重點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)結(jié)中文版

1"BestDoesNotMeanItis1"BestDoesNotMeanItisveryimportanttorecognizethatSentenceCorrectionquestionsaskforthebestoptionofthosegiven,notthebestoptionintheuniverse.Indeed,oftenyouwillfeel-andrighdyso-thatalltheanswers,includingthecorrectone,"soundbad."CorrectGMATSentenceCorrectionanswerscansoundveryformalorawkward,soitisimportanttokeepinmindthatyourtaskistoevaluatethegivenanswerchoices,nottocreatetheidealsentence.Theidealsentenceoftenisnotanoption,plicatematters,incorrectanswerchoicesoftensoundright,Indeed,theGMATexploitsthefactthattheEnglishweheariscommonlyriddledwithgrammaticalmistakes.2、GMATSC?？贾R(shí)(1Subject-VerbAgreement主謂一(2Parallelism平(3Pronouns代(4Modifiers(5VerbTenseMood&Voice時(shí)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣和主被動(dòng)(6Comparisons比(7Idioms.習(xí)語(yǔ)/固定搭3對(duì)于SC的一個(gè)基本原則和讀完題，畫(huà)出句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)（以及很明顯的錯(cuò)誤派，盡量分成2-3split2個(gè)一派，3個(gè)一派)。到選剩1個(gè)選項(xiàng)。的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三3、簡(jiǎn)潔有效（Concision）beginbylookingforerrorsinAfteryouhavegrammarerrors,lookformeaningFinally,ifyouhavestillnotsingledoutanswer,choosetheremainingchoicethatismostDonotaltertheauthor'sintentwhenyoumakeyour同5Meaning的三個(gè)常A．小詞位置的變換Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,youmustconsiderwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.Lookoutespeciallyforshortwords(suchasonlyandall)thatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictB．詞的選擇C．Connectedwordsmakesense6、主謂不可Wrong:TheelectronnamedinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDin句，是不能單獨(dú)成句的，缺少主句（mainclause）Wrong:BECAUSEthedogwasneverWrong:WHICHwillbeapprovedWrong:Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.這句話初看覺(jué)得OK，但仔細(xì)分析主謂，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)thedevelopmentwillbeabletotravelhundredsofmiles,發(fā)展怎么能跑幾百公里呢？！這就是主謂沒(méi)有一起makesense，犯了邏輯錯(cuò)誤。應(yīng)該是車(chē)Right:Oncedeveloped,ahydrogenCARbasedonexpectedperformanceparametersWillabletotravelhundredsofmileswithout8、怎么找到句子的1、介詞短語(yǔ)如：acatofthegirl中，cat是主語(yǔ)，ofthegirl慣用語(yǔ)的例外，如由some,nonemany,much,all這類(lèi)詞修飾時(shí)，of后面的才是主語(yǔ)，如someofthestudents里，students才是主語(yǔ)；再如anumberofpictures也是，pictures才是主語(yǔ)。不過(guò)thenumberofpictures里，thenumber是主語(yǔ)。還有所有表示2（狀語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)bigadv.定語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)bigadj.主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)bignoun）如：When.theauditorslefttheexecutivewhohadbeeninterviewedwas/were3過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞（在句中起到修飾其他成分的作用，做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí)如：Limpingthehorseonceconsideredoneofthefavoriteswas/weretaken:注意逗號(hào)！Commasareanotherhelpful:注意逗號(hào)！Commasareanotherhelpfulsigntoidentifymodifierssincesometimesseparatemodifiersfromtherestofthe9主謂一致（GMAC出題的方法往往是把主語(yǔ)藏起來(lái)找到了主語(yǔ)，就很好判斷主謂一致了。前面的第點(diǎn)講了如何找主語(yǔ)，但當(dāng)兩個(gè)單數(shù)主語(yǔ)被“”連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用復(fù)數(shù)了。但當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)是由versesalongwithtogetherwithainadditiontoaswellastheaccompaniedbvincludingsaltand注意：Mathematics，aerobics和diabetes都是單數(shù)，雖然他們都以S關(guān)于either…or…和neither…nor…的主另外，如果eitherneither單獨(dú)修飾句中成分，即沒(méi)有or或nor關(guān)于集體名詞的主關(guān)于人的agencyarmyaudience,classcommitteecrowdorchestra關(guān)于物的baggagecitrusequipmentfleet,fruitPS:在gmat中，只要是在原有名詞加了s關(guān)于anyone，someone，everybody，some等這一類(lèi)表示非特質(zhì)的代的主Anyone,anybody,anythingNoone,nobody,Each,every(aspronouns)Someone,somebody,somethingEveryone,everybody,everythingWhatever,whoeverEither,neither(mayrequireaEither,neither(mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwith以下5個(gè)詞可以作單數(shù)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)，由of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決Some,Any,None,All,SomeofthemoneyWASstolenfrommywallet.