通信專業(yè)英語11

通信專業(yè)英語UnitElevenComputerComponentsPartOne

Ageneralpurposecomputerhasfourmainsections:thecontrolunit,thearithmeticandlogicunit(ALU),thememory,andtheinputandoutputdevices(collectivelytermedI/O).Thesepartsareinterconnectedbygroupsofwires.ControlunitThecontrolunit(oftencalledacontrolsystemorcentralcontroller)directsthevariouscomponentsofacomputer.Itreadsandinterprets(decodes)instructionsintheprogramonebyone.Thecontrolsystemdecodeseachinstructionandturnsitintoaseriesofcontrolsignalsthatoperatetheotherpartsofthecomputer.Controlsystemsinadvancedcomputersmaychangetheorderofsomeinstructionssoastoimproveperformance.

Arithmetic/logicunit(ALU)TheALUiscapableofperformingtwoclassesofoperations:arithmeticandlogic.LogicoperationsinvolveBooleanlogic:AND,OR,XORandNOT.Thesecanbeusefulbothforcreatingcomplicatedconditionalstatementsandprocessingbooleanlogic.SuperscalarcomputerscontainmultipleALUssothattheycanprocessseveralinstructionsatthesametime.GraphicsprocessorsandcomputerswithSIMD(SingleInstruction,MultipleDatastream)andMIMD(MultipleInstruction,MultipleDatastream)featuresoftenprovideALUsthatcanperformarithmeticonvectorsandmatrices.

MemoryAcomputer'smemorycanbeviewedasalistofcellsintowhichnumberscanbeplacedorread.Eachcellhasanumbered"address"andcanstoreasinglenumber.Theinformationstoredinmemorymayrepresentpracticallyanything.Letters,numbers,evencomputerinstructionscanbeplacedintomemorywithequalease.SincetheCPUdoesnotdifferentiatebetweendifferenttypesofinformation,itisuptothesoftwaretogivesignificancetowhatthememoryseesasnothingbutaseriesofnumbers.

Input/output(I/O)I/Oisthemeansbywhichacomputerreceivesinformationfromtheoutsideworldandsendsresultsback.Devicesthatprovideinputoroutputtothecomputerarecalledperipherals.Onatypicalpersonalcomputer,peripheralsincludeinputdeviceslikethekeyboardandmouse,andoutputdevicessuchasthemonitorandprinter.Harddiskdrives,floppydiskdrivesandopticaldiscdrivesserveasbothinputandoutputdevices.

Besidestheabovefourmaincomponents,amoderncomputeroftencontainsfollowingcomponents.MultitaskingInsomesystemsitisnecessarytogivetheappearanceofrunningseveralprogramssimultaneously.Thisisachievedbyhavingthecomputerswitchrapidlybetweenrunningeachprograminturn..Thismethodofmultitaskingissometimestermed"time-sharing"sinceeachprogramisallocateda"slice"oftimeinturn.MultiprocessingSomecomputersmaydividetheirworkbetweenoneormoreseparateCPUs,creatingamultiprocessingconfiguration.Multiprocessorandmulti-corepersonalandlaptopcomputershavebecomewidelyavailableandarebeginningtoseeincreasedusageinlower-endmarketsasaresult.

NetworkingandtheInternetComputeroperatingsystemsandapplicationsweremodifiedtoincludetheabilitytodefineandaccesstheresourcesofothercomputersonthenetwork.Inthe1990sthespreadofapplicationslikee-mailandtheWorldWideWeb,combinedwiththedevelopmentofcheap,fastnetworkingtechnologieslikeEthernetandADSL,computernetworkingbecomewidespread.Nowadays,averylargeproportionofpersonalcomputersregularlyconnecttotheInternettocommunicateandreceiveinformation."Wireless"networking,oftenutilizingmobilephonenetworks,hasmeantnetworkingisbecomingincreasinglywidespreadeveninmobilecomputingenvironments.NewWordsandExpressionscomponentsn.組成部分controlunit 控制部件arithmetic n.算法interpret v.解釋decode v.解碼instruction n.計(jì)算機(jī)指令signal n.信號performance n.性能Booleanlogic 布爾邏輯法則statement n.語句superscalar n.超標(biāo)量體系結(jié)構(gòu)vector n.向量，矢量matrix n.矩陣memory n.存儲器differentiate n.區(qū)分peripheral n.外圍設(shè)備harddiskdrive n.硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器floppydiskdrive n.軟盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器opticaldiscdrive n.光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器multitasking n.多任務(wù)處理multiprocessing n.多重處理configuration n.配置laptopcomputer 筆記本電腦networking n.網(wǎng)絡(luò)wireless adj.無線的ReadingMaterialPartTwo

Theearlyfoundationsofwhatwouldbecomecomputersciencepredatetheinventionofthemoderndigitalcomputer.Machinesforcalculatingfixednumericaltasks,suchastheabacus,haveexistedsinceantiquity.WilhelmSchickardbuiltthefirstmechanicalcalculatorin1623.CharlesBabbagedesignedadifferenceengineinVictoriantimes(between1837and1901)helpedbyAdaLovelace.Around1900,theIBMcorporationsoldpunch-cardmachines.However,allofthesemachineswereconstrainedtoperformasingletask,oratbestsomesubsetofallpossibletasks.Historyofcomputerscience

Duringthe1940s,asnewerandmorepowerfulcomputingmachinesweredeveloped,thetermcomputercametorefertothemachinesratherthantheirhumanpredecessors.Asitbecameclearthatcomputerscouldbeusedformorethanjustmathematicalcalculations,thefieldofcomputersciencebroadenedtostudycomputationingeneral.Computersciencebegantobeestablishedasadistinctacademicdisciplineinthe1960s,withthecreationofthefirstcomputersciencedepartmentsanddegreeprograms.Sincepracticalcomputersbecameavailable,manyapplicationsofcomputinghavebecomedistinctareasofstudyintheirownright.

Manyinitiallybelieveditimpossiblethat"computersthemselvescouldactuallybeascientificfieldofstudy"(Levy1984,p.11),thoughitwasinthe"latefifties"(Levy1984,p.11)thatitgraduallybecameacceptedamongthegreateracademicpopulation.Itisthenowwell-knownIBMbrandthatformedpartofthecomputersciencerevolutionduringthistime.'IBM'(shortforInternationalBusinessMachines)releasedtheIBM704andlatertheIBM709computers,whichwerewidelyusedduringtheexplorationperiodofsuchdevices."Still,workingwiththeIBM[computer]wasfrustrating...ifyouhadmisplacedasmuchasoneletterinoneinstruction,theprogramwouldcrash,andyouwouldhavetostartthewholeprocessoveragain"(Levy1984,p.13).Duringthelate1950s,thecomputersciencedisciplinewasverymuchinitsdevelopmentalstages,andsuchissueswerecommonplace.

Timehasseensignificantimprovementsintheusageandeffectivenessofcomputersciencetechnology.Modernsocietyhasseenasignificantshiftfromcomputersbeingusedsolelybyexpertsorprofessionalstoamorewidespreaduserbase.Bythe1990s,computersbecameacceptedasbeingthenormwithineverydaylife.Duringthistimedataentrywasaprimarycomponentoftheuseofcomputers,manypreferringtostreamlinetheirbusinesspracticesthroughtheuseofacomputer.Thisalsogavetheadditionalbenefitofremovingtheneedoflargeamountsofdocumentationandfilerecordswhichconsumedmuch-neededphysicalspacewithinoffices.digital adj.數(shù)字的numerical adj. 數(shù)值的abacus n.算盤calculator n. 計(jì)算器differenceengine n. 差分機(jī)punch-card n. 打孔卡片subset n. 子集mathematical adj.數(shù)學(xué)的crash n. 崩潰stage n. 級、階段dataentry

數(shù)據(jù)輸入streamline v. 優(yōu)化documentation n. 文檔record v. 記錄physicalspace

物理空間RelevantWordsTalkingFacetoFacePartThree

A：Goodmorning.I’mGeorgeFabianfromanItalianCompany．B：Goodmorning,Mr.Fabian．MynameisLiWei．Liismyfamilyname．A：Nicetomeetyou，MissLi．B：Metoo!Mr.Fabian,whatcanIdoforyou?A：I’minterestedinyournewmonitor.I’dliketomakeaninquiryaboutit,B：That’sfine.We