托福強(qiáng)化閱讀否定信息題

第七部分：否定事實(shí)信息題7.1題型識(shí)別7.2解題步驟7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉7.1題型識(shí)別Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofX?Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT?7.2解題步驟7.2.1大定位根據(jù)段號(hào)或箭頭定位到具體的段落7.2.2小定位

根據(jù)題干中的扎眼詞或關(guān)鍵詞縮小定位區(qū)間，然后排除與原文對(duì)應(yīng)的三個(gè)干擾選項(xiàng)7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位題干中定位詞少，無(wú)法縮區(qū)間時(shí)，找選項(xiàng)中的扎眼詞匯或關(guān)鍵詞定位排除7.2.1解題步驟之大定位paragraph3:Thesamethinghappenedtothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows;thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwherearicerslowsonenteringalakeorthesea;thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelanerises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT:○amountainvalley○flatland○alakefloor○theseafloorTheparagraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[]7.2.2解題步驟小定位例1

Inanyvertebratetwochiefpartsofthenervoussystemmaybedistinguished.Thesearethecentralnervoussystem(thenervecordmentionsabove),consistingofthebrainandspinalcord,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,consistingofthecranial,spinal,andperipheralnerves,togetherwiththeirmotorandsensoryendings.Theterm“autonomicnervoussystem”referstothepartsofthecentralandperipheralsystemsthatsupplyandregulatetheactivityofcardiacmuscle,smoothmuscle,andmanyglands.7.2.2解題步驟小定位例1

AllofthefollowingaredescribedasbeingcontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystemEXCEPT○connectivetissue○cardiacmuscle○glandularactivity○smoothmuscle7.2.2解題步驟小定位例2Thestudyofthechemicalprocessesinsidelivingthingsiscalledbiochemistry.Anorganismgrowsandfunctionsthroughtheactivityinitscells.Biochemistryfocusesonthepartsofthecell:proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,andnucleicacid.Proteinsarechainsofaminoacidsthatbindtoothermoleculesandaidincellgrowthandrepair.Cellsareregulatedbyspecialkindsofproteincalledenzymes.Carbohydratesstoreenergyandprovidestructureforthecells.Lipidsincludecompoundssuchaswaxes,fat,andsteroids.NucleicacidsarebestknownasDNA—deoxyribonucleicacid—andRNA—ribonucleicacid—thesubstancesthatcarrygeneticdata.Recenttechnologyhasimprovedbiochemistry,permittingscientiststodetectwithgreaterclaritythestructureandfunctionsofthecell.Thesenewtechniquesincludeelectronmicroscopy,chromatography,andradioisotopelabeling.Cancerresearchdependsonthecluesprovidedbybiochemistry.7.2.2解題步驟小定位例2Theauthor’sdescriptionofnewtechnologymentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT:○radioisotopelabeling○electronmicroscopy○radiationtherapy○chromatography7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例1Paragraph2：TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.WaterfromrainsandmeltingsnowshasbeenaccumulatingintheOgallalaforthepast30,000years.EstimatesindicatethattheaquifercontainsenoughwatertofillLakeHuron,butunfortunately,underthesemiaridclimaticconditionsthatpresentlyexistintheregion,ratesofadditiontotheaquiferareminimal,amountingtoabouthalfacentimeterayear.7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例1Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingstatementsabouttheOgallalaaquiferaretrueEXCEPT:○TheaquiferstretchesfromSouthDakotatoTexas.○Theaquifer’swatercomesfromundergroundsprings.○Waterhasbeengatheringintheaquiferfor30,000years.○Theaquifer’swaterisstoredinalayerofsandstone.7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例2Paragraph4：Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe1930’s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years..ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin19807.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例2Accordingtoparagraph4,alloffollowingareconsequencesoftheheavyuseoftheOgallalaaquiferforirrigationEXCEPT:○Therechargerateoftheaquiferisdecreasing.○Watertablesintheregionareingincreasinglylower.○Wellsnowhavetobedugtomuchgreaterdepthsthanbefore.○Increasinglypowerfulpumpsareneededtodrawwaterfromtheaquifer.7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例3Paragraph3：Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,hencetheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasproxydata.ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例3Paragraph4：Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeen

significantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10.000years(theHoloceneperiod).7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例3

Accordingtoparagraphs3and4,proxydatahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:○Regionalclimatesmaychangeovertime.○Theclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10.000years.○Globaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionaltemperatures.○Importantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargetimescales.7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例4Paragraph5：Ofcourse,thereisfarmoreoilundergroundthancanberecovered.Itmaybeinapooltoosmallortoofarfromapotentialmarkettojustifytheexpenseofdrilling.Someoilliesunderregionswheredrillingisforbidden,suchasnationalparksorotherpubliclands.Evengiventhebestextractiontechniques,onlyabout30to40percentoftheoilinagivenpoolcanbebroughttothesurface.Therestisfartoodifficulttoextractandhastoremainunderground.

7.2.3利用選項(xiàng)定位例4Accordingtoparagraph5,thedecisiontodrillforoildependsonallofthefollowingfactorsEXCEPT○permissiontoaccesstheareawhereoilhasbeenfound○theavailabilityofsufficientquantitiesofoilinapool○thelocationofthemarketinrelationtothedrillingsite○thepoliticalsituationintheregionwheredrillingwouldoccur7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)無(wú)：原文未提及反：提及但與原文矛盾與題干無(wú)關(guān)7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例1—無(wú)Thestudyofthechemicalprocessesinsidelivingthingsiscalledbiochemistry.Anorganismgrowsandfunctionsthroughtheactivityinitscells.Biochemistryfocusesonthepartsofthecell:proteins,carbohydrates,lipids,andnucleicacid.Proteinsarechainsofaminoacidsthatbindtoothermoleculesandaidincellgrowthandrepair.Cellsareregulatedbyspecialkindsofproteincalledenzymes.Carbohydratesstoreenergyandprovidestructureforthecells.Lipidsincludecompoundssuchaswaxes,fat,andsteroids.NucleicacidsarebestknownasDNA—deoxyribonucleicacid—andRNA—ribonucleicacid—thesubstancesthatcarrygeneticdata.Recenttechnologyhasimprovedbiochemistry,permittingscientiststodetectwithgreaterclaritythestructureandfunctionsofthecell.Thesenewtechniquesincludeelectronmicroscopy,chromatography,andradioisotopelabeling.Cancerresearchdependsonthecluesprovidedbybiochemistry.

7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例1—無(wú)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTfoundinsideacell?○nerveendings○aminoacids○enzymes○nucleicacids7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例2—反Paragraph9:Thefinalmajorhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Excesswaterfromirrigationsinksdownintothewatertable.Ifnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothesurface.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例2—反AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascontributingtodesertificationEXCEPT

○Soilerosion○Globalwarming○Insufficientirrigation○Theraisingoflivestock7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例3—與題干無(wú)關(guān)Insomewaysthesocialmakeupofthetwopartieswassimilar.Tobecompetitiveinwinningvotes,WhigsandDemocratsbothhadtohavesignificantsupportamongfarmers,thelargestgroupinsociety,andworkers.Neitherpartycouldwinanelectionbyappealingexclusivelytotherichorthepoor.TheWhigs,however,enjoyeddisproportionatestrengthamongthebusinessandcommercialclasses.Whigsappealedtoplanterswhoneededcredittofinancetheircottonandricetradeintheworldmarket,tofarmerswhowereeagertoselltheirsurpluses,andtoworkerswhowishedtoimprovethemselves.Democratsattractedfarmersisolatedfromthemarketorfortablewithit,workersalienatedfromtheemergingindustrialsystem,andrisingentrepreneurswhowantedtobreakmonopoliesandopentheeconomytoerslikethemselves.TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.7.3正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)例3—與題干無(wú)關(guān)Accordingtoparagraph6,theDemocratsweresupportedbyallofthefollowinggroupsEXCEPT○workersunhappywiththenewindustrialsystem○plantersinvolvedininternationaltrade○risingentrepreneurs○individualsseekingtoopentheeconomytoers7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉大部分題目干擾選項(xiàng)都是集中的在一個(gè)段落內(nèi)，甚至是一句話內(nèi)出現(xiàn)。注意：當(dāng)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都在原文出現(xiàn)過(guò)時(shí)，則有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)即正確答案是矛盾的或與題干無(wú)關(guān)的。7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例1Paragraph1:Thecinemadidnotemergeasaformofmassconsumptionuntilitstechnologyevolvedfromtheinitial"peepshow"formattothepointwhereimageswereprojectedonascreeninadarkenedtheater.Inthepeepshowformat,afilmwasviewedthroughasmallopeninginamachinethatwascreatedforthatpurpose.ThomasEdison'speepshowdevice,theKinetoscope,wasintroducedtothepublicin1894.ItwasdesignedforuseinKinetoscopeparlors,orarcades,whichcontainedonlyafewindividualmachinesandpermittedonlyonecustomertoviewashort,50-footfilmatanyonetime.ThefirstKinetoscopeparlorscontainedfivemachines.Forthepriceof25cents(or5centspermachine),customersmovedfrommachinetomachinetowatchfivedifferentfilms(or,inthecaseoffamousprizefights,successiveroundsofasinglefight).7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例1Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingweretrueofviewingfilmsinKinetoscopeparlorsEXCEPT:

○Oneindividualatatimeviewedafilm.○Customerscouldviewonefilmafteranother.○Prizefightswerethemostpopularsubjectsforfilms.○Eachfilmwasshort.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例2Paragraph8:Onecognitivetheorysuggeststhataggravatingandpainfuleventstriggerunpleasantfeelings.Thesefeelings,inturn,canleadtoaggressiveaction,butnotautomatically.Cognitivefactorsintervene.Peopledecidewhethertheywillactaggressivelyornotonthebasisoffactorssuchastheirexperienceswithaggressionandtheirinterpretationofotherpeople'smotives.Supportingevidencecomesfromresearchshowingthataggressivepeopleoftendistortotherpeople'smotives.Forexample,theyassumethatotherpeoplemeanthemharmwhentheydonot.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例2Accordingtothecognitiveapproachdescribedinparagraphs7and8,allofthefollowingmayinfluencethedecisionwhethertoactaggressivelyEXCEPTaperson's○Moralvalues○Previousexperienceswithaggression○Instincttoavoidaggression○B(yǎng)eliefsaboutotherpeople'sintentions7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例3Paragraph4:Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines."Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例3Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asconsequencesofthenewsystemforworkersEXCEPTalossof○Freedom○Statusinthecommunity○Opportunitiesforadvancement○Contactamongworkerswhowerenotmanagers7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例4ManydifferentfactorsmaycontributetotheseincreasesinglaciationatregularintervalsthroughoutEarth’smoregeologicallyrecenthistory.ThethreemostprominentfactorsprobablyreferstotheamountofsunlightthatreachestheEarth.Thisvariesovertimeforthreemainreasons.First,theplanetwobblesasitspins,duetothepullofthesunandmoon.Furthermore,theearthtiltsonitsaxisandthedegreeoftiltchangesovertime.Finally,theorbitoftheEartharoundthesunisellipticalandthelengthofthemajoraxisoftheellipsechangesoveraperiodabout100,000years.AmathematiciannamedMilutinMilankovitchdiscoveredinthe1930sthatthepatternofinsolation,orsunlight,predictedbytheseeccentricitiesintheEarth’smovementmatchedtheperiodofthelastseveralerasofintenseglaciation.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例4Theeccentricitiesintheearth’smovementincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT○thechangingdistancetothesunduringtheEarth’sellipticalorbit○thepatternofinsolationcorrespondingwiththeEarth’smovement○thedegreeofchangeintheEarth’stiltovertime○thevariousmovementsoftheEarthasitspins7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例5Inanyvertebratetwochiefpartsofthenervoussystemmaybedistinguished.Thesearethecentralnervoussystem(thenervecordmentionsabove),consistingofthebrainandspinalcord,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,consistingofthecranial,spinal,andperipheralnerves,togetherwiththeirmotorandsensoryendings.Theterm“autonomicnervoussystem”referstothepartsofthecentralandperipheralsystemsthatsupplyandregulatetheactivityofcardiacmuscle,smoothmuscle,andmanyglands.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例5AllofthefollowingaredescribedasbeingcontrolledbytheautonomicnervoussystemEXCEPT○connectivetissue○cardiacmuscle○glandularactivity○smoothmuscle7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例6Paragraph5：Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.

7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例6Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5asnaturalcausesofclimatechangeEXCEPT○atmosphericchanges○theslowmovementoflandmasses○fluctuationsintheamountoficeandsnow○changesinoceanactivity7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例7paragraph3:Thesamethinghappenedtothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows;thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwherearicerslowsonenteringalakeorthesea;thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelanerises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例7Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPT:○amountainvalley○flatland○alakefloor○theseafloor7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例8paragraph5:Inadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater,scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater.Whydidthetheaterdevelop,andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual?Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds.One,setforthbyArustotleinthefourthcenturyB.C.,seeshumansasnaturallyimitative——astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy,throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife.Thus,fantasyorfiction(ofwhichdramaisoneform)permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears,confrontthem,andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact.Thetheater,then,isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldorescapefromunpleasantrealities.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例8Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph5aspossiblereasonsthatledsocietiestodeveloptheaterEXCEPT:○Theaterallowspeopletofacewhattheyareafraidof.○Theatergivesanopportunitytoimagineabetterreality.○Theaterisawaytoenjoyimitatingotherpeople.○Theaterprovidespeopletheopportunitytobetterunderstandthehumanmind.

7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例9paragraph6:Themoststrikingcharacteristicoftheplantsofthealpinezoneistheirlowgrowthform.Thisenablesthemtoavoidtheworstrigorsofhighwindsandpermitsthemtomakeuseofthehighertemperaturesimmediatelyadjacenttothegroundsurface.Inanareawherelowtemperaturesarelimitingtolife,theimportanceoftheadditionalheatnearthesurfaceiscrucial.Thelowgrowthformcanalsopermittheplantstotakeadvantageoftheinsulationprovidedbyawintersnowcover.Intheequatorialmountainsthelowgrowthformislessprevalent.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例9Accordingtoparagraph6,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueofplantsinthealpinezoneEXCEPT:○B(yǎng)ecausetheyarelow,theyarelessexposedtostrongwinds.○B(yǎng)ecausetheyarelow,thewindsnowcovergivesthemmoreprotectionfromtheextremecold.○Intheequatorialmountains,theytendtobelowerthaninmountainselsewhere.○Theirlowgrowthformkeepsthemclosertothegroundwherethereismoreheatthanfurtherup.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例10paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges—inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies—arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例10Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?○Theyoccurattheendofasuccession.○Theylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.○Thenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.○Theyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例11paragraph5:Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer---wolves,cougar,andlynx--havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthegateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhaveeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例11WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?

○Areductioninthenumberofpredators○Restrictionsonhunting○Theeffectsofloggingandfire○Lawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeer7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例12Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisrareoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackifswiftcurrentsandwavestojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareashaveeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.7.4干擾選項(xiàng)集中列舉例12AllofthefollowingarementionedasfactorsthatencouragefossilizationEXCEPTthe○speedofburial○conditionsofthewater○rateatwhichsofttissuesdecay○causeofdeathoftheanimal7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉的否定事實(shí)信息題考察各個(gè)段落（難，很少考察）：分散列舉考察各個(gè)段落：沒(méi)有說(shuō)明根據(jù)文章某個(gè)段落且題目位置靠后的一般是分散列舉。三個(gè)與原文對(duì)應(yīng)的選項(xiàng)是重點(diǎn)段落的TS或細(xì)節(jié)的同義改寫(xiě)7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

例1Paragraph9:Thefinalmajorhumancauseofdesertificationissoilsalinizationresultingfromoverirrigation.Excesswaterfromirrigationsinksdownintothewatertable.Ifnodrainagesystemexists,thewatertablerises,bringingdissolvedsaltstothesurface.Thewaterevaporatesandthesaltsareleftbehind,creatingawhitecrustallayerthatpreventsairandwaterfromreachingtheunderlyingsoil.7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

例1

AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageascontributingtodesertificationEXCEPT

○Soilerosion○Globalwarming○Insufficientirrigation○Theraisingoflivestock7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

例1選項(xiàng)1“Soilerosion”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第七段Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

例1選項(xiàng)2“Globalwarming”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第四段Insomeregions,theincreaseindesertareasisoccurringlargelyastheresultofatrendtowarddrierclimaticconditions.Continuedgradualglobalwarminghasproducedanincreaseinaridityforsomeareasoverthepastfewthousandyears.Theprocessmaybeacceleratedinsubsequentdecadesifglobalwarmingresultingfromairpollutionseriouslyincreases..7.5干擾選項(xiàng)分散列舉

例1選項(xiàng)4“Theraisingoflivestock”對(duì)應(yīng)文章第七段Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisis