2024屆高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解主旨大意題解題策略講義

鉆研高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題策略理解主旨和要義——段落大意題和全文大意題理解語(yǔ)篇的主旨和要義是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的考查技能之一。解答這種類(lèi)型的題目需要考生具備很強(qiáng)的篇章分析能力。從考查的題型類(lèi)別看，理解主旨和要義的題目一般可分為兩類(lèi)：段落大意題和全文大意題。段落大意題針對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的某段或者某幾段的主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。全文大意題針對(duì)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的主題進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。段落大意題解答段落大意題，最關(guān)鍵的是要找到段落主題句。段落主題句可出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾。這類(lèi)文章一般段內(nèi)層次較為分明，多采用“總—分”或“分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時(shí)主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的中間，這時(shí)段落結(jié)構(gòu)一般是：細(xì)節(jié)—主題—細(xì)節(jié)。請(qǐng)?zhí)貏e關(guān)注段落內(nèi)起過(guò)渡作用的詞匯，如however、but、and、also、forexample、inconclusion、onthecontrary等。例：（2023年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)乙卷D篇，保留原題號(hào)，下同）Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,

ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartof

humanity,

youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,

becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,

whilemostoftheworld,

formostofthetime,

hasnot.

Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,

anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate

(有文字的)

societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.

Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.

Whathumanity

isconcernedabout.C.

Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.

Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.【分析】第一段包含兩句話。第一句引出話題，第二句是段落主題句。根據(jù)第二句“Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,

anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate

(有文字的)

societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.（寫(xiě)作是人類(lèi)較晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至許多有文字的社會(huì)，不僅用文字，而且也用物品來(lái)記錄他們的關(guān)切。）”可知，人類(lèi)不僅用語(yǔ)言記載歷史也用物品記載歷史。即怎樣記載歷史。與A項(xiàng)意思一致。故選A。全文大意題全文大意題考查考生能否分辨主題和細(xì)節(jié)，是否具有提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力。做這類(lèi)題時(shí)，要求考生能理解全文細(xì)節(jié)，然后運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對(duì)文章進(jìn)行總結(jié)。常用的技巧有：1.尋找主題句。文章的主題句通常出現(xiàn)在文章第一段或最后一段，而有些文章需要通過(guò)歸納總結(jié)每段的段落大意獲得主題句。2.抓住高頻詞。選項(xiàng)形式為一兩個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)時(shí)，文中被反復(fù)提到的概念或名稱多是正確選項(xiàng)。3.看選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)。正確選項(xiàng)通常不含表示絕對(duì)意義的詞，而且不能只是概括某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或表述局部觀點(diǎn)，也不能包括文章沒(méi)有提及的內(nèi)容。例：（2022年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)甲卷C篇）AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittle

Gentoopenguins

(企鵝)

longingtosayhello.

Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.

Throughouthercareer

(職業(yè))

asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.

Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimeto

taketheplunge.Aftertakingadegreeat

ChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.

"Ijustdecided

Iwantedtogo,"

shesays.

"IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,

Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway."InMarch2008,

Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.

"Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,"

Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewater

likesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperatic

soundsitwasmakingunderwater."Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.

Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.【分析】該題目的選項(xiàng)均由三個(gè)詞或四個(gè)詞的詞組組成，屬于高度概括型的選項(xiàng)。通讀全文可知，文章是總分總結(jié)構(gòu)，文章第一段第二句“Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget”點(diǎn)明主題。也就是說(shuō)，文章開(kāi)篇即介紹了Ginni抵達(dá)南極洲時(shí)，可愛(ài)的企鵝開(kāi)啟了她終生難忘的旅行。下文依次介紹了她去南極洲的原因、時(shí)間及其感受等。最后一段升華主題，寫(xiě)出了作者這次南極之行的感悟。因此，B選項(xiàng)“一次難忘的經(jīng)歷”最能概括文章主旨。故選B。綜上，解答理解主旨和要義的題目，需要從分析語(yǔ)篇的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)入手，并運(yùn)用相關(guān)語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)。同學(xué)們應(yīng)在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中加強(qiáng)這些能力的訓(xùn)練，以便在考試中做到游刃有余。主旨大意題是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中常見(jiàn)命題形式。主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主旨和理解文章中心思想的能力。主旨大意題包括選擇最佳標(biāo)題（title），概括文章大意、段落大意和判斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的（purpose）等。常見(jiàn)的命題形式是：Whatdoesthepassage/authormainlydiscuss?Whatisthefirst/secondparagraphmainlyabout?Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?What'sthepurposeofthepassage?一、最佳標(biāo)題方法：1、中心句法：根據(jù)文章中心句，提煉主題詞充當(dāng)文章標(biāo)題。2、當(dāng)文章的寫(xiě)作對(duì)象特點(diǎn)較多時(shí)，常用寫(xiě)作對(duì)象的名稱充當(dāng)文章的標(biāo)題。3、將文章的寫(xiě)作對(duì)象和其主要特點(diǎn)、意義或影響整合充當(dāng)文章的標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：概括性：抽象、準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)短，常用一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一句話。針對(duì)性：標(biāo)題外延恰當(dāng)，與文章內(nèi)容相符，避免以偏概全。醒目性：新穎奇特，激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。注意排除標(biāo)題干擾項(xiàng)：(1)片面性：概括不夠。所給選項(xiàng)只概括了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)或個(gè)別字詞作為選項(xiàng)，或以次要信息作為標(biāo)題。(2)過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)或過(guò)渡概括：所給選項(xiàng)概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)ⅡD篇We

‘veallbeenthere:

inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What

‘stheproblem?

It

‘spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It

‘smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’s

annoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.

Experts

sayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(潤(rùn)滑劑)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestory

andeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.

“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互動(dòng))withitswaiter;

theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithperipheral(邊緣的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.“Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilence解析：中心句法。根據(jù)第二段最后一句(專家說(shuō)閑聊是一種可帶來(lái)巨大益處的極有價(jià)值的社交行為)以及最后一段最后一句(閑聊是良好舉止的基礎(chǔ))可知,C項(xiàng)“閑聊的益處”與題干要求一致,故答案為C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)“會(huì)話很重要”為干擾項(xiàng),錯(cuò)在偷換概念,conversation(會(huì)話,

交談)和smalltalk(閑談)不是一個(gè)概念;文章沒(méi)有就閑聊的方式或方法做具體的解釋,故排除B項(xiàng)“進(jìn)行閑聊的方式”;D項(xiàng)“令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提到的現(xiàn)象之一,

而不是文章的主旨。

二、概括文章大意方法：1、借助段落主題句歸納：段首、段中、段末2、借助文章主題段歸納：首段（新聞報(bào)道、議論文、說(shuō)明文、科技文獻(xiàn)）、末段（記敘文、議論文）（根據(jù)不同的文體定位主題句）3、借助主題詞歸納：抓住文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞，然后對(duì)其進(jìn)行概括和歸納，確定文章的主旨大意，說(shuō)明文、議論文找主題句的五個(gè)小竅門(mén)：(1)段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,yet,but,infact,indeed,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。（行文標(biāo)志詞定位主題句）

(2)首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。(3)作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(4)表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的話常有therefore,thus,inbrief,

inshort,allinall,

inconclusion,inaword,

tosumup,

so等。（行文標(biāo)志詞定位主題句）(5)表示研究成果的詞之后：find,

show,indicate,suggest,accordingto,sb（權(quán)威人士）says等。（行文標(biāo)志詞定位主題句）2018課標(biāo)全國(guó)ⅢB篇Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.

Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,

Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.（thereasonofitsappearance）Dawson

didnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthe

path,killing63people.Formanywhomadeitto

Dawson,

however,

therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.(itsdevelopment)But

nomatterhowrichtheywere,

Dawson

wasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.Tourismisnowthechiefindustryof

Dawson

City—itspresentpopulationis762.(itsdecline)27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Theriseandfallofacity.

B.ThegoldrushinCanada.

C.Journeysintothewilderness.

D.TourisminDawson.解析：這篇記敘文沒(méi)有主題段，但是每一段的大意很清楚，很容易歸納出全文的mainidea。第一段講Dawson城市出現(xiàn)的原因。第二段講Dawson城市的發(fā)展。第三段but一轉(zhuǎn)折講Dawson城市的衰落。所以答案是A。

2018全國(guó)I卷C篇Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.

Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,

manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.

Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunications

inthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.

Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.

Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.

Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.People’slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.解析：這是一篇說(shuō)明文。借助段落主題句很容易選正確答案C項(xiàng)。

三、概括段落的主旨大意

方法：段落有主題句（說(shuō)明文和議論文），沒(méi)有主題句就按前面總結(jié)文章大意的方法歸納段落大意?？偡质?總分總式:段落首句為主題句，段落其他各句是舉例或論證。分總式：段尾是主題句，段落開(kāi)頭是舉例子或者層層推進(jìn)。分總分式：主題句在中間。開(kāi)頭引出話題→論述主題→解釋2019全國(guó)高考I卷D篇Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小學(xué)),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.

Thelikables’

plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are

“mostlikelytoengage(從事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(調(diào)查研究).

“Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate

—

sharing,kindness,openness

—

carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.

“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,

”

hesaid.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.

B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.

D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.

解析：找主題句法。2016·浙江高考閱讀C篇Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.

Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort

—

thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld

—

issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution(進(jìn)化)providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive(認(rèn)知的)systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit，“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”53．Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Theworldmaybemoreclearlyexplainedthroughchildren’splay.B．Studyingbabies’

playmayleadtoabetterunderstandingofscience.C．Childrenmayhavegreaterabilitytofigureoutthingsthanscientists.D．One’sdriveforscientificresearchmaybecomestrongerashegrows.解析：找主題句法。根據(jù)讀文關(guān)注點(diǎn)定位到原文中的第一句話“Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasa...lookatscienceandscientists.”；再由關(guān)注點(diǎn)——轉(zhuǎn)折信息處定位到本句話的后半部分“butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists”，此處用到了轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but強(qiáng)調(diào)本部分內(nèi)容，故可知本段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)研究孩子們的天性可能有助于更好地理解科學(xué)家。所以B項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)表述不夠確切，屬于過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云；C、D兩項(xiàng)文中未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套。四、判斷作者的寫(xiě)作意圖

各種文體的常見(jiàn)寫(xiě)作目的：記敘文：tellastory/teachalesson/shareanexperience/entertainreaders

廣告:

advertiseorpromoteproducts/attractreaders議論文:

argue/persuade/showthewriter'sopinionon說(shuō)明文/新聞報(bào)道：informreadersofsth./introducesth/providesomeinformation/reportanevent/presentthefindingsofastudy/stresssth2017年高考北京卷C篇Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).

But

thediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.

Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189foralloflastyear.（引出話題）Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,

but

theyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.

Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillarein