2023-2024學(xué)年北京市首都師大附屬回龍觀育新學(xué)校高考英語(yǔ)三模試卷含解析

2023-2024學(xué)年北京市首都師大附屬回龍觀育新學(xué)校高考英語(yǔ)三模試卷注意事項(xiàng):1．答題前，考生先將自己的姓名、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)碼填寫(xiě)清楚，將條形碼準(zhǔn)確粘貼在條形碼區(qū)域內(nèi)。2．答題時(shí)請(qǐng)按要求用筆。3．請(qǐng)按照題號(hào)順序在答題卡各題目的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答，超出答題區(qū)域書(shū)寫(xiě)的答案無(wú)效；在草稿紙、試卷上答題無(wú)效。4．作圖可先使用鉛筆畫(huà)出，確定后必須用黑色字跡的簽字筆描黑。5．保持卡面清潔，不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皺，不準(zhǔn)使用涂改液、修正帶、刮紙刀。第一部分（共20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）1．WethesunshineinSanyanowifitwerenotforthedelayofourflight.A．wereenjoying B．wouldhaveenjoyedC．wouldbeenjoying D．willenjoy2．Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.OtherwiseI________thismistakeatthemoment.A．didn’tmake B．wouldn’tmakeC．hadn’tmake D．wouldn’thavemade3．—Isay,Harry.Whatdidyousaytothelaid-offworkerjustnow?—Nothing.Itomyself.A．hadonlytalked B．a(chǎn)monlytalking C．havejusttalked D．wasjusttalking4．Icalledhernearlytenminutesthismorning,butIcouldn’t________.A．getthrough B．gothrough.C．livethrough D．lookthrough5．Whatcausedthepartytobeputoff?______theinvitations.A．Tomdelayedsending B．Tom’sdelayingsendingC．Tomdelayingtosend D．Tomdelayedtosend6．Whenyouaredressedinthelateststyle,dancingtothemostfashionablemusicafterwatchingthelatestfilm,youfeelgreat,______? A．a(chǎn)ren'tyou B．don'tyou C．doyou D．a(chǎn)reyou7．Ourcountryhaslaunchedacampaigntobansmokinginpublicplaces,whichwithsomeheavysmokers.A．concernsB．wasconcernedC．concernedD．isconcerned8．—Shallwegototheseveno’clockperformanceortheeight?—_____suitsyoufine.A．Whatever B．Whichever C．Whenever D．Wherever9．—Cathy,inmyopinion,isvery________.—Absolutely!Sheprefershomelifetogoingout.A．domestic B．energeticC．dynamic D．enthusiastic10．–What’sthatnoise?–Oh,Iforgottotellyou.Thenewmachine______.A．wastested B．willbetestedC．isbeingtested D．hasbeentested11．It'sgreatthatallthevisitorswho

ontheislandweresaved.A．trapped B．havebeentrappedC．hadtrapped D．hadbeentrapped12．Herdoctorindicatedthatevenaddinga(n)_____amountofdailyexercisewoulddramaticallyimproveherhealth.A．modestB．equalC．considerableD．exact13．Localslivedinrather________conditionsuntilthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.A．precious B．primitiveC．precise D．prior14．Thestore______Iboughtmytextbooksishavingasalethisweek.A．that B．whereC．which D．why15．Johnsonhasn’tfeltanyeffectthenewdietingrecipehashimsincehetriedtoloseweightthreemonthsago.A．for B．to C．on D．with16．Let'swalktothatvillagetogether.__________.Howcanwetwogirlsdothatinthedark？A．Iagreewithyou. B．That'sagoodpoint.C．Youmustbejoking！ D．That'snotyouropinion！17．Fortunatelysomebodywhohappenedtobepassingbycalledtheemergencyaidthetrafficaccidentoccurred.A．hurriedly B．quickly C．immediately D．shortly18．MostSchoolshavebannedjunkfoodandbroughtoutnewmenus.“That’scool!”saidAndreasPetrou,11thgrader.A．/;anB．/;theC．the;aD．the;/19．Itwasthebelief________hecouldfindhis“root”inAfrica________madeAlexdecidetogotoGambia.A．that;where B．where;thatC．that;that D．how;which20．Aroundthispoint______,whichishumorousandfullofastronglocalflavor.A．thestorydevelops B．doesthestorydevelopC．developsthestory D．thestorydeveloped第二部分閱讀理解（滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21．（6分）Welcome

to

Inspire

21!Our

aim

is

to

provide

”Inspiring

words

for

the

21st

century”.So,here

we

offer

a

uniquecollectionofinspiringshortstories,motivational

short

stories,and

humorous

short

stories

for

youtoreadandshare.Ifyoudocaretoshare,clickthe“SHARE”buttoninthebottomleftcornerofeachpage.AndthanksfortellingothersaboutInspire21.Theinspiringstoriesthatarelabeled(標(biāo)記)“TRUE”aredonesotothebestofourknowledge,butwedonothavefullproofinsomecases.However,allofthesestoriesandmessagesareprovidedbecauseoftheirupliftingcontent,whethertrueornot.Manybookswe’vereadandmovieswe’vewatchedweretotallyuntrue,butweenjoyedtheinspirationtheygaveus—especiallyiftheyhadahappyending.So,pleasereadandsharethesestoriesatyourowndiscretion(判斷力).Thankyouforyourunderstanding!Also,manyoftheinspiringstoriesusedhereareusedwithpermissionfromtheauthor.However,wecannotgrant(授予)permissiontoreuseanyoftheseinspirationalstories,asthemajorityofthemarenotours.Lastly,manyinspiringstories(emailedtousorwecameacrossonline)arelistedas“AuthorUnknown”Ifyouhappentoknowtheauthor’sname,towhomcreditshouldbegiven,pleasecontactuswiththatinformationsowecankeepourinspiringstorycollectionaccurate.Thankyouagain!!1、WhatdoesInspire21do?A．Itencouragespeopletouseinspiringwords.B．Itoffersbooksandmovieswithahappyending.C．Itcollectsbothtruestoriesanduntruemessages.D．Itprovidesshortstoriesforpeopletoreadandshare.2、Whichofthefollowingwordshastheclosestmeaningto“inspiring”?A．Uplifting.B．Unique.C．Accurate.D．Humorous.3、Whatarethereadersexpectedtodointhelastparagraph?A．Reuseinspiringstories.B．Writemoretruestories.C．Helptogivecredittounknownauthors.D．Keeptheinspiringstoriesmoreaccurate.22．（8分）Toeatonlyavegan（素食的）dietmightsounddifficult,especiallywithmanypopulardishescontainingmeatorotheranimalproducts.Yetin2017,veganismwasdescribedas“thefastest-growinglifestylemovement”intheUK,accordingtoBBCnews.AstudybyaUKmarketresearchorganization,suggeststhatover542,000Britswentveganduringthepreviousdecade,anincreaseof360%.Andthemainforcebehindthisincreasewasthoseaged15-34yearsold—42%ofrecentvegansfallunderthatagerange.SowhyexactlyhasveganismbecomesopopularamongyoungBrits?Onereasoncouldbethatmanyyoungpeoplewanttoprotecttheenvironment,aslessmeatconsumptionisknowntobebeneficialtotheenvironment.Globalmeatmanufacturingisbelievedtocause18%oftheworld’sgreenhousegasemissions（排放）,evenmorethanthatofalltheworld’scars,trainsandplanescombined.Anotherreasonisthatmanyoftoday’syoungpeoplebelievethatit’swrongtokillanimalstobeusedasfood.JessMurray,22,astudentatUniversityCollegeLondon,saidthathechosetobecomeveganafterrealizingthateatinganimalsisachoicethatpeoplemake,ratherthansomethingthatweneedtodotosurvive.“Becomingveganwasanethical(道德的)decision,”hetoldtheGuardian.Socialmediaisalsobelievedtohavegivenrisetotheincreaseinveganism.PlatformssuchasFacebookallowyoungveganstoconnectwitheachothermucheasier,whileotherssuchasInstagramhaveledtothecreationof“vegancelebrities(名人)”,whosharelipsonveganlifestyles.Despitetherisingofveganism,LauraWyness,anexpertindietandnutrition,saidthatmeatisveryimportantforpeople’shealth.“Astrictvegandietmakesitdifficulttogetsomemineralsandvitaminsthatyourbodyneeds,”WynesstoldBBCnews.However,thepopularityofveganismdoesn’tseemtobefading.“Itfeelsmorelikethisissomethingthatissticking.”saidanexpertoftheVeganSociety,aUKcharitythatpromotesveganism.1、Whatcanwelearnaboutveganism,“thefastest-growinglifestylemovement”inUK?A．Ithascreatedmanypopulardishes.B．Itisbackedupmainlybyoldpeople.C．Ithasledtofurthermarketresearch.D．Ithasgrownsteeplyinthepast10years.2、ThefollowingmayaccountfortheincreaseinveganismEXCEPT.A．Youngpeoplepreferanenvironment-friendlylife.B．Youngpeoplewanttobecomeethicalcelebrities.C．Mealmanufacturingcontributesalottotheworld’sgreenhousegas.D．Socialmediaallowtheveganmessagetospreadquicklyaround.3、Theunderlinedword“sticking”intheIasiparagraphisequaltoinmeaning.A．importantB．specialC．lastingD．impressive4、Whichofthefollowingwillserveasthebesttitleofthepassage?A．YoungBritsGoingVeganB．VeganismComesFirstC．HowtoStartaVeganLifestyleD．VeganismandtheEnvironment23．（8分）Forallthetechnologicalwondersofmodemmedicine,healthcare-withitsfaxmachinesandclipboards(寫(xiě)字板)—isoutofdate.Thisoutdatederaisslowlydrawingtoacloseastheindustrycatchesupwiththeartificial-intelligence(AI)revolution.EricTopol,anexpertinheartdiseaseandenthusiastfordigitalmedicine,thinksAIwillbeparticularlyusefulforsuchtasksasexaminingimages,observinghearttracesforabnormalitiesorturningdoctors'wordsintopatientrecords.Itwillbeabletousemassesofdatatoworkoutthebesttreatments,andimproveworkflowsinhospitals.Inshort,AIissettosavetime,livesandmoney.ThefearsomepeoplehaveisthatAIwillbeusedtodeepentheassembly-linecultureofmodemmedicine.Ifitgivesa“giftoftime”todoctors,theyarguethatthisbonusshouldbeusedtoextendconsultations,ratherthansimplyspeedingthroughthemmoreefficiently.Thatisafineidea,butashealthswallowsanever-biggershareofnationalwealth,greaterefficiencyisexactlywhatisneeded,atleastsofarasgovernmentsandinsurersareconcerned.Otherwise,richsocietiesmayfailtocopewiththeneedsofageingandgrowingpopulations.Anextrafiveminutesspentchattingwithapatientiscostlyaswellasvaluable.TheAIrevolutionwillalsoenablemanagerialaccountantstoadjustandevaluateeveryaspectoftreatment.Theautonomyofthedoctorwillsurelybeweakened,especially,perhaps,inpublic-healthsystemswhichareduty-boundtocutunnecessarycosts.TheHippocraticOath(誓言)holdsthatthereisanarttomedicineaswellasascience,andthat“warmth,sympathyandunderstandingmayoutweighthesurgeon'sknifeorthechemist'sdrug”.There'slotsofsenseinit:thepatientsofsympatheticphysicianshavebeenshowntorecoverbetter.Yetasthesupplyofhumancarersfailstosatisfythedemandforhealthcare,thefuturemayinvolveconsultationsonsmartphonesandmeasurementsmonitoredbychatbots.Theconsideratelywarmedstethoscope(聽(tīng)診器),placedgentlyonapatient'sback,maybecomearelicofthepast.1、What'sDrTopol'sattitudetowardAI'scomingintomedicine?A．Concerned. B．Doubtful. C．Optimistic. D．Cautious.2、Whatdoestheauthorofthetextattachmoreimportanceto?A．Medicalcosts. B．Nationalwealth.C．Longerconsultation. D．Greaterefficiency.3、WhyistheHippocraticOathmentioned?A．ToprovethebrightfutureofAI.B．Toshowtheadvantageofahumandoctor.C．Toexplainmedicalequipmentismoreimportant.D．Toargueahumandoctorperformsaswellasarobot.4、Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．HealthcareandAI B．AIanditsapplicationsC．DoctorsandPatients D．DrTopolanddigitalmedicine24．（8分）Itwasnotyeteleveno’clockwhenaboatcrossedtheriverwithasinglepassengerwhowasluckytobeabletocrosstheriveratthatunusualhourbypromisingtopaysomeextramoney.Whiletheyouthstoodinthelightplacesearchinghispocketsformoney,theboatmanliftedalamp,withthehelpofwhich,togetherwiththenewlyrisenmoon,hetookacarefullookatthestranger.Hewasayoungmanofabouteighteenyears,clearlycountrybroughtup,andwas,asitseemed,onhisfirstvisittotown.Hewaswearingaroughgreycoat,whichwasingoodshape,andwhichhadseenmanywintersbeforethisone.Thejacketunderhiscoatwasmadeofleatherandtrousersfittedtightlytoapairofstronglegs;hisstockingsofblueyarn(毛絨)musthavebeentheworkofamotherorsister,andonhisheadwasahat,whichinitsbetterdayshadperhapsprotectedthegrayerheadoftheyoungman’sfather.Inhislefthandwasawalkingstick,andonhisstrongshouldershungaleatherbag.Brownhair,well-shapedfeatures,bright,cheerfuleyeswerenature’sgifts.Theyouth,whosenamewasRobin,paidtheboatman,andthenwalkedforwardintothetownwithalightstep,asifhehadnotalreadytraveledmorethanthirtymilesthatday.Ashewalked,helookedaroundaseagerlyasifhewereenteringLondonorNewYorkinsteadofthelittlecityinNewEngland.1、Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．Thisboywasrich.B．Thisstorytookplaceonacoldsnowynightinwinter.C．Theboatmanwouldn’tliketosendtheyoungmanacrosstheriveratfirst.D．Theboatmanknewthattheyoungman’snamewasRobin.2、Thestockingsthattheyoungmanworewere__________.A．WornoutB．veryexpensiveC．muchtoobigD．madebyhand3、Theyouthwaswearingahat,which__________.A．wasausedoneB．hisfatherhadboughtforhimC．hehadboughthimselfD．wasmadebyhismotherorsister4、Thecoattheyoungmanwaswearing__________.A．wasnewandingoodshapeB．wascutoutverywellC．hadbeenusedforalotofyearsD．fittedhimwell25．（10分）Maybeyouwanttogivebacktoyourcommunity,butyoudon’tknowwheretobegin.ItwassomethingRebeccaReederusedtohearfromfriendswhenevertheylearnedshevolunteeredaroundtheLosAngelesarea.Theideafinallytookshapeduringher30thbirthdaycelebration.Reederandherbrotherputtogetherasurprisepartyforherguests.Theyrentedapartybusinsecretandinvitedeveryonesheknewtoamystery(神秘)event.Thesurprisebusridewasnotonlyahitbutalsoaneffectiveicebreaker.Manyguestshadnevermetbeforethatnightbuttheywereallfastfriendsbytheendofthetrip.Reederandafriendrealizedthismightbetheanswerforfriendsseekingfunwaystodogood.ThentheybeganDoGoodBusandhostedtheirfirstcommunityridein2010.Everyoneassumeditwouldbeaone-offevent,butparticipantshadsuchfunandfeltsogoodaboutgivingbackthattheydemandedanother.Andthenanother.“Thiskindofthingsjustsnowballedfromthere,”saysReeder,whoisnowafull-timedirectorofthegrowingnonprofitorganization.Overthepastsevenyears,DoGoodBushasofferedonce-a-monthpublicridesinLosAngeles.Volunteersboardthebusandridetoamysterycommunityserviceproject.Reederlikestokeepthelocationsandcausesasecrettoaddanelementoffunandmystery,andtopreventpeoplefromarrivingwithtoomuchexpectation.Participantspay$45,with10percentgoingtotheday’scauseandtherestgoingtoDoGoodBustohelpcovercostsandruntheprogram.Ridesusuallylastfourtofivehoursandincludeeverythingfromworkinginhomelessshelterstobeachcleanupstoplantingcommunitygardens.Theaim,saysReeder,istoraiseawarenessaboutcauses,andencouragecontinuedsupportinthecommunitywhilehavingagoodtime.1、WhydidReedersaythebusrideonherbirthdaywasanicebreaker?A．Itexposedtheneedofthepoortopeople.B．Itmadepeoplerealizehowtodogooddeeds.C．Itmadepeoplebraveenoughtostandthecoldice.D．Ithelpedpeoplegetconnectedintheactivity.2、Whatdoweknowabouttheirfirstridein2010?A．Ittookplaceinwinter.B．Itwasdisappointing.C．Itwasagreatsuccess.D．Theauthororganizeditalone.3、HowdoesReedergetthemoneyfortheactivities?A．Participantspayforthem.B．Thegovernmentsupportsher.C．Sheraisesmoneyinsociety,D．Communitycovers10percentofthecost.4、WhatcanweinferabouttheDoGoodBus?A．Ittakesabout5hoursontheway.B．Itoffersapleasantwaytodogooddeeds.C．Itraisesmoneyfortheparticipants’community.D．Itgivesasurprisingandfriendlycelebration.第三部分語(yǔ)言知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)．26．（30分）Wheneverwehearabout"thehomeless",mostofusthinkofthedevelopingworld.Butthe1isthathomelessnessiseverywhere.Forexample,howmanyofuswouldexpecttoseepeoplelivingonthestreetsofa2countrylikeGermany?KurtMullerandhiswifeRitahavespentelevenyearsmaking3forthehomelessofBerlin,Germany'scapital.Theyfirst4onelonghotsummerwhenmostGermanswere5onholiday.KurtMullerandhiswifestayedathome,madesandwiches,6atableinthestreetandgavefoodtothehomeless.TheMullerssoonrealizedthatfoodandclothingweren't7.“Whatthesepeoplealsoneediswarmthand8,”saysRita.TheMullersdidn’t9togivetheirphonenumbertothestreetpeopleandtoldthemtophoneanytime.Rita10therewassomebodyathometoanswerthephoneandtheirhomewasalways11toanyonewhocouldn’tfaceanothernightonthestreet.Thecoupleweresoon12alltheirtimeandmoney,soKurtvisitedfoodandclothingcompaniesto13donations.Today,overthirtycompanies14donatefoodandothergoodstothecauseandvolunteershelpto15themtothehomeless.Thepublicalsogiveclothesandmoneyandashoeproducer16newshoes.KurtandRitareceiveno17fortheirhardwork.“Wefeellikeparents,”saysRita,“andparentsshouldn’t18moneyforhelpingtheirchildren.Thelovewegetonthestreetsisoursalary.ThoughRitaadmitssheoftengets19.Shesaysshewillcontinuewithherworkbecauseshelikesthefeelingofhavingmadea20intheworld.1、A．result B．truth C．reason D．idea2、A．traditional B．developing C．typical D．wealthy3、A．preparations B．houses C．meals D．suggestions4、A．began B．met C．called D．left5、A．a(chǎn)sleep B．a(chǎn)lone C．a(chǎn)cross D．a(chǎn)way6、A．broughtup B．setup C．putaside D．gaveaway7、A．enough B．necessary C．helpful D．expensive8、A．fame B．freedom C．courage D．caring9、A．hesitate B．a(chǎn)gree C．pretend D．intend10、A．madesense B．foundout C．madesure D．workedout11、A．open B．crowded C．noisy D．near12、A．costing B．wasting C．taking D．spending13、A．payfor B．a(chǎn)skfor C．lookinto D．carryout14、A．completely B．calmly C．regularly D．roughly15、A．a(chǎn)dvertise B．sell C．deliver D．lend16、A．donates B．produces C．designs D．collects17、A．permission B．payment C．direction D．support18、A．borrow B．raise C．save D．expect19、A．surprised B．excited C．tired D．a(chǎn)mused20、A．profit B．difference C．decision D．rule第二節(jié)（每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27．（15分）TheSpringFestival,ChineseNewYear,isoneof1．mostimportantfestivalsforallofus.2．wecelebrateistheendofwinter,arrivalofspring,andreunionwithfamilyandrelatives.UsuallytheSpringFestival3．(celebrate)forfifteendays,duringwhichpeopledonotworkexceptfortheworkersonduty.OnNewYear’sEveallfamilymembersgettogether4．(have)abigmeal.AfterthemealtheywatchTVuntiltheclockstrikestwelve.Theneveryfamilysetsofffireworks5．(excite)towelcomethenewyear.Onthefirstdayofthenewyear,almosteveryoneisdressedinhisorherbestclothes.Friendsandrelativesarebusy6．(visit)eachotherwithpresents.Atthattime,childrenarethehappiestbecause7．cangetmanyredpacketsfromtheirrelatives.Withthe8．(improve)oflivingstandard,people9．(change)thewaysofcelebratingtheSpringFestivalgreatlysofar.Nomatterhowitchanges,themeaningoftheSpringFestivalisstill10．greatsignificanceinChina.第四部分寫(xiě)作（共兩節(jié)）第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)（滿分10分）28．（10分）假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處;每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。Dormitorylifeispartofcollegelife.Butsometimetheharmonyinthedormitoryisdisturbedinonewayoranother.Whatisknowntoall,aharmoniousdormitorylifeisimportanttocollegestudentsandbenefitallthemembers.Ononehandyoucanhaveagoodrestandputyourheartsintostudy.Ontheotherhand,youwillhaveagoodmoodandenjoybeingtogether.Thereareseveralwayscreateandmaintainaharmoniousdormitorylife.Firstly,youhavetoevaluateyourlife-styleandtrytogetridofyourdirtyhabits,ifthereareany.Secondly,whenanannoyedsituationarises,you’lljusthavetolearntotolerateeachotherorco-exist.Thirdly,you’llhavetosharewitheachotherandmakethegoodfriends.Onconclusion,youshouldtryyourbesttobuildaharmoniousdormitorylifeforourcollegelife.第二節(jié)書(shū)面表達(dá)（滿分25分）29．（25分）近幾年來(lái)，發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)一直是一個(gè)熱門(mén)話題。最近，你班就這一話題進(jìn)行了討論。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇報(bào)道，向校園網(wǎng)站投稿。在我國(guó)實(shí)施低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的必要性人們只重視經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，忽略環(huán)境保護(hù)；隨著汽車(chē)核工廠的增多，大量碳?xì)怏w被排放，造成嚴(yán)重的空氣污染；如果這種局面繼續(xù)下去，自然資源會(huì)耗盡，環(huán)境會(huì)受到破壞。同學(xué)們的建議多種樹(shù)，增加森林覆蓋率；開(kāi)發(fā)可再生能源；對(duì)廢棄物進(jìn)行循環(huán)利用。你的看法（至少兩點(diǎn)）注意：1.文章開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總字?jǐn)?shù)；詞數(shù)：150左右參考詞匯：renewable可再生的Inrecentyears,carryingoutalow-carboneconomyhasbeenahottopic.Recentlyourclasshadaheateddiscussionaboutit.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________