(moneyisSomeofthedocumentsWEREstolenfromthebank.(documentsis但noneof+nooneof+關(guān)于eachevery的主Right:EverydogHASRight:EverydogandcatHASpaws.Right:EachoftheseshirtsISpretty.TheyeachAREgreattennis關(guān)于表示數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)的主謂2、Thewordsmajority,minorityandpluralityareeithersingularorpluraldependingontheircontext.Ifyouwanttoindicatethemanyindividualpartsofthetotality,useapluralverb.IfyouwanttoindicatethetotalityitselfthenuseasingularverbThemajorityofthestudentsinthisclassAREhardIntheSenate,themajorityHAScoalescedintoaunifiedvoting關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞作主語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)從句的主Right：HavinggoodfriendsISawonderfulthing.Right：WhatevertheywanttodoISfinewithme.關(guān)于主謂倒裝后的主謂Wrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyWrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyhouse,inhabitedbyFlipit!：Alonelyhouse，inhabitedbysquatters,SITSnearthosebuildings.Right:NearthosebuildingsSITSalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.Wrong:ThereISayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.Flipit!：AyoungmanandanolderwomanAREthereatthebusstop.Right:ThereAREayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebus在主謂一致問(wèn)題中，如果不確定的話把賭注壓在單數(shù)上吧，概率高10、平行常見(jiàn)Paralleland;or;but;both;both…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso;ratherthan;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…XactasY, distinguishXfromY, XisthesameasY, AsX,SoY,estimateXtobeY,Xisgood,andsotooisY, XinsteadofY, X,suchasY, comparedtoX,Y…,Xisknowntobe thinkofXas considerX Xislessthan makeXdeclareX MistakeXFor WhetherXOr XdevelopsIntoY,XDiffersFrom平行！首先要邏輯平行！而這邏輯的平行主要體現(xiàn)1、平行的人或事物的性質(zhì)相同或;regardXAsregardXAs平行不僅僅局限于出現(xiàn)了parallelmaker，在一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中要表達(dá)2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上的人或事物thesameway關(guān)于并列svovoo，也有“but+介詞短語(yǔ),句子”或者“but+從句，關(guān)于從屬?gòu)膶龠B詞這種連詞是用以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的.由從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)從屬連詞在名詞性從句中有:thatweatherAisAistoBwhatCisto另外，系動(dòng)詞也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）另外，系動(dòng)詞也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）appearbecome,feelgrowlookremainrepresentresembleseem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn記住一個(gè)大原則：所有句子中要表達(dá)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上事物或都需要平并列常見(jiàn)形式總結(jié)：（形式對(duì)稱(chēng)、11Belikelytodo…andbeunabletodo…（be不能省略15定語(yǔ)從句并列必須承前使用相同的代詞：n.+inwhich..,inwhich…,andin16overestimatethatandunderestimateB）動(dòng)作名詞不能對(duì)純名詞C）。整體名詞不能對(duì)個(gè)體概念nomoneyorstaffmembersD）。泛指不能對(duì)特指lesslendingandtheincreasedpressureE)前者是介詞結(jié)構(gòu),3.功能相and，如X,Y,Z,andK;當(dāng)并列形式為：XandY們，最后這個(gè)and和前面的andproperty沒(méi)有關(guān)系！SC做題口訣在GMAT考試過(guò)程中特別喜歡考比較對(duì)象對(duì)1.平行規(guī)則（高階實(shí)體名詞和動(dòng)詞性名詞實(shí)體名詞和動(dòng)詞性名詞不能平行（邏輯平行范疇根名詞以及-ing形式的動(dòng)名詞，如：change,development,pollution,eruption,growth,swimming,running,skiing…..簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)名詞和其他動(dòng)作性名詞也不1）什么是簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)名詞：其實(shí)就是現(xiàn)在分詞！Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,raisingtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.分析：這里raising明顯不對(duì)，在短語(yǔ)“raisingtherebelflag正的名詞作用。一般的，就是在動(dòng)名詞前面加量詞aanthe或Right:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,THEraisingOFtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作本身就有名詞形式，就不要去創(chuàng)造一詞短語(yǔ)形Wrong:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDreleasingcertainpoliticalprisoners.disputedregionsANDTHEreleasingOFcertainpoliticalRight:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregionsANDTHERELEASEOFcertain動(dòng)名詞要避免用“X’s+動(dòng)名詞”形式可以用“物主代動(dòng)名詞要避免用“X’s+動(dòng)名詞”形式可以用“物主代詞動(dòng)名詞”（有效性錯(cuò)誤謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞平TheplantBOTHexceededoutputtargetsANDranmoresmoothlythan不定式和不定式平Wrong:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,tonotifyinvestorsANDsayRight:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,notifyinvestorsANDRight:Itiscriticaleithertosuspendactivitiesortonotifyboth…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso…;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…;distinguishXfromY,AsX,Y,estimateXtobecomparedtoX,Y…,thinkofXasconsiderXY,makeXY,declareXY, MistakeXForY,WhetherXOrY,regardXAsY形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞可以平行（分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDstillfresh,ison不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞在句尾的區(qū)PresentParticiple:Investorssoldthestockrapidly,CAUSINGpanic.Infinitive:InvestorssoldthestockrapidlyTOCAUSEpanic.從句從句只有和引導(dǎo)詞相同的從句從句只有和引導(dǎo)詞相同的從句才可以平行！除此之外，和何詞、短語(yǔ)、從句都不平行Wrong:Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDwhichisstillfresh.isondisplay.Right:Amastodoncarcass,whichhasbeenthawedonlyonceANDisstillfresh,ison關(guān)于either…or…Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，導(dǎo)致平行的變化如下（OGSC……eitherfashionedfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfashionedfromGandharangreyEither……fashionedeitherfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfromGandharangreyschis.Either……fashionedfromeitherthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorGandharangreyschis.總結(jié)：平行的8大常見(jiàn)考11、比較結(jié)最重要的四個(gè)信號(hào)詞是：k，ik11、比較結(jié)最重要的四個(gè)信號(hào)詞是：k，ik，th，s！遇到這四個(gè)like（更高階的請(qǐng)看曼哈頓P248-Like后可以跟動(dòng)名詞：likeLike不能用來(lái)舉例："thepreferredwaytointroduceexamplesiswithphrasesuchasratherthanwiththewordlikewhichsuggestsacomparision."Suchas在舉例的時(shí)候，可以分開(kāi)，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Suchas在舉例的時(shí)候，可以分開(kāi)，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Wrong:LIKEherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight:ASherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight：Likeherbrother,AvaacedthetestRight：Asherbrotherdid,Avaacedthetest.Right:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,thebusesarelateRight:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,SOTOOaretheylateWrong：Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother,isbroadand以上這個(gè)句子中，比較對(duì)象是“Frank’sbuild”和”hisbrother”，體格和人怎么能比Right:Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother's,isbroadandRight:Frank'sbuild,LIKEthatofhisbrotherisbroadandRight:Frank,LIKEhisbrother,hasabroadandmuscularMycarisbiggerthanMycarisbiggerthanBrian's[car}.MytoesarelongerthanBrian'sMycarisbiggerthantheSmiths'[car}.MytoesarelongerthantheSmiths'Ingeneral,youshouldputintheomittedwordsorappropriateHelpingVerbs(suchasbe,do,andhave)onlyifyouneed'toremoveambiguity.Right:WhereasIdrink2quartsofmilkaday,myfrienddrinks3[quarts}.Right:IwalkfasterthanBrian[walks}.Right：Iwalkasfastnowas[Iwalked}whenIwas Right:IlikecheesemorethanIDOYvette.(=thanIlike 平常s1voatthesametimeass2有s2與o比較的歧義，所以為Right:VishaleatsmorecarrotsRight:Vishaleatsmorecarrotsthandonuts.(donutsmustbetheWordy:VishaleatsmorecarrotsthanHEDOESWrong:Withwintercoming,IwillhaveHIGHERenergybills.Wrong:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsOVERlastyear.Right:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsTHANlastAlwaysusethanwithacomparative12、動(dòng)詞和比較（高階 do,have/has代替。不過(guò)，如果前后部分動(dòng)作一樣但時(shí)態(tài)不一致Wordy:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherhasseenanBetter:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherWrong:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherDID.Right:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersawone. Wrong:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyARE.Right:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyDO.面是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。由于they指代的是cars，根據(jù)邏輯句意知道，doare ,Right:Somepeopledonoteatsoup.butothersdo.(=doeatRight:Somepeopledonoteatsoupasothersdo.(=doeatUsebe,doandhaveinthiswayonlyifyoumeanthepositiveformofthe情態(tài)動(dòng) Wrong:Ourdivisionspentsignificant情態(tài)動(dòng) Wrong:OurdivisionspentsignificantfundsonHAVINGTObuildRight:OurdivisionHADTOspendsignificantfundsonbuilding Wrong:ThisplanensuresthatactionMUSTbeRight:ThisplanensuresthatactionWILLbe “beto”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或“beto”本來(lái)表示“某種義務(wù)或者將來(lái)會(huì)做…”，在GMAT里不來(lái)或義務(wù)。(PS:should不能表命令)如下列：Wrong:WeARETOreceiveanRight:WeWILLreceiveaninvitation.ORWeSHOULDreceivean倍數(shù)的說(shuō)法見(jiàn)曼哈頓其他比較結(jié) wrong：WehaveevenMOREefficientenginesthanRight:WehaveevenMOREenginesthatareefficientthanRight:WehaveenginesevenMOREefficientthan Right:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDStheamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSitsamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSthat RightsINADDITION RightsINADDITIONTOtaxesdeathisinevitable.（主語(yǔ)比較Right:INADDITIONTOMunstercheese，IlikeSwiss.（賓語(yǔ)比較13、代詞代詞指代錯(cuò)誤在GMAT中經(jīng)常發(fā)生，所以每一次在題目中看到代詞查，看其是否指代正確！步驟主謂時(shí)，都要問(wèn)問(wèn)自己，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)是什么;主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞是否makesensetogether;是否做到了主謂一致錯(cuò)誤一：先行詞必須Wrong：Theparkrangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoIT.Right：Therangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoTHEPARK.Theantecedenttowhichyouwanttorefermustactuallyexistintheandbefunctioningasa錯(cuò)誤二：先行詞帶入代詞的句子或短語(yǔ)后，邏輯不對(duì)，沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤三：一個(gè)代詞有多個(gè)先錯(cuò)誤三：一個(gè)代詞有多個(gè)先行詞的可能，導(dǎo)致cellulosefibers,whichTHEYallegegiveTHEMthestrengthofcastiron.Right:Researchersclaimtohavedevelopednew"nano-papers"incorporatingtiny錯(cuò)誤四：先行詞和代詞單復(fù)數(shù)不特別注意代詞在句子主語(yǔ)的位置上，通常會(huì)被認(rèn)為指代與其平行句子EG:Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,BUTsynthesizingheavychemicalelements,THEYprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.2.主格和賓格代詞不能指代所有格名Wrong:Theboardisinvestigatingseveralexecutives'compensationpackagesinordertodeterminehowmuchmayhavebeenimproperlyawardedtoBetter:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutiveinordertodeterminehowmuchTheymayhavebeenimproperlyawarded.Best:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutivesinordertodeterminehowmuchTheexecutivesmayhavebeenimproperly用’s.總結(jié)：即代詞不能指代N’sX中的N,但可總結(jié)：即代詞不能指代N’sX中的N,但可以指代XofN中N3.which，that只能指代物，只有whowhom4.that和those指代的是一個(gè)newcopyof先行詞，而不是完ThemoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanthatspentbyherTheexecutivesofhercompanyaremoreexcellentthanthoseofcompetitors.在第一個(gè)例句中，that的出現(xiàn)，是為了防止重復(fù)使用“themoney“而不是指代“themoneyspentbyherparents”.這一點(diǎn)，it，they等代詞卻不同，他們都是在第二個(gè)例句中，those指代的是復(fù)數(shù)形式的先行詞的newcopies.表示newcopy的時(shí)候，Those和That也只能指代物，不能指代人指代newcopy，單數(shù)用that，Lackinginformationaboutenergyuse,peopletendtooverestimatetheamountenergyusedbyequipment.suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatusedbyunobtrusiveequipment,suchaswaterheaters.equipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatequipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitequipment,suchaslights,thatisvisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateit就是指代：amountusedbyvisibleequipment. 是非完全指代，指代的是 copy但是在GMAT中，代詞與先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一定要一致的，在newcopy中也Wrong:HercompanyisoutperformingTHOSEOFherRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESOFher總結(jié)：代詞是指ititsthey,them,theirthat,those（he/his/him,she/her等）。其中，that和those只有在指代newcopy時(shí)才使用，所有的事物的代詞都用it,its,they,them,their（這幾個(gè)代詞都是完全指代，即不止指代核心名詞還指代其修飾語(yǔ)）this，that，those，New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.（these為Wrong:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHESERight:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHEM純粹做指示代詞時(shí)，that只能和名詞一起使用，不能OGSC55:Manyhousebuildersofferrent-to-buyprograms;thatenablesafamilywithinsufficientsavingsforaconventionaldownpaymenttomoveintonewhousingandapplypartoftherenttoapurchaseWhich在GMAT中不能指代句子，只能指代詞或短1.Which由于只能指代物，所以如果緊跟其前面的名詞或代詞是人的話，就不符合2.Which2.Which而that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，不充當(dāng)任何成分意inthat的情況，inthat是連詞，且有特定意義：因?yàn)椋〢istoBwhatCisto14代詞（高階 Wrong:Atcurrentprices,Antarcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.Right:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellsbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcerns一種強(qiáng)調(diào)，therebe就不是多余的，如果句意是為了突出“XXXX干 反身代詞，詞，such的意思就是“l(fā)iketheantecedent”ForAftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHcontractstodebateinthe“O”表示其中一個(gè)，是泛指，且“”前面一定有復(fù)數(shù)名詞。Afterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadeatONE.ITwasdelicious,butHEcouldeatonlyhalfofDoit&Do“doso”可以指代一整個(gè)動(dòng)作，包括動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)+Quinndidnoteatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherDID分析：例句中，“didso”指代整個(gè)“eatdinnerQuinnfailedtodothehomework,butherbrotherdid分析：這里的“it”指代的就是 Accordingtoarecentpoll,owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownlandisstillagoalofamajorityofyoungadults,asitwasofearliergenerations.分析：這里的“it”指代整個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)“owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownland”?！癷t”還可以指代主語(yǔ)從句以及作主語(yǔ)Ofcourse“doit”中的“do”不一定只能是“do”，可以變成其他動(dòng)詞，但“doso”中的“do”不可以：Quinndidnoteatthesoup,butherbrotherATE另外,“doso”中的“so”可以省略，只用助動(dòng)詞即QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相當(dāng)于QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相當(dāng)于主語(yǔ)較“It做不定式的形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)——不定式押后Awkward:TORESISTtemptationisfutile.Right:ITisfutileTORESISTtemptation.第一句沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，但GMAC傾向于第二種表達(dá)，順口多了做that從句的形式主語(yǔ)，把that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句押后，避免頭重腳Awkward:THATwescoredatallgaveusencouragement.Right:ITgaveusencouragementTHATwescoredatall.第一句也沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，只是頭重腳輕，所以第二句更做不定式或that從句的形式賓語(yǔ)，把真正的賓語(yǔ)押Right:ShemadeITpossibleforusTOATTENDthe總的來(lái)說(shuō)，就是當(dāng)不定式或者that從句做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，it就要取而代之做形式語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)代詞如果遇到指代不明的情況時(shí)，除了重復(fù)本需指代的名詞外，更好的辦法是用this/that/thesethose/scthe+其他類(lèi)似或同性質(zhì)的概括性大類(lèi)詞匯代替：Right:New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.Right:Aftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHCONTRACTStodebateintheRight:Afterroastingthedeer,thehunterextinguishedthefirethensearchedforatreetohangTHEMEAT尋找代詞先行詞的2大基本原則和3大附加原原則一：代詞和先行詞數(shù)量上要一復(fù)數(shù)形式的代詞就選定復(fù)數(shù)形式的原則二：代詞和先行詞在性別指代上要一He/his指代男性，she/her指代女性，it/its屬于中性，them/their/they可代一切原則三：代詞如果在一個(gè)句子中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，一般認(rèn)為這個(gè)代詞指代的行詞都是同一個(gè)原則四：就近原則。（貌似打破了很多的就近，所以暫且不以此為判斷原則了）即代詞指代的先行詞一般傾向于指代最近的那個(gè)符合原則1和2Inthestationhouse，ITisconsidered…,inthecurrenteconomicclimateITmayfinallyexperiencesales分析：第一句中，因?yàn)閔ouse緊貼著代詞“it”（即使中間有逗號(hào)所以不是先行詞。第二句也是，因?yàn)閏limate緊貼著代詞“it”，所不可是大多數(shù)時(shí)候，是先有先行詞，后出現(xiàn)代詞，不過(guò)當(dāng)一些比較短的短置時(shí)，也可以代詞在前，先行詞緊隨其后，不過(guò)記得得是短的短原則五：平行原則（前提是這個(gè)名詞滿足原則1&2?。┝硗?，如果一個(gè)代詞充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，那么它優(yōu)先指代其主句的主語(yǔ)159.Whiledepressedpropertyvaluescanhurtsomelargeinvestors,theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhome-owners,whoseequity—inmanycasesrepresentingalife’ssavings—canoreven(A)theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhomeowners,(C)forhomeownerstheyarepotentiallydevastating,because(D)forhomeowners,itispotentiallydevastatinginthat(E)itcanpotentiallydevastatehomeowners,B選項(xiàng)指代錯(cuò)誤，就是因?yàn)閕nthat引導(dǎo)的原因從句中，their是主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先修飾主句的主語(yǔ)they，即depressedproperty總的來(lái)說(shuō)，判斷先行詞，就是先用原則一&原則二選選先行詞，然后再利用原則三、四、五逐一排除原則3、4、5是并列的，不是依次的）注意：句子中一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的指代不明是可注意：句子中一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的指代不明是可以被容忍的。所以在排除選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，一定不能以指代不明作為唯一排除選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，要結(jié)合其他考點(diǎn)綜合考15、修飾語(yǔ)作為系動(dòng)詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語(yǔ)，后邊必須跟表語(yǔ)（1）Heisateacher.他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身2）remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.3）用來(lái)表示"看起來(lái)像"這一概念，主要有seem,appearlook,Helookstired.Heseems(tobeverysad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smellsoundtaste,ThiskindofclothfeelsveryThisflowersmellsvery5）turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterthat.SheHebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.6）表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有proveturnout,表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turnout表終止HefellillHefelloffthe5）GMATGMAC的trick之一。謹(jǐn)慎！謹(jǐn)慎6）同位語(yǔ)（Nounmodifiers的其中一種Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtoHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgamesB.questionthought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)抽象概念名詞。A．在that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，that在其中充當(dāng)一定成分，且①Thenews[thatyoutoldmeyesterday]wasreally②Weheardthenews[thatourteamhad①I(mǎi)willneverforgettheday[whenIjoinedthe②Wehavenoidea[whenshewas③Thisisthehouse[whereIlivedtwoyears④Heputforwardtothequestion[wherethemeetingwouldbe⑤Thisisthereason[whyshewillnotattendthe⑥Theteacherhadnoidea[whyJackwas12Wrong:JimbikedalonganWrong:Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.Right:Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad.,whichthroughtheWrong:Therewasnocommotionintheoffice,resignedtothebadnews.Right:Resignedtothebadnews,theofficeWorkersmadenocommotion.Wrong:Theproblemwasidentified,usingthelatesttechnology.Right:Usingthelatesttechnology,theengineeridentifiedthePS：上面這個(gè)句子using是做verbmodifier在句子結(jié)尾，不遵循touchrule。不過(guò)verbmodifier也需要主語(yǔ)和它一起makesense！注意：避免幾個(gè)長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)排列著修飾同一個(gè)名詞，如兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)都放在先行詞的前面或都放在后面，這樣就造成了awkward前一后緊挨先行詞放著，這是better的情況，best的情況是最好把句子改寫(xiě)，使句子只剩下一個(gè)長(zhǎng)修飾。有時(shí)候GMT只提供了這個(gè)better的選項(xiàng)，那這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就是正確的，如果提供了better和best的選項(xiàng)，那best就是正確的！你滴明白？！O(∩_∩)O哈哈~8）特別注意所有格makesensetogether,如下例所示：Wrong:Unskilledincomplexmath,Bill'sscoreontheexamwas個(gè)modifier的修飾對(duì)象是Bill’sscore，不合乎邏輯。正確如下：Right:Unskilledincomplexmath.Billdidnotscorewellonthe另外，不要忽略development等抽象名詞，他們同樣符合nounmodifiers的Wrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedWrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedmillenniaago,intoatrueartformtakenRight:Origami-aceremonialactivityinventedmillenniaago-hasintoatrueartformonlyinthepast定語(yǔ)從句（Nounmodifiers的其中一種;Wrong:ThescientistsTHATmadethediscoverywereRight:ThescientistsWHOmadethediscoverywere在GMAT中，whose可以修飾物，很驚奇GMAT:thetownwhosewatersupplywasWhichWhom有時(shí)候可以搭配介詞：介詞+whom；介詞+whichWrong:ThesecurityguardWHOwemetwasRight:ThesecurityguardWHOMwemetwasThatwhomRight:ThemovieTHATwewatchedlastFridaywasRight:ThemoviewewatchedlastFridaywaswhy引導(dǎo)狀從、賓從和定從的You'dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyYou`dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyYou’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.You’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.容；和第一句不同的是，當(dāng)where引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，意為“在/限定性定語(yǔ)（從句）與非限定性定語(yǔ)（從句限定性ThemansionPAINTEDREDisownedbythe非限定性ThismansionRECENTLYPAINTEDREDisownedbythe注意：一般而言，that修飾限定性定語(yǔ)從句，which修飾非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。