專(zhuān)題第課時(shí)讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)的概括

第1課時(shí)讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)的概括1一、記敘文的概括(華南師大附中2011屆高三綜合測(cè)試)閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。Alongtimeago,therewasahugeappletree.Alittleboylovedtocomeandlayarounditeveryday.Theylovedtoplaytogether.

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Astimewentby,theboyhadgrownupandnolongerplayedaroundit.Oneday,hecamebackandthetreeexcitedlyinvitedhimtoplay.Buttheboysaidheneededmoneytobuytoys.“Sorry,butIhavenomoney…butyoucanpickallmyapplesandsellthem，”saidthetree.Theboydidastoldandlefthappilybutnevercameback.Thetreewassad.3Manyyearspassed,theboyreturnedandtoldhimhehadtobuildahouseforhisfamily.Thetreehappilyofferedhisbranchesforhishouse.Withthebranches,theboyleft,satisfied.Thetreewasagainlonelyandsad.4Thenonehotsummerday,thetreewasdelightedtoseetheboybackagain.“Comeandplaywithme！”Thetreesaid.“Iamsadandgettingold.Iwanttogosailingtorelaxmyself.Canyougivemeaboat？”“Usemytrunktobuildyourboat.”Theboycutthetreetrunkandwentsailingbutnevershowedupforalongtime.Thetreewashappy,butitwasnottrue.5Finally,theboyreturnedafterheleftforsomanyyears.“Sorry,myboy,butIdon'thaveanythingforyouanymore.Nomoreapplesforyou.”Thetreesaidwithtears.Theboyrepliedthathewastoooldandneedednothing.“Good!Oldtreerootisthebestplacetoleanonandrest.Come.Comehere,pleasesitdownwithmeandrest.”Theboysatdownandthetreewasgladandsmiledwithtears.6【寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容】以約30個(gè)詞概括這則寓言里樹(shù)的行為與品質(zhì)。【參考概括】Tosatisfyaboy'sneeds,anoldappletreegavetheboyhisapple,branchesandtrunkuntilhehadnothingleftbuttheroot.Fortheonehecares,heiswillingtogivewhateverhehas.7【思路點(diǎn)撥】這是一篇寓言故事，通過(guò)講述一個(gè)小故事來(lái)揭示道理。老蘋(píng)果樹(shù)的無(wú)私給予和不求回報(bào)教會(huì)了人們愛(ài)的偉大。故事的來(lái)龍去脈和結(jié)尾闡明的道理同樣重要。首先把握記敘部分，整理出包括時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、起因、經(jīng)過(guò)和結(jié)果的六要素，便可概括故事情節(jié)；然后根據(jù)故事提煉出點(diǎn)明的道理。這種寓言式的以故事承載道理的形式是讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)中常見(jiàn)的記敘文體。當(dāng)然，如果問(wèn)題提供的短文是純記敘文，則不需點(diǎn)明啟示。8二、議論文的概括(汕頭市2011屆高三四校聯(lián)考)閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。IncreasedCollegeEnrollmentInrecentyears,thereisasteadyincreaseincollegeenrollment.Tomanyhighschoolstudents,it'sdefinitelygoodnews,fortheywouldhavebetterchanceofreceivinghighereducation.9Youdon'thavetolookveryfartofindouttheadvantagesoftheincreasedcollegeenrollment.Foronething,itlessenstheworriesofbothhighschoolgraduatesandtheirparents.Besides,increasedcollegeenrollmentcancontributetoraisetheeducationallevelofournation.What'smore,increasedcollegeenrollmentcanprovidemorestudentswithspecializedknowledge,thusservingourdevelopmentinapositiveway.10Ontheotherhand,wecannotdenythattherearesomepotentialproblemsaboutincreasedcollegeenrollment.Tobeginwith,withtheincreasednumberofstudents,theshortageofteachingstaffandfacilitiesbecomesclearlyseen.Worstofall,increasedcollegeenrollmentleadstoincreasedcompetitioninthejobmarket.11It'snotaneasytasktotellwhetherthetendencyshouldbeencouraged.Astome,it'slaudable(應(yīng)受贊揚(yáng)的)tograntmorestudentshighereducation.Butacollegedegreeisbynomeansaguaranteeforabetterjoborfuture.Tocastapromisingcareer,weneedalotmoreabilitieswhichwecannotlearnfromcollege.12【寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容】以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)。【參考概括】Thecollegeenrollmenthasrisensteadilyoverthepastyears,whichactsasawaytocultivatemorewell-educatedpeopletoservethesociety.However,people'sopinionsonitaredivided.13【思路點(diǎn)撥】這是一篇針對(duì)社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題的議論文，要盡可能客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)。要寫(xiě)好議論文的概括，首先要?dú)w納出議論文的基本三要素，即論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。論點(diǎn)是議論文的作者對(duì)所論問(wèn)題的見(jiàn)解和主張，一般位于短文頭尾，是能統(tǒng)攝全文、表示肯定或否定的判斷句式、明確的表態(tài)性的句子。論據(jù)是證明論點(diǎn)的材料。論證是運(yùn)用論據(jù)來(lái)證明論點(diǎn)的過(guò)程和方法。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，概括議論文時(shí)，只體現(xiàn)論點(diǎn)和主要論據(jù)即可。上例首段表明了作者對(duì)于高校擴(kuò)招是持肯定態(tài)度的(論點(diǎn))，高校擴(kuò)招有利于社會(huì)作育英才(論據(jù))。短文還以不短的篇幅提及其他人的觀點(diǎn)，在概括中可以一筆帶過(guò)。14三、說(shuō)明文的概括(2011深圳市高三年級(jí)第二次調(diào)研考試)閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。ThisweekendinSydney,Australia“l(fā)ightsout”activitywillbestaged.Sydneypeoplewillkeeplightsoffforanhour,sothattheAustralia'slargestcitywillbethrownintodarknessinthenight.15InSydney,alargenumberofbusinessmenhavebeenaddedtothisactionplan.Thegovernmentofficialsandtensofthousandsofpeoplehavealsoansweredthecallenthusiastically.16ThelandscapesofSydneysuchasSydneyOperaHouse,SydneyHarborBridgeanddozensofskyscraperswillkeeplightsoffforonehourfrom7：30,andevenMcDonald'sbig“M”logowillbeswitchedoff.Butitssignificantlighting,suchastheflyinglightsandthetrafficlightswillbeonasusual.17Thiseventiscalled“EarthHour”.OneoftheorganizerssaysthisactionwillencourageAustralianstoswitchoffunnecessarylightsintheirdailylife.“Ouraimtodothisisverysimple.Wedonotwantpeopletoreturntoliveincavetime.Wejustwanttoreducegreenhousegasesintotheatmosphereasmuchaspossible.”Healsosaid,“One-hourblackoutisonlythebeginning,andthenextstepistoimprovepeople'sawarenessofenergysaving.”18【寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容】以約30個(gè)詞概括短文的要點(diǎn)?！緟⒖几爬ā緿uringthe“EarthHour”，peopleinSydneywillhaveaone-hourblackoutactivitythroughoutthecity,thepurposeofwhichistomakepeoplebeawareofenergysavingbetter.19【思路點(diǎn)撥】這是一篇介紹類(lèi)說(shuō)明文。說(shuō)明文通常會(huì)有中心句，寫(xiě)概括時(shí)要注意找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后用自己的話重組文章的信息。由于說(shuō)明文免不了要下定義，抓住如“becalled”，“bedefinedas”和“beknownas”等語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志即可準(zhǔn)確找出中心句。從中心句可知文章介紹了悉尼熄燈一小時(shí)的環(huán)?；顒?dòng)，進(jìn)而畫(huà)出關(guān)鍵詞the“EarthHour”，peopleinSydney和energysaving，重組關(guān)鍵信息，即可概括成文。對(duì)于現(xiàn)象分析型說(shuō)明文，則可根據(jù)中心句找出“現(xiàn)象”、“造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因”和“解決這種現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題的措施或建議”。20一、概括的要求：簡(jiǎn)潔明了，主題突出。概括可采用總→分的形式，即第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫(xiě)作目的，后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，主題之外的內(nèi)容要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。二、概括的方法：1.使用意義相同或相近的單詞、短語(yǔ)或句式，或使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)同一意思，如改變語(yǔ)態(tài)、肯定變否定等，避免抄襲原文句子。212.議論文或論說(shuō)文，概括時(shí)則要盡可能客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)。概括對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)首先是要轉(zhuǎn)換視角，即以“第三人稱(chēng)”或“無(wú)人稱(chēng)”來(lái)概括。3.如果給的閱讀材料是一則故事，應(yīng)該用最簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)明故事講述了什么，不能拖泥帶水講細(xì)節(jié)，而且最好講出故事給你的啟示或其中的一個(gè)道理。4.如果是說(shuō)明性或描述性短文，就必須用概括性的文字說(shuō)明一個(gè)現(xiàn)象。22三、概括的寫(xiě)作步驟：1.尋找關(guān)鍵詞。文章的關(guān)鍵詞可結(jié)合“寫(xiě)”的任務(wù)中的“就……”主題發(fā)表自己的看法的要求來(lái)確定。如，要求你“以約120詞談?wù)勀憷硐氲拇髮W(xué)生活”，那么所閱讀的文章的關(guān)鍵詞就應(yīng)是“college/universitylife”。2.確定主題句。文章的主題句首先可通過(guò)所給閱讀材料的標(biāo)題來(lái)確定，閱讀材料的標(biāo)題即是文章的論點(diǎn)或主題句。沒(méi)有標(biāo)題的文章，我們就尤應(yīng)23注意議論文、夾敘夾議和說(shuō)明文的第一段(總起段)和最后一段(總結(jié)段)，或每一段的第一句或第二句(總起句)和最后一句(總結(jié)句)。沒(méi)有主題句的需要自己組合。3.重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句要?dú)w納總結(jié)性強(qiáng)，能涵蓋后面所有的支撐句的內(nèi)容。4.重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補(bǔ)充過(guò)程或者提供論據(jù)。四、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句”即“主題+主題的什么”。24文體主題句支撐句議論文文章論點(diǎn)(一句)文章論據(jù)(兩三句)記敘文故事的寫(xiě)作目的、主題(一句)故事大意(兩三句)說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明的對(duì)象、觀點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象解釋、分述25Onepossibleversion:ChallengesMakeUsWhoWeAreThepassagetellsusthatwhenwearefacedwithchallenges,allweneediscommitmentandcommunication.Afterdealingwithmanychallenges,wewillco