腦科學(xué)課件(英文版)

2024-1-251腦科學(xué)2024-1-252BrainScience

SchoolofLifeSciences2024-1-253近代飛速發(fā)展1。Cajal

染色神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)解剖高爾基染色2。神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)生

1861Broca運(yùn)動(dòng)性語(yǔ)言區(qū)

CharlesSherrington麻醉猴

WilderPenfield麻醉人

BrendaMilner兩種記憶

DonaldHebb突觸可塑性2024-1-2542024-1-255Dr.Milner2024-1-256Dr.PierrePaulBroca2024-1-257近代飛速發(fā)展3。Pavlov

經(jīng)典條件反射4。EdwardThordikeB.F.Skinner

操作式條件反射2024-1-258近代飛速發(fā)展5。

RadiographPneumoencephalogramAngiogram2024-1-2592024-1-25102024-1-25112024-1-2512神經(jīng)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法（1）在位實(shí)驗(yàn)（2）離體實(shí)驗(yàn)（3）無(wú)損傷實(shí)驗(yàn)2024-1-25132024-1-2514電發(fā)放記錄2024-1-2515延緩非樣本配對(duì)任務(wù)2024-1-2516DNMS操作成績(jī)比較2024-1-25172024-1-25182024-1-25192024-1-25202024-1-2521在位實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物猴、狗、貓、、兔、鼠、荷蘭豬雞蛙、蟾蜍蟑螂槍烏賊、海兔2024-1-25222024-1-25232024-1-25242024-1-2525

NeuronalfastsignallingR.Y.Cajal

GoljiNerveCellWhatistheshapeofaneuron?AxonMyelinsheathDendrites[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionSynapseAsynapticdelay<1msThesynpaticpotentialislocalSynaptobrevinSNAP-25Syntaxin[Caentry]ResponseDoseTransmitterreleaseFastsignallingKd=afewμMHormonalsignallingKD=afewnMGapjunction[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmissionmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaFigure1.4.Neuroglialcells.Tracingsofanastrocyte(A),anoligodendrocyte(B),andamicroglialcell(C)visualizedbyimpregnationwithsilversalts.Theimagesareatapproximatelythesamescale.(D)Astrocytesinthebrainlabeledwithanantibodyagainsttheastrocyte-specificprotein(glial

fibrillaryacidicprotein).(E)Ascanningelectronmicrographofasingleoligodendroglialcellimagedintissueculture.(F)AperipheralaxonensheatedbytheprocessesofSchwanncells(ingreen),exceptforatadistinctregioncalledthenodeofRanvier(labeledinred).(G)Amicroglialcellfromthespinalcord,labeledwithacell-type-specificantibody.(ACafterJonesandCowan,1983;DcourtesyofA.-S.LaMantia;E,FcourtesyofB.Popko;GcourtesyofA.Light.)Wejustspokeoffastsignallingintheneuronwhichisitselfpartofacomplexnetwork….Intheneuron,

Whatistheroleofthesoma? Theco-releaseofpeptidesandfasttransmitters Thereleaseofgrowthfactors…..[Caentry]DendritesAxonSynapticendings[Transmitterconcentration][Membranepotential]ResponseSynapticchannelsDoseSodiumchannelsTransmitterreleaseSomaNeuronandfasttransmission

神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)(1)Ach(2)nonepinephrine(3)neuromodulator(4)Dale’sprincipleReceptor(1)cholinergicreceptor(2)adrenergicreceptor(3)othersDendritesCerebellarglomerulusmusclespindleProprioception:musclespindleNeurogliaRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentPatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemVAB100mMKCl10mMKClK+

permselectivemembraneI10mMKCl100mMKClIVIVUnpolarizableelectrodesElectrophysiologicalRecordings-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentRestingPotentialIonicEquilibria

Nernstequation

BigcylindricalaxonsAndchannelconceptSmallmyelinatedaxonsLargeneurons

molluscs

motoneuronesMediumsizeneuronsSmallneuronsAndothercellsAndChannels~1mm1-5μm500μm75μm<20μm5-10μmMetalelectrodesPatch-clampSucrosegapGlasselectroderecordingK.Cole1940sA.Hodgkin&Huxley1950s

HoldandSampleB.SakmannAndE.Neher1992NeurontypeSizeTechniqueHistoryLing1949ThevoltageclampIVVcommandmembrane5mMK+145Na+110Cl-1Ca2+2.Electrical

propertiesofanon-excitablecell:Arestingpotential:

leak(background)channels+Na+/K+ATPaseOnthelongterm,thepumpimposesanassymetrical

ionicdistributionSelectivepermeabilitytoK+Ofthemembraneimposesmostofthemembranepotential140mMK+4-15Na+4-30Cl-0.0001Ca2+CellExtracellular-80/-60mV+osmolarityNa+/K+ATPaseGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation-90/-60mV0mVAcellmembranewithaspecificpermeabilityandalsoelectrical

properties:

channelsareproteinsinalipidicenvironmentExperimentsDataNB:Onpassing

current,theionsmovinginthecellandintheexternalmediumisnotthesame(KandNarespectively)ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialActionPotential

NerveActionPotentialActionPotentialThesynapticcurrentislocalActionPotentialActionPotential Na+equilibriumpotentialNa+ChannelK+ChannelVoltageClampVoltageCurrentThesynapticcurrentislocalRecordinginvoltageclampconditionsNa+K+FromthecurrentstothespikeThresholdConduction,VelocityAnactionpotentialisallornone!PatchClampSingleChannelInteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIscomposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemGoldman-Hodgkin-Katzequation

ExperimentsDataActiveIonPumpingNa+,K+-ATPasePumpiselectrogenicK+equilibriumpotentialH-H方程

OrganizationofNerveSystem

InteractionoftheSensory,Motor,andMotivationalSystemsisEssentialforEvenSimpleBehaviorFourPrinciples(1)RelayCenters(2)distinctPathways(3)EachPathwayisTopographicallyOrganized(4)MostPathwaysCrosstheBody’sMidlineEachSystemIsComposedofSeveralDistinctPathways

(1)Sensorysystem(2)Motorsystem(3)MotivationalsystemDevelopmentoftheNervousSystem(1)NeuralCellIdentityiscontrolledbyCellLineageandInductiveInteractions(2)AxonalPathwaysAreFormedinResponsetoLocalGuidanceCues(3)SynapseFormationattheNeuromuscularJunctionInvolvesInductiveinteractionsBetweentheMotorNerronandtheMuscleCell(4)SurvivalofNeuronsIsRegulatedbyInteractionswithTheirTargetsBrain:input/outputrelations+emergingpropertiesInputOutputTheknee-jerkresponse(themyotaticreflex)ThebraindeveloppsfromahollowtubeMelanocytesAdrenalglandDorsalrootganglionAutonomicsystemThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresCerebrumBrainStemCerebellum+Spinalcordtheendocrine

brainInputs/OutputsBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationThecerebrospinalfluidAndChoroidPlexusesThemeningesTheventriclesBloodsupply(andstroke)aB-B-Bthough:thebrain-blood-barrierMidbrainPonsMedullaBrainstemHindbrainInjuries:warcasualtiesStrokeandbloodsupplyofspecificareasEEGbrainrecording,deeprecordingelectrodesBrainimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingThespinalcord81255WhiteandGraymattersMetameresBonesupportsthecentralnervoussystemAdiagram+thebones!AmetamericorganizationComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimagingComputarizedtomographyMagneticresonanceimaging腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦腦幹延髓腦橋中腦腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦腦幹延髓腦橋中腦間腦一。間腦的分區(qū)

1。前區(qū)2。內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)3。外側(cè)區(qū)4。後區(qū)前區(qū)從前往後1。視前核2。視上核3。視交叉上核4。室旁核5。下丘腦前核內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)1。腹內(nèi)側(cè)核2。背內(nèi)側(cè)核3。結(jié)節(jié)核4?；野捉Y(jié)核外側(cè)區(qū)下丘腦外側(cè)核（其間穿插有內(nèi)側(cè)前腦束）後區(qū)下丘腦後核乳頭體核下丘腦的功能1。體溫調(diào)節(jié)2。水準(zhǔn)衡調(diào)節(jié)3。對(duì)腺垂體激素的調(diào)節(jié)4。生物節(jié)律控制5。攝食行為的控制生物節(jié)律控制1。生物節(jié)律

高頻（低於一天）

中頻（日週期）

低頻（長(zhǎng)於一天）生物節(jié)律控制日節(jié)律血細(xì)胞數(shù)、體溫、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素分泌下丘腦腹內(nèi)側(cè)區(qū)（視交叉上核）小腦VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)Theefferentprojections腦腦幹間腦端腦小腦小腦作用並不小調(diào)節(jié)身體平衡（前庭小腦）調(diào)節(jié)肌緊張（小腦性共濟(jì)失調(diào)、）協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)動(dòng)編制和存儲(chǔ)精巧運(yùn)動(dòng)程式處理感覺(jué)資訊VentralsurfaceInputstothecerebellumMiddlepeduncleInferiorpeduncle(20millionaxons)TheefferentprojectionsFig10Fig11Fig12Fig13腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦端腦左右大腦半球大腦皮質(zhì)、髓質(zhì)、基底神經(jīng)節(jié)端腦半球間裂胼胝體大腦小腦裂端腦三溝

中央溝、大腦外側(cè)裂、頂枕裂四葉

額葉、頂葉、枕葉、顳葉、腦島

大腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)

（1）基底神經(jīng)節(jié)

1。紋狀體------尾狀核，豆?fàn)詈似翣詈?/p>

杏仁核（2）大腦半球的白質(zhì)

1。連合系-----胼胝體、前連合、海馬連合

內(nèi)囊額部：大腦額葉

腦橋核

丘腦

額葉膝部：皮質(zhì)腦幹束枕部：前份

---皮質(zhì)脊髓束

中份

---丘腦皮質(zhì)束

後份

---枕、顳、橋束

聽(tīng)輻射、視輻射（3）側(cè)腦室

前角、後角、下角（4）大腦皮質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和分區(qū)

腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦討論（一）1。你認(rèn)為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成有什麼原則？2。小腦皮層的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能？3。比較小腦皮層、大腦皮層的結(jié)構(gòu)有何特點(diǎn)，和功能有何相關(guān)？4。學(xué)習(xí)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)後，有何想法？討論（二）5。帕金森氏癥的病因？6。老年性癡呆癥的病因？7。舞蹈病的病因？8。估計(jì)桑蘭的病是脊髓何處折斷？理由是什麼？研究學(xué)習(xí)和記憶（神經(jīng)生物學(xué)和生理學(xué)）的歷史和進(jìn)展？

Learningandmemory

XuYaozhongSchoolofLifeSciences腦腦幹間腦小腦端腦討論（一）1。你認(rèn)為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成有什麼原則？2。小腦皮層的結(jié)構(gòu)和