但這個(gè)不定 Awkward:TOERRisRight:ITishumanTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTOKEEPitfromfallingdownaccidentally.Right:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPITfromfallingdownWrong:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPfallingdown分析：第一句中，“tokeep”的主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)“thecontractors”，不定式的賓語(yǔ)“it”指代的是句子的賓語(yǔ)“thebuilding”；第二句中，“tokeep”的賓語(yǔ)“it”指代的是句子的主語(yǔ)，即使重復(fù)也不合邏輯：building不是keep的主語(yǔ)，而是賓語(yǔ)，這里直接在keepkeep后面，不能省略。但GMAC不喜歡不定式連著用，即todotowrong：quicktoright:torun不定式做賓語(yǔ)不能跟在介詞后（語(yǔ)感！語(yǔ)感10）VerbModifiers(顧名思義，修飾動(dòng)詞的修飾語(yǔ)VerbModifiersNounModifiers的一個(gè)很大的區(qū)別在于:NounModifiers要遵循”TouchRule”,而VerbModifiers不用。makesense。怎么區(qū)別nounmodifiersverbNounmodifiers意為“什么什么樣的XX”；而verbmodifiers可以修飾動(dòng)詞以及動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)（verb可以修飾一個(gè)句子，做狀語(yǔ)，表結(jié)果（verbRight:Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseproperty主句的主語(yǔ)。（verbmodifiers）（nounWhich的修飾作Which只能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句作nounmodifiers，不能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句作verb名詞，遵循touchrule。which指代主句賓語(yǔ)：s+verb+o,which0（svo,whichsWhich的跳躍修飾（that也一樣AofB，which”結(jié)構(gòu)中，which根據(jù)語(yǔ)義決定，既可以修飾修飾AA符合語(yǔ)義，這whichAandB,AsandBs,whicharewhich指Bs?which指AsandBs？)AandBs,whichare(which指Bs？或which指AandBs？)AandBtogether，沒(méi)有歧義，這時(shí)which修飾AandBs。PresentParticiple:AtechniqueALLEVIATINGpainisgrowingpopular.RelativeClause:AtechniqueTHATALLEVIATESpainisgrowingpopular.Infinitive:AtechniqueTOALLEVIATEpainisgrowingpopular.Wrong:AplanCONQUERINGtheworldisinhisWrong:AplanTHATWILLCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.Right:AplanTOCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.有逗號(hào)是表明“非限定性修飾”16修飾詞（高階有逗號(hào)是表明“非限定性修飾”16修飾詞（高階 rule”當(dāng)中 Right:Anicesheetcovers80percentOFTHESURFACEOFGREENLAND,anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska.Right:HehadawayOFDODGINGOPPONENTSthatimpressed（這里“that”不會(huì)產(chǎn)生先行詞指代不明，因?yàn)閠hat的先行詞只能是事物 Awkward:AnewCEOwhowilltransformthecompanybyauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecardshasbeenhired.Right:AnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhowilltransformthecompanydecentralizingauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecards.過(guò)去分詞在句尾，除非前面的詞是形容詞這種不能修飾的情況，否則都是限定性修飾前面名詞短語(yǔ)和核心詞（當(dāng)然也可以跳躍修飾飾主語(yǔ)是不可以的。如“svowhich”結(jié)構(gòu)中，which指代S Right:Our飾主語(yǔ)是不可以的。如“svowhich”結(jié)構(gòu)中，which指代S Right:OursystemofPresidentialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege. 跟的modifier前肯定有parallelmaker。 在GMAT中，不允許雙重所有格“ofWrong:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale's,isfoundthroughouttheRight:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale.isfoundthroughoutthe 在GMAT中，復(fù)數(shù)所有格“-s’”也是盡量不要使用的，用of結(jié)SubgroupModifiers（部分修飾Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlydiscovered.注意：這里有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“er”因?yàn)閔引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，是一個(gè)句子。)Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFonlyrecentlyRight:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEonlyrecentlydiscovered.的someofthem是同位語(yǔ)Wrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,OFSOMEWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEWHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代詞，一定要存在先行詞在前面，GMAC關(guān)WHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代詞，一定要存在先行詞在前面，GMAC關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)的時(shí)Right:ThemanWHOISCLEANINGthestepsismyRight:ThemanCLEANINGthestepsismy(A)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencyultimatelyculminatinginthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingto(B)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencythatwillultimatelyculminateinthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtoPast:ISAWamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinthePresent:ISEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinFuture:IWILLSEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinWrong:ISEEthemanCLEANINGthestepsRight:ISEEthemanWHOCLEANEDthesteps.獨(dú)立主格（absolute獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞+修飾獨(dú)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞+修飾獨(dú)立主格作用：獨(dú)立主格相當(dāng)于一個(gè)verbmodifier,可以修飾整個(gè)句獨(dú)立主格的三種形n,n+修飾語(yǔ)Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld.Theseresultssuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertainformationsaroundtheworld,resultsthatsuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofYearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,SUGGESTINGthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,ANDTHISsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,whichsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格和同位語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)是nounmodifiers，修飾前面緊跟的名詞；獨(dú)立主格是verb17動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)同位語(yǔ)是nounmodifiers，修飾前面緊跟的名詞；獨(dú)立主格是verb17動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)Wrong:VeronicaHASTRAVELEDallovertheworldinRight:VeronicaTRAVELEDallovertheworldin的。Right:AntonioDROVEtothestoreandBOUGHTsomeiceRight:LauraLOCKEDthedeadboltbeforesheLEFTforRight:AntonioDROVEtothestore,andCristinaBOUGHTBy1945:theUnitedStatesHADBEENatwarforseverala)GMAT里也常有用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)描述背景，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendsa)GMAT里也常有用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)描述背景，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterb)主從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的話，主句的動(dòng)作要在從句動(dòng)作之后發(fā)Right:ShePLAYEDwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterExample：（run和ask都是將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)省略了SheWILLPAYyouwhenyouASKher.(thetimeofwillpayisLATERthanthefuturetimeofhave★★★★★Youshouldusetheperfecttensesonlywhenyoucanjustifythemwiththerulesdescribedinthesesections.Ifanactionbeganinthepastandcontinuesintothepresent(oritseffectdoes),usethePresentPerfecttense.Ifoneactioninthepastprecedesanother,andyouneedtoclarifyoremphasizethetimesequence,thenusethePastPerfecttense.Otherwise,sticktothesimplertenses.18虛擬語(yǔ) WEREharmless經(jīng)常是由if，asif，asthoughIf…then….常見(jiàn)的五種句型(then經(jīng)常會(huì)被省略掉)eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某種eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某種程度的不確定:ifpresent,thencanorIfsheeatspizza,thenshemaybecome3.確定-用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)：ifpresentthenIfsheeatspizzatomorrow,thenshewillbecome4.不確定-將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)：ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,Ifsheatepizzatomorrow,thenshewouldbecome5.從未發(fā)生-過(guò)去式：ifpastperfect,thenconditionalIfshehadeatenpizzayesterday,thenshewouldhavebecome19命令語(yǔ)氣(比較重要TheagencyREQUIREDthatGaryBEreadybeforeWePROPOSEthattheschoolboardBossyVerb+THAT+subject+CommandBossyVerb就是由命令口吻的動(dòng)詞，如GMAT常見(jiàn)的5種關(guān)于命令語(yǔ)氣的錯(cuò)WrongWePROPOSEtheschoolboardDISBAND(That從句，that不可省略WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardDISBANDS.（沒(méi)有WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardISTODISBAND.（沒(méi)Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（無(wú)Wrong:WeWrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（無(wú)Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardSHOULD第五句，在美式英語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的GMAT中是錯(cuò)的，不能有should表示 demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,stipulate,advise,allow,forbid,persuade,(payparticularattentionto20、主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 21、習(xí)語(yǔ)打印曼哈頓P136-22、Oddsandsvo,打印曼哈頓P136-22、Oddsandsvo,andsvo,svo,andsvo,svo,svo,andFor,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,Although,Be