腿公司甚至清洗和折疊了12.5千缸重的衣服。不過(guò)我喜歡任務(wù)板上的那個(gè)頭牌任務(wù)(每天100多次):對(duì),組裝宜家的家具,我們中的許多人都害怕做的。(笑,鼓掌)太美妙了。我們可能會(huì)笑這些小事情,不過(guò)現(xiàn)在跑腿生活實(shí)際上讓Chris一個(gè)月可以掙5000美元。這些新勞動(dòng)力,70%的人以前都是失業(yè)者或是就業(yè)不完全的人。我想跑腿公司和協(xié)作消費(fèi)的其它相似的網(wǎng)站就象加了熱水的檸檬似的產(chǎn)生了天然類固醇的激素。它們奇妙的剛剛好。

Now,whenyouthinkaboutit,it'samazing,right,thatoverthepast20years,we'veevolvedfromtrustingpeopleonlinetoshareinformationtotrustingtohandingoverourcreditcardinformation,andnowwe'reenteringthethirdtrustwave:connectingtrustworthystrangerstocreateallkindsofpeople-poweredmarketplaces.IactuallycameacrossthisfascinatingstudybythePewCenterthisweekthatrevealedthatanactiveFacebookuseristhreetimesaslikelyasanon-Internetusertobelievethatmostpeoplearetrustworthy.Virtualtrustwilltransformthewaywetrustoneanotherfacetoface.你可以想象得到嗎??jī)H過(guò)去20年,我們就從相信在線的人們,到分享信息,到依靠,再到移交信用卡信息,這是多么驚人。現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入了信任第三波:聯(lián)系所有值得信任的陌生人建立各種各樣的人力市場(chǎng)。我的理論實(shí)際和PewCenter(皮尤中心)本周的研究有交叉,它揭示FACEBOOK的用戶可能是非互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶的三倍,相信大部分的人是可靠的。實(shí)際上信任將改變我們彼此面對(duì)面的信任方式。

Now,withallofmyoptimism,andIamanoptimist,comesahealthydoseofcaution,orrather,anurgentneedtoaddresssomepressing,complexquestions.Howtoensureourdigitalidentitiesreflectourrealworldidentities?Dowewantthemtobethesame?Howdowemimicthewaytrustisbuiltface-to-faceonline?Howdowestoppeoplewho'vebehavedbadlyinonecommunitydoingsounderadifferentguise?Inasimilarwaythatcompaniesoftenusesomekindofcreditratingtodecidewhethertogiveyouamobileplan,ortherateofamortgage,marketplacesthatdependontransactionsbetweenrelativestrangersneedsomekindofdevicetoletyouknowthatSebastianandChrisaregoodeggs,andthatdeviceisreputation.我是一個(gè)樂(lè)觀主義者,慎重可以讓我樂(lè)觀的頭腦清醒一點(diǎn),確切的說(shuō),迫切需要解決的最復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題是:如何確保我們的數(shù)字身份反應(yīng)我們真實(shí)世界的身份,難道我們不想他們是一樣的嗎?我們?nèi)绾文M信任的方式建立起面對(duì)面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系?我們?nèi)绾畏乐鼓切┰谕粋€(gè)社區(qū)里使用不同身份的人們?象一些公司的通常做法是用信用級(jí)別來(lái)決定是否給你一個(gè)移動(dòng)合約或是抵押貸款的利率,市場(chǎng)需要一些手段記錄陌生人之間的交易,讓我們知道Sebastian和Chris是好人,而這個(gè)手段就是名聲。

Reputationisthemeasurementofhowmuchacommunitytrustsyou.Let'sjusttakealookatChris.Youcanseethatover200peoplehavegivenhimanaverageratingover4.99outof5.Thereareover20pagesofreviewsofhisworkdescribinghimassuper-friendlyandfast,andhe'sreachedlevel25,thehighestlevel,makinghimaSuperRabbit.Now—(Laughter)--Ilovethatword,SuperRabbit.Andinterestingly,whatChrishasnotedisthatashisreputationhasgoneup,sohashischancesofwinningabidandhowmuchhecancharge.Inotherwords,forSuperRabbits,reputationhasarealworldvalue.名聲是衡量你有多少社會(huì)信托。現(xiàn)在讓我們來(lái)看看Chris的。你可以看到有200多人平均給他評(píng)了5分中的4.99分。20多頁(yè)的工作評(píng)論描述他為快速、超友好,他達(dá)到25級(jí)的最高級(jí),這讓他成為超級(jí)兔子。(笑)我喜歡那個(gè)詞超級(jí)兔子。有趣的是,Chris記錄,隨著他的名聲鵲起,他中標(biāo)的機(jī)率和要價(jià)的能力都在上漲。換句話說(shuō),對(duì)于超級(jí)兔子來(lái)說(shuō),名聲體現(xiàn)了真實(shí)世界的價(jià)值。

Now,Iknowwhatyoumightbethinking.Well,thisisn'tanythingnew.JustthinkofpowersellersoneBayorstarratingsonAmazon.Thedifferencetodayisthat,witheverytradewemake,commentweleave,personweflag,badgeweearn,weleaveareputationtrailofhowwellwecanandcan'tbetrusted.Andit'snotjustthebreadthbutthevolumeofreputationdataouttherethatisstaggering.Justconsiderthis:FivemillionnightshavebeenbookedonAirbnbinthepastsixmonthsalone.30millionrideshavebeensharedonC.Thisyear,twobilliondollarsworthofloanswillgothroughpeer-to-peerlendingplatforms.Thisaddsuptomillionsofpiecesofreputationdataonhowwellwebehaveormisbehave.我知道你們現(xiàn)在在想什么,嗯,只要想到EBAY的超級(jí)賣(mài)家,亞瑪遜的星級(jí)制度,上述的那些都不是什么新東西。今天的不同之處在于我們做的每一個(gè)交易,留下的評(píng)論,個(gè)人特征,掙到的微章都對(duì)外說(shuō)明我們是可信還是不可信。留在那里的名聲數(shù)據(jù)不僅是廣度還是量度都大得驚人。我們只要考慮這一點(diǎn):僅僅6個(gè)月,Airbnb上就已預(yù)定了500萬(wàn)的客宿記錄。C網(wǎng)站共享了3000萬(wàn)次車(chē)乘。今年價(jià)值200億借貸通過(guò)貸款平臺(tái)面對(duì)面的流通。這數(shù)以百萬(wàn)的名聲數(shù)據(jù)都記錄著我們好還是不好的行為。

Now,capturingandcorrelatingthetrailsofinformationthatweleaveindifferentplacesisamassivechallenge,butonewe'rebeingaskedtofigureout.WhatthelikesofSebastianarestartingtorightfullyaskis,shouldn'ttheyowntheirreputationdata?Shouldn'tthereputationthathe'spersonallyinvestedonbuildingonAirbnbmeanthatitshouldtravelwithhimfromonecommunitytoanother?WhatImeanbythisis,sayhestartedsellingsecond-handbooksonAmazon.Whyshouldhehavetostartfromscratch?It'sabitlikewhenImovedfromNewYorktoSydney.Itwasridiculous.Icouldn'tgetamobilephoneplanbecausemycredithistorydidn'ttravelwithme.Iwasessentiallyaghostinthesystem.收集我們留在不同地方的相關(guān)信息是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn),不過(guò)我們要弄清楚,象Sebastian這樣的人開(kāi)始去追問(wèn)的問(wèn)題:他們不應(yīng)該獲得他們的名聲數(shù)據(jù)嗎?這個(gè)他自己建立在Airbnb的名聲難道不應(yīng)該隨著他從一個(gè)社區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)社區(qū)嗎?我意思是說(shuō)他為什么不得不象個(gè)新手似的重新開(kāi)始——在亞瑪遜上賣(mài)舊書(shū)?這有點(diǎn)象我從紐約遷往悉尼??尚Φ氖?,因?yàn)槲业男庞糜涗洘o(wú)法跟隨我遷移,我無(wú)法得到移動(dòng)電話合約。我基本上就是這個(gè)體系里的一個(gè)傀儡。

NowI'mnotsuggestingthatthenextstageofthereputationeconomyisaboutaddingupmultipleratingsintosomekindofemptyscore.People'slivesaretoocomplex,andwhowantstodothat?Ialsowanttobeclearthatthisisn'taboutaddinguptweetsandlikesandfriendsinaclout-likefashion.Thoseguysaremeasuringinfluence,notbehaviorsthatindicateourtrustworthiness.我并不建議名譽(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的下一步是把多重評(píng)級(jí)累積成空洞的分?jǐn)?shù)。人們的生活太復(fù)雜了,誰(shuí)想那樣做呢?我也想澄清并不是發(fā)微博,愛(ài)好和朋友就可以累積成影響力。而是測(cè)量影響的那些家伙(而不是我們行為本身)表明我們的誠(chéng)信。

Butthemostimportantthingthatwehavetokeepinmindisthatreputationislargelycontextual.JustbecauseSebastianisawonderfulhostdoesnotmeanthathecanassembleIkeafurniture.Thebigchallengeisfiguringoutwhatdatamakessensetopull,becausethefuture'sgoingtobedrivenbyasmartaggregationofreputation,notasinglealgorithm.It'sonlyamatteroftimebeforewe'llbeabletoperformaFacebook-orGoogle-likesearchandseeacompletepictureofsomeone'sbehaviorsindifferentcontextsovertime.Ienvisionarealtimestreamofwhohastrustedyou,when,whereandwhy,yourreliabilityonTaskRabbit,yourcleanlinessasaguestonAirbnb,theknowledgethatyoudisplayonQuoraor[unclear],they'llalllivetogetherinoneplace,andthiswillliveinsomekindofreputationdashboardthatwillpaintapictureofyourreputationcapital.不過(guò)最重要的事情是,我們必須牢牢記住名聲是有很多承上啟下的關(guān)聯(lián)。正由于Sebastian是個(gè)好房東這并不意味著他能組裝宜家家具。這個(gè)最大的挑戰(zhàn)是要搞清楚什么樣的數(shù)據(jù)值得我們?nèi)ダ瓌?dòng)。因?yàn)榻窈舐曌u(yù)將向智能集合的方向推進(jìn),而不是簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算法則。在我們能夠讓FACEBOOK象GOOGLE一樣具有查尋,查看某人在不同背景里的行為照片,隨著時(shí)間的推移,這一切都不過(guò)是時(shí)間問(wèn)題。我設(shè)想了一個(gè)即時(shí)流,誰(shuí),什么時(shí)候,那里,為什么信任你,你在跑腿網(wǎng)站上的可靠程度,你在Airbnb上無(wú)名的象個(gè)客人,這些知識(shí)都顯示在Quora或(不清楚),他們將共存在一個(gè)地方,某種程度上這將使我們生存在名氣板里,它將描述出你名聲資產(chǎn)的圖像。

NowthisisaconceptthatI'mcurrentlyresearchingandwritingmynextbookon,andcurrentlydefineastheworthofyourreputation,yourintentions,capabilitiesandvaluesacrosscommunitiesandmarketplaces.Thisisn'tsomefar-offfrontier.ThereareactuallyawaveofstartupslikeConnect.MeandLegitandTrustCloudthatarefiguringouthowyoucanaggregate,monitoranduseyouronlinereputation.這是我下一本書(shū)準(zhǔn)備研究撰寫(xiě)的一個(gè)概念,目前暫定為:你名聲的價(jià)值,你所處社區(qū)和市場(chǎng)的目的、能力和價(jià)值。這并非遠(yuǎn)在天邊。實(shí)際上現(xiàn)在就有一波新興的公司,象Connect.MeandLegit和TrustCloud能計(jì)算出如何聚集控制使用你的在線名聲。

Now,IrealizethatthisconceptmaysoundalittleBigBrothertosomeofyou,andyes,therearesomeenormoustransparencyandprivacyissuestosolve,butultimately,ifwecancollectourpersonalreputation,wecanactuallycontrolitmore,andextracttheimmensevaluethatwillflowfromit.我知道這對(duì)在座的某些人聽(tīng)來(lái)這有點(diǎn)象是老大哥的味道,它仍需要解決過(guò)于透明和隱私的問(wèn)題,不過(guò)如果我們可以聚集我們的個(gè)人名聲,更好的控制它,最終它將產(chǎn)生極大的價(jià)值。

Also,moresothanourcredithistory,wecanactuallyshapeourreputation.JustthinkofSebastianandhowheboughtthecattoinfluencehis.所以我們的信用記錄也不再是問(wèn)題,我們實(shí)際上可以塑造我們的名聲。想想Sebastian,他買(mǎi)的那只貓如何影響了他。

Nowprivacyissuesaside,theotherreallyinterestingissueI'mlookingatishowdoweempowerdigitalghosts,people[who]forwhateverreason,arenotactiveonline,butaresomeofthemosttrustworthypeopleintheworld?Howdowetaketheircontributionstotheirjobs,theircommunitiesandtheirfamilies,andconvertthatvalueintoreputationcapital?現(xiàn)在,先把隱私問(wèn)題放一邊,我關(guān)注的另一個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題是:我們?nèi)绾伟涯切┎换钴S的數(shù)字幽靈(不管什么人)變成了這個(gè)世界上最值得依賴的人?我們?nèi)绾伟阉麄優(yōu)楣ぷ鳌⑸鐓^(qū)和家庭的貢獻(xiàn)價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)化成名聲資產(chǎn)?

Ultimately,whenwegetitright,reputationcapitalcouldcreateamassivepositivedisruptioninwhohaspower,trustandinfluence.Athree-digitscore,yourtraditionalcredithistory,thatonly30percentofusactuallyknowwhatitis,willnolongerbethedeterminingfactorinhowmuchthingscost,whatwecanaccess,and,inmanyinstances,limitwhatwecandointheworld.Indeed,reputationisacurrencythatIbelievewillbecomemorepowerfulthanourcredithistoryinthe21stcentury.Reputationwillbethecurrencythatsaysthatyoucantrustme.我們徹底弄清楚后,名聲資產(chǎn)將對(duì)那些擁有權(quán)力、影響力和信任感的人產(chǎn)生巨大的沖擊波。我們當(dāng)中僅30%的人知道這三位得分意味著什么,傳統(tǒng)的信用記錄將不再成為決定因素,在許多情況下,我們可以訪問(wèn)那些限制我們的領(lǐng)域。名聲真的是一種貨幣,我相信在21世紀(jì)它將比我們的信用記錄更強(qiáng)大。名聲會(huì)成為貨幣,這意味著你可以相信我。

Nowtheinterestingthingis,reputationisthesocioeconomiclubricantthatmakescollaborativeconsumptionworkandscale,butthesourcesitwillbegeneratedfrom,anditsapplications,arefarbiggerthanthisspacealone.Letmegiveyouoneexamplefromtheworldofrecruiting,wherereputationdatawillmaketherésuméseemlikeanarchaicrelicofthepast.令人感興趣的是,名聲讓協(xié)作消費(fèi)的差事和規(guī)模成了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的潤(rùn)滑劑,然而它的來(lái)源和應(yīng)用并不僅僅局限于此。讓我給來(lái)你說(shuō)個(gè)招聘的例子,名聲數(shù)據(jù)讓簡(jiǎn)歷看起來(lái)象是古生物的化石。

Fouryearsago,techbloggersandentrepreneursJoelSpolskyandJeffAtwood,decidedtostartsomethingcalledStackOverflow.Now,StackOverflowisbasicallyaplatformwhereexperiencedprogrammerscanaskothergoodprogrammershighlydetailedtechnicalquestionsonthingsliketinypixelsandchromeextensions.Thissitereceivesfiveandahalfthousandquestionsaday,and80percentofthesereceiveaccurateanswers.Nowusersearnreputationinawholerangeofways,butit'sbasicallybyconvincingtheirpeerstheyknowwhatthey'retalkingabout.4年前,技術(shù)博客兼企業(yè)家的JoelSpolsky和JeffAtwood決定開(kāi)發(fā)一種叫StackOverflow(棧溢出)的東西?,F(xiàn)在這個(gè)棧溢出基本上成為一個(gè)平臺(tái),在這個(gè)平臺(tái)上有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的程序員可以問(wèn)其他優(yōu)秀的程序員一些非常詳細(xì)的技術(shù)問(wèn)題,比如tinypixels(極小像素)和chromeextensions(瀏覽器的擴(kuò)展功能)。這個(gè)點(diǎn)一天可以接收5500條問(wèn)題,80%都能收到精確的回答?,F(xiàn)在用戶們用這種方法來(lái)贏得名聲,不過(guò)他們基本上是討論他們知道的東西來(lái)說(shuō)服他們的同輩。

Nowafewmonthsafterthissitelaunched,thefoundersheardaboutsomethinginteresting,anditactuallydidn'tsurprisethem.Whattheyheardwasthatuserswereputtingtheirreputationscoresonthetopoftheirrésumés,andthatrecruitersweresearchingtheplatformtofindpeoplewithuniquetalents.Nowthousandsofprogrammerstodayarefindingbetterjobsthisway,becauseStackOverflowandthereputationdashboardsprovideapricelesswindowintohowsomeonereallybehaves,andwhattheirpeersthinkofthem.自這個(gè)網(wǎng)站推出幾個(gè)月后,這個(gè)創(chuàng)始人聽(tīng)說(shuō)了一些有趣的消息,實(shí)際上這并不令人驚奇。他們聽(tīng)說(shuō)那些用戶的名譽(yù)得分使他們的簡(jiǎn)歷置頂,招聘者搜尋平臺(tái)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了那些獨(dú)特的人材。今天成千的程序員用這種方法找到更好的工作,因?yàn)闂R绯銎脚_(tái)和名氣板把人們的行為和他們的同行對(duì)他的看法都導(dǎo)入進(jìn)這個(gè)無(wú)價(jià)的窗口。

Butthebiggerprincipleofwhat'shappeningbehindStackOverflow,Ithink,isincrediblyexciting.Peoplearestartingtorealizeth

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