現(xiàn)代大學英語精讀四,why historians disagree

WhyHistoriansDisagree編輯ppt ThepresenttextisbasedontheintroductiontoabookentitledConflictandConsensus(意見等的一致〕inModernAmericanHistoryeditedbyAllenF.DavisandHaroldD.Woodman,professorsatTempleUniversityandPurdueUniversityrespectively,whoalsowrotetheintroduction.Authors編輯pptWoodrowWilsonWoodrowWilson(1856-1924),America’s28thpresident(1913-1921),wasaprofessoroflaw,thepresidentofPrincetonUniversity,andthegovernorofNewJerseybeforehewaselectedtotheWhiteHouse.編輯pptZimmermanNoteTheZimmermanNotewasacommuniqué〔公報〕authoredbyGermanForeignSecretaryArthurZimmermanandinterceptedbyAmericanIntelligence.Thenotehadbeendesignedtoentice〔誘使〕MexicointodeclaringwaragainsttheUnitedStatesshouldtheU.S.declarewaronGermany.Asareward,MexicowouldthenreceiveArizona,NewMexico,andTexasafterthewar.編輯pptFulltext：OnthefirstofFebruaryweintendtobeginsubmarinewarfareunrestricted.Inspiteofthis,itisourintentiontoendeavortokeepneutraltheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Ifthisattemptisnotsuccessful,weproposeanallianceonthefollowingbasiswithMexico:Thatweshallmakewartogetherandtogethermakepeace.Weshallgivegeneralfinancialsupport,anditisunderstoodthatMexicoistoreconquerthelostterritoryinNewMexico,Texas,andArizona.Thedetailsarelefttoyouforsettlement.編輯pptZimmermanNoteYouareinstructedtoinformthePresidentofMexicooftheaboveinthegreatestconfidenceassoonasitiscertainthattherewillbeanoutbreakofwarwiththeUnitedStatesandsuggestthatthePresidentofMexico,onhisowninitiative,shouldcommunicatewithJapansuggestingadherenceatoncetothisplan;atthesametime,offertomediate〔斡旋〕betweenGermanyandJapan.編輯pptPleasecalltotheattentionofthePresidentofMexicothattheemploymentofruthlesssubmarinewarfarenowpromisestocompel〔迫使〕Englandtomakepeaceinafewmonths.Zimmerman(SentJanuary19,1917)編輯pptimmersev.

a.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquid使浸入b.toinvolveoneselfdeeply(insth.)使專心于

Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.Immersetheclothinthedyefor20minutes.IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.WhenAlfredinheritedhisfather’sestate,heimmersedhimselfinpleasure.編輯pptAseaof(peopleofthings):averylargenumberofTheimmensesquarewasaseaofflowersandhappyfaces.Bywayof:through編輯ppta.

through,byrouteof,viab.asameansof;asatypeof;servingas

bywayofExamples:YoucangetthisinformationbywayoftheInternet.Hesenthersomeflowersbywayofanapology.編輯pptFat:1.肥沃的fatland肥沃的土地Afatcountry富裕的國家2.有利可圖的Afatcontract(bargain)有利可圖的合同〔交易〕3.thickandwell-filled厚的、大量的、內(nèi)容充實的Makeafatprofit獲得暴利Payafatprice付出很大的代價Afatjob肥缺4.nearlynonexistent不多、少Afatchance〔notlikely)youknowafatlotaboutit.你一點兒也不懂。編輯pptFat:overweight,heavy,plump,chubby,stout〔壯實的〕obese(過分肥胖的〕Thin:slim,slender,bony編輯pptMoststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandbecomequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.Moststudentsusuallycometohavetheirfirstexperienceofthestudyofhistorythroughthereadingofathickhistorytextbookandsoonareoverwhelmedbyalargenumberofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.thick

(metaphor)agreatnumberof編輯pptsimply:only;nothingbutItissimplyamatteroftime.bringtogether:collecton(upon)(fml.):directlyafter(andoftenasaresultof)Onhearingthenews,sheburstintotears.Disagree:Istronglydisagreewiththelastspeaker.BillandIoftendisagree,butwearegoodfriends.編輯pptSharply:clearlyanddefinitelyHisaggressivebehaviorcontrastedsharplywiththemildmannerofhisbrother.編輯pptStateofaffairs:asituation情形、情況Thereisnotmuchwecandointhepresentstateofaffairs.Thisisaveryunpleasantstateofaffairs.編輯pptTheircommon-sensereactiontothisstateofaffairsistoconcludethatonehistorianisrightwhiletheotheriswrong.Whenapersonisfacedwiththiskindofsituation,thenormal,practicalresponsewillbethatonehistorianisrightwhereastheotheriswrong.“whereasorand〞,implyingacontrasttheirresponsebasedoncommonsense編輯ppt

presumablyadv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytrue據(jù)推測、大概可能a.presumablen.presumptionv.presumePresumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.Wordformations編輯ppt

contendv.a.tostruggle,tobeinrivalry爭奪、競爭b.

to

argue,toassert爭辯說Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower.Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.

contendinghistorians:historianswhoarefightingordebating編輯pptMoreorless:almost;toanundetermineddegree1.或多或少Theyweremoreorlesswillingtohelp.他們多少愿意幫助。2.幾乎、大約Theworkismoreorlessfinished.。。。差不多完成了編輯pptlookingatsth.fromacertainangleExamples:Thenoveliswrittenfromachild’sperspective.Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.Ifyoulookatthingsfromafeministperspectivetheyare,infact,notequal.fromafeminist/Christian/globalperspectiveFromdifferentpointsofview,angles,theoreticalstance,approaches,perspective(Theyallmeansimilarly.)

froma…perspective編輯pptcut-and-dried:alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged1.事先安排好的、常規(guī)的、例行的；Acut-and-driedmeeting例會2.無生氣的，呆板的Hisspeechwascut-and-driedbecausehehadnothingnewtosay.Acut-and-driedmatter:anordinarymatter編輯pptThispositionishardlysatisfying.Thisisnotahappysolutionorhappysituation.Studentsexpecttobegivenclear-cutanswers,eitheryesorno.Butnowtheyhavetoshoparound(到處尋找〕fortheproperanswer.Theanswerbecomesapersonalchoice.Thismakesthemfeelveryuncomfortable.

situationorstate;status編輯ppt

cannothelpbutdoLeecouldnothelpbutagreewithher.Icouldn’thelpbutnoticethebruiseshehadunderhereye.Similarexpressioncan’thelpdoingcannotbutdousedtosaythatsomeoneisunabletochangetheirbehaviororfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsomething不得不、不會不、情不自禁做某事編輯pptDiametrically:completelydifferent在直徑方面；正好、完全、截然Thetwoideasarediametricallyopposed.ThisisdiametricallyoppositetowhatIsaid.Diametricopinions截然相反的觀點tobeindiametriccontradiction編輯pptDenote:toreferto意思是；是。。。的征兆,為。。。的名稱Theword‘heart’denotesanorganthatpumpsblood.Inabroad/narrow/generalsense從廣義、狹義、一般意義上說編輯ppt

restricteda.a.smallorlimitedinsize,area,oramount

Examples:It’sdifficulttryingtoworkinsucharestrictedspace.Thesaleofalcoholisrestrictedtopeopleovertheageof18.Thereisrestrictedaccesstothisinformation(=onlycertainpeoplecanhaveit).

v.

restrict

n.restriction

a.restrictiveWordformationsb.limitedorcontrolled,especiallybylawsorrules編輯pptHistorymaybedefinedasthatwhich…‘thatwhich’:somethingthat…orwhat…編輯pptThereforethehistoriancanonlyapproximatehistoryatbest.Noonecaneverclaimtohaveconcludedthequest.(Para.5)goto5

tocomeclosetoThereforethebestthehistoriancandoistogetasnearaspossibletothehistoricaltruth.Butnoonecaneverboastthathe/shehascompletedthissearch.Itgoesonforever.takingthemosthopefulviewsearch;pursuit編輯pptapproximate:adj.Anapproximatenumberanapproximatefigurev.tocomenearinamount,nature,etc.Yourstoryonlyapproximatestotherealfacts.Youraccountofwhathappenedapproximatesthetruth,butthereareseveralsmallerrors.編輯ppttakingthemosthopefulviewExamples:Thisis,atbest,onlyatemporarysolution.

這充其量也不過是個權(quán)宜之計。

Hisanswerswereatbestevasive,atworstverymisleading.

atbest持最樂觀的看法；充其量編輯pptatits/his/their…bestinthebestconditionThegardenisatitsbestinApril.Hewasathisbestyesterdayeveningandkeptusallamused.Everyyear,whenthepeachblossomsareattheirbest,afestivalisheldattheBeijingBotanicalGarden.處于最正確狀態(tài)；處于巔峰狀態(tài)；在全盛期中編輯ppt

questn.alongsearchforsomethingthatisdifficulttofind尋求、探求thequestfortruthAttheirroots,thesequestsoriginatedoutofhumaninquisitiveness.Worldleadersarenowunitedintheirquestforpeace.Foreignpowershadlongpenetratedtheareainquestofwealthorinfluence,ortocounterthelustsoftheiradversaries.編輯pptIfhistorianscannotknoweverything…availabletothem:如果說歷史學家不可能了解一切是因為有的事件沒有沒記錄下來，那么同樣也可以說，他們對可供利用的記錄材料也沒有充分利用。編輯pptDeem:considerTopiecetogether:toformawholefromvariousparts把零碎的局部拼合成整體編輯pptSometimesthisappearstobeeasy,requiringverylittlesophisticationandsubtlety.Sometimesthisappearstobeeasy,demandingnospecialtrainingorprofoundknowledgeortheabilitytounderstandverycomplexissuesandfinedistinctions.不需要專門的訓練、高深的知識以及理解復雜事件和細微差異的能力presentparticiplephrasesfunctioningascause

finedistinctions細微之處、細心Complexities老練、富于經(jīng)驗編輯ppt

crudeschemes

crudeore

acrudeshelter

cruderemarks

crudemanners

crudeideas

crudeoil/sugaraaccabb

crudea.

a.notfinishedproperly;badlyworkedout粗略的b.(ofmaterials)inanaturalstate,notrefinedormanufactured天然的c.nothavinggrace,tasteorrefinement粗魯?shù)木庉媝ptThechoiceastowhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory—admittedly,inthiscasearathercrudetheory,butatheorynonetheless.Thechoiceconcerningwhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory.Iamwillingtoconcedethatthetheoryusedhereisunrefined,yetitisstillatheory.

withregardto;concerningwealladmit不可否認(fml)nevertheless;however編輯ppt

contemplate

v.a.tohaveinviewasapurpose,intention思考、盤算Contemplateone’sfutureContemplatewhattodo.

considerthinkabout/oftoywiththeideaofWordformations編輯pptShestoodcontemplatingherfigureinthemirror.Hecontemplatedherwithafaintsmile.

b.tolookat(withtheeyes,orinthemind)注視contemplativen.contemplationWordformations編輯pptItwouldgosomethinglikethis:Nationalleaderscontemplatingwararemorelikelytobeinfluencedbybelligerentactsagainstcountriesthanbytheirunhappinesswiththeirhaberdashers.ponderingovertheproblemofwar;consideringgoingtowarwithanthercountrywaracts,actsofwar戰(zhàn)爭行為

unhappinesswiththeirhatmakersorhatshops;unhappinessaboutpersonaltrivialthings編輯pptunderstudy:beingstudiedunder:intheprocessofTheissueunderdiscussionaroadunderrepairunder(consideration/review/observation/construction/attack編輯pptatwork:doingjoboraparticularactivity;operating在工作，在勞動Hehadbeenatworkonabook.忙著寫一本書intheeventof:ifsth.happens;incasesth.shouldhappenIntheeventofrain,thepartywillbeheldindoors.Itoffersvitalfinancialcoverintheeventofyoubeingpermanentlydisabledinanaccident.編輯ppt

IwasshockedwhenIreadofhisdeath.

readof“read〞phrases讀到，閱悉tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetc編輯pptcf.readsb.alesson/lecturereadthrough/overreadsb.’smind/thoughtsreadbetweenthelinescf.訓斥某人從頭到尾細讀一遍看出某人的心思體會字里行間的言外之意編輯pptWhereby:bymeansofthis,inaccordancewiththis憑借這個，借此Thereisawaywherebyhecanbesaved.有一個可以使他得救的方法。編輯pptconcern:(about/over/with)Therecentriseincrimeisamatterofconsiderablepublicconcern.Theyareexpressingtheirdeepconcernabouttheworseningenvironment.toone’sdisadvantage:對。。。不利Herheightcouldbetoherdisadvantageifshewantstobeadancer.thereby:bythatmeans;bydoingorsayingthat由此、因此、從而編輯pptv.a.toappearorcomeoutfromsomewhereb.(offacts,ideas)toappear;tobecomeknownc.tocomeoutofadifficultexperience出現(xiàn)、〔問題等〕發(fā)生；〔從困苦等中〕露頭

emergeThemoonemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Newevidencehasemergedtocontradictearlierclaims.Localgovernmenthasrecentlyemergedasamajorissue.Sheemergedfromthedivorceastrongerperson.編輯pptBalanceofpower:Itisapopulartheoryamongwesternpoliticalscientiststhatpeacewillbepreservedifnations’poweriswellbalanced,thatis,nocountryistoopowerfulortooweak---ifanycountryistoopowerfulitwillnotbeabletoresistthetemptationtotakeadvantageofothercountries;andifanycountryistooweak,itisboundtoinviteforeignaggression.Sotomaintainworldpeace,thebestwecandoistoachieveabalanceofpower.編輯pptWhatthenarehistorianstomakeofthesefacts?Howthenwillhistoriansunderstandorlookatthesefact?tomakeofsth.:toregardasthenatureormeaningofsth.對待、處理、解釋、理解Wedon’tknowwhattomakeofhisbehavior.Theyareeagertoseewhatacountrywithabackwardeconomycanmakeoftheopportunity.編輯pptinthat:becauseMendifferfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.編輯pptExamples:Thesefiguresdonottakeintoaccountthechangesintherateofinflation.

take…intoaccount/takeaccountofsth.“account〞phrasestake…intoconsideration編輯pptcf.openanaccountsettleone’saccountgiveanaccountofaccountforonone’saccountonthis/thataccounttakenoaccountofcf.開戶頭結(jié)清欠帳，〔喻〕報復描述，表達解釋；說明；占百分比為一己的目的和利益為了這個/那個緣故對某事物不予考慮編輯ppttodevelopasaresultofsomethingelsestemfrom

Hisheadachesstemmedfromvisionproblems.Italsotriestosaythatwomen’sproblemsstemfromeithertheirsexualityorthefamily.Muchofthefrictionstemmedfromadebateaboutwhichtechnologytouse.編輯ppttobecomeinvolvedinsth.becauseyouareinterestedinitorbecauseitworriesyou擔憂、牽掛；使忙于。。。concernoneselfwithHelovedhiswife,and

concernedhimselfwith

herneedsanddesires.ForseveralweeksIdidnot

concernmyselfwith

anythoughtofthefuture.Ourcountry’sleadersmust

concernthemselveswith

environmentalprotection.編輯pptSimilarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightmaintainthatthevariousitemsonthelistshouldnotbegivenequalweight.

Similarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightarguethatthevariouspointsputonthelistshouldnotconsideredequallyimportant.forthesamereasontoconsidersth.Equallyimportanttocontinuetohavetheview編輯pptmaintain:torepeatedlysay堅持、斷言、主張giveweightto:toconsidersth.importantWeshouldgivedueweighttotheenvironmentprotection.編輯pptdisproportionate:toomuchortoolittleinrelationtosth.else不成比例的、不相稱的Adisproportionatenumberoffatalaccidentstakeplaceatnight.編輯pptIntheexamplesgiven,historiansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentpremises.Intheexampleswehavegivenabove,wecanseethathistoriansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentassumptions.apropositionuponwhichanargumentisbasedorfromwhichaconclusionisdrawn前提、〔作為先決條件的〕假定編輯pptNeitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.

Youcannotfindfaultwitheitherstatementandsayitisnotaccurate.(Neitherstatementcanbecriticizedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.)nounclauseservingasanappositiveof“grounds〞reasonsorjustificationstobecriticized;tobeconsideredwrong編輯pptfault:挑剔、指責、批評Youcannotfaulthissincerity.他的真誠無可指責。Faultthegovernmentforfailingtotaketimelyactions.ground:理由、根據(jù)Hehasgoodgroundsforwhathethinks.他的想法有充分的根據(jù)。onthegroundsthat:以。。。為理由，根據(jù)。。。因為，由于Hewasawardedcompensationonthegroundsthatthedoctorhadbeennegligent.由于醫(yī)生玩忽職守，他得到了賠償。編輯pptProbe:探究、調(diào)查;用尖物刺穿BeforeFreud,poetshadprobedtheunconsciousandirrationalaspectsofhumanbehavior.Reportersbeganprobingformoreinformation.

probeforanswers/reasons/waystodosth.Probeintosb.’smisconductthemysteryofsb’sspeech編輯pptUltimate:1.beingorhappeningattheendofaprocess,etc.Anultimateresult最終結(jié)果2.greatestTheultimateboundariesofhumanknowledge3.basicTheultimateresponsibility主要責任theultimateprinciple根本原那么編輯pptTrace:追溯、跟蹤TracearivertoitssourceTherumorwastracesbacktoajournalist.編輯ppttocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted排除、消除b.todefeatateamorpersoninacompetition,sothattheynolongertakepartinit淘汰c.tokillsomeoneinordertopreventthemfromcausingtrouble

消滅

eliminatev.

SynonymsgetridofabolishdoawaywitheradicaterootoutThecreditcardeliminatestheneedforcashorcheques.Ourteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.Thedictatoreliminatedanyonewhomightbeathreattohim.編輯pptWecanifourknowledgecouldgiveusaperfectmodelthatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior.Unfortunatelynosuchmodelhaseverexisted.如果我們的知識水平能夠給我們提供一種毋容置疑的有效模式，對人類行為作出全面解釋，我們就能消除所有分歧。Ifthestateofourknowledgeweresuchthatitprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecan.amodelthatisalwayseffective;afoolproofmodelavariationofthepattern“so…that〞Moreexamples編輯ppt1.Theconditionsweresuchthatmanyyoungpeoplewantedtoleavetheplace.2.Theforceoftheexplosionwassuchthatwindowswereblownout.3.Thesituationwassuchthatpoliticalobserversfounditdifficulttopredict.局勢如此，連政治觀察家們也覺得難以預(yù)測。編輯ppt Butsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandfoolproofexplanation,disagreementsaredestinedtoremain.(Para.13)goto14

tobeboundtodosth.;tobepredeterminedorpreordainedtodosth.

alwayseffective;completelydependable;infallibleButsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandinfallibleexplanation,disagreementareboundtoexist.編輯pptWeweredestinednevertomeetagain.Shewasnotdestinedtobeagreatpainterbutshehadtheconfidenceandlucktobeasuccessfulone.Atfirsttheirpredictionsseemeddestinedtocometrue.

bedestinedtoseemingcertaintohappenatsometimeinthefuture注定會編輯pptSentenceParaphrase14Whenstudentsrealizethat…“truth〞isbutanelusiveyetintriguinggoalinanever-endingquest...(Para.13)TheendofSentenceParaphrase.agoalthatisextremelyattractiveyetforeveroutofreachaneverlastingorinterminablesearchWhenstudentsrealizethat…“truth〞isonlyagoalthatisbeyondreachyetextremelyattractiveandshouldbesoughtinapermanentsearch.only編輯pptShemanagedtogetaninterviewwiththatelusiveman.Sheenjoysafirmreputationinthiscountrybutwiderinternationalsuccesshasbeenelusive.Forme,thepoemhasanelusivequality.

elusivead.elusivelyn.elusivenessv.eludeWordformationsa.

a.(ofaperson)difficulttofindorsee躲避的b.(ofresult)difficulttoachievec.(ofideaorquality)difficulttodescribeorunderstand編輯pptThisisapieceofexpositorywriting.Thepurposeofexpositorywritingistoexplainortogivethereaderinformationtohelphimunderstandtheworldaroundhim.TextAnalysisForreferenceStyle編輯pptTextAnalysisPleasefindsupportingdetailsinthetext.StylisticFeature

1.

longsentences2.formalwords3.impersonalstructures編輯pptTextAnalysisInthisessaythetwoauthorsdiscussthedefinitionofhistory,theroleofthehistoriansandthereasonswhyhistoriansdisagree.Theme編輯pptTextAnalysisStructure

PartI

(Paras.1—3)PartII

(Paras.4—10)PartIII(Paras.11—13)Theauthorssummarizethereasonswhyhistoriansdisagreeandthedisagreementiseverlasting.

HowthestudentsofhistorymajorstudyhistoryandwhatconfusethemHistoriansmayviewthesamehistoricaleventfromdifferentperspectives編輯pptTextAnalysisWhatarethethreedefinitionsofhistory?

inthebroadestsensethewholeofthehumanpastinarestrictedsense

inacommonsense

therecordedpartofhumanlife

whathistorianswriteaboutthepast編輯pptTextAnalysisWhatistheroleofthehistorians?

Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefacts.編輯pptTextAnalysisWhydohistoriansdisagree?

Becausehistorianshavedifferentinterestsandadifferentunderstandingofhumanmotivationandhumanbehaviorwhichinturnisduetotheirdifferentbackgroundinage,sex,race,class,education,religion,politics,etc.,theytendnotonlytobeinterestedindifferentfactsbutalsointerpretthesamefactsdifferently.

編輯pptWritingDeviceExpositionWhatisexposition?Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.2.Whoaremostlikelytousetheexpositorywritingstyle?Itismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition3.Inwhichscopeandfielddotheyuseit?Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressth.,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thatis,useanexpositorywritingwhenweexplainhowtheobjectismade,howitisused,andhowitmaychange.Itmainlydealswithprocessesandrelationships.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition4.Whatisthemostimportantqualityofexposition?Howtoachieveit?Themostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:1)Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,forit’simpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition2)Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsofexamples)tohelphisexplanation;thereaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples.

3)Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubjects.4)Makehisexposition,ifpossible,interestingormoving;編輯pptWritingDevice1)illustration—theuseofexampletoillustrateapoint,helpingtoclarifyawriter’sthoughtbymakingthegeneralspecific,andtheabstractconcrete;andalsoaddinginterestandhelptopersuadeorconvincethereader;Exposition5.Whatmethodsareadoptedforparagraphdevelopmentintheexpositorywriting?編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition2)divisionandclassificationdivision—separatethingsintoparts(glasses—[\frame,lens);classification—organizethingswhichsharecertainqualities(courses—obligatoryandoptional);3)comparisonandcontrast(thesubject-by-subjectpattern,thepoint-by-pointpattern);編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition4)analogy—showsthesimilaritiesbetweentwodifferentclass;5)causeandeffect;6)definition;編輯pptQuiz11.

Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe_____

oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.A.dimensionB.magnitudeC.volumeD.scope2.Thetouristisforbiddentoenteracountryifhedoesnothavea(n)_____

passport.A.operativeB.effectiveC.validD.efficientDimension:規(guī)模、程度、尺寸等Magnitude:巨大、重要性volume:卷、冊、容積等Operative:操作的、起作用的、DC編輯pptQuiz13.GonewiththeWinddealswithquestions

America’sCivilwarandtheexperiencesoftwocouplesoflovers.A.concernedB.concernedwithC.concerningwithD.concerningD編輯pptQuiz15.Anthropology人類學isascience__anthropologistusearigorous縝密的setofmethodsandtechniquestodocument為。。。提供證明observationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.A.inthat