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考研英語(yǔ)試題語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之虛擬語(yǔ)氣】

虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是:

1.一些常見的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式,即用來(lái)表示要求、的建議、的命令、的提議、的意愿等的主語(yǔ)從

句、的賓語(yǔ)從句、的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的胸形式。

3.主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、的事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況,從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。

上述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直

接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目,而在閱讀理解里,我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大

意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助,了解哪些觀點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、的虛擬的,哪些是真實(shí)的,這樣對(duì)于

我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題很有幫助。

下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來(lái)重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。

一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見類型和句型

(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

A.用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí),它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為:過去式(be

動(dòng)詞用were1

B.用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望時(shí),它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為:would,could,

might+動(dòng)詞原形。

C.wish用于對(duì)過去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為:

had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞或could,would+have+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。

Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.

—“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”

——"That'sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”

Iwishthathewerenrtsolazy.

(2)hadhoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形,表示一種過去未

實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。

Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthisson

becameanartistlater.

(3)would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsoonerfQwouldprefer所弓|起的從

句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過去完成時(shí)表示過去的情況,表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)

的責(zé)備。例如:

rdratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。

Iwouldpreferhedidnrtstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。

Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday?我真希望你昨天把這本

書還了。

(4)Its(high,about)timethat句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式,即動(dòng)詞要用

過去式。

It'stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.

Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)

候了。

(5)as,或者whether…。r…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形,引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句,這種用法通常采用

倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,

Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquite

smoothly.

由連接詞引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

(6)incase,sothat,unlessflest,forfearthat

要用虛擬形式,即should(might,would)+動(dòng)詞原形,例如:

Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那個(gè)嬰兒

身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。

Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.

⑺ifitwerenotfor…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,ifithadnotbeenfor與過去事實(shí)相反,兩

個(gè)都相當(dāng)于butfor:

Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.

(8)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于asif(though月I起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中,其動(dòng)詞形式與wish

賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如:Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumor

breaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove,她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)

心的微笑,而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣,常常流露出來(lái)。

Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他們交談著,就文摘他們是的

老朋友一樣。

Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起來(lái)好像要哭了。

(9)其它各種句型,asthough,suppose,hadrather,supposing,if0nly等等

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmy

handsforacry.

二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式,即用來(lái)表示要求、的建議、的命令、的提議、的意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、

的賓語(yǔ)從句、的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式,其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由

should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。

A、的用于表示意愿、的建議、的命令、的提議、的請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中,這

類動(dòng)詞有:

ask要求advise建議arrange安排beg請(qǐng)求

command命令decide決定demand要求desire渴望

determine決定insist堅(jiān)持intend打算maintain堅(jiān)持主張

move建議,動(dòng)員propose提議object反對(duì)order命令

prefer建議require需要request要求resolve下決心

recommend推薦suggest建議stipulate約定,規(guī)定urge強(qiáng)調(diào),促進(jìn)

vote公認(rèn),提議decree頒布(法令)pray請(qǐng)求

注意:這類動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以接doing或者todo...來(lái)表達(dá),一

般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。

Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(書面體)

Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.(口語(yǔ))

Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(較隨便)

B、的用于Itis+形容詞或過去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中,這類形容詞或分詞有:

advisable合理的decided決定的crucial關(guān)握的appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

determined決定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential緊要的

complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的

desirable合意的better較好的insistent堅(jiān)持的desired想要

asked請(qǐng)求keen渴望的incredible難以置信的adamant堅(jiān)定不移的

natural自然的insisted堅(jiān)持necessary必要的suggested建議

urgent緊迫的ordered命令shocked震驚的vital極其重要的

possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable(好一點(diǎn))proposed提議

requested要求的required要求的recommended推薦resolved決定的

probable(可能的)pity可惜,憾事shame遺憾

注意:這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外,也可以for.?.t。do...

來(lái)表達(dá),一般情況下,意思沒有什么差別。

Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.

Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.

C.用于由表示建議、的要求.的命令、的請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句

中,這類名詞常見的有:

advice忠告decision決定demand要求desire要求、的愿望

insistence堅(jiān)持motion提議necessity必要性order命令

preference偏爰proposal提議pray懇求recommendation推薦

request要求requirement要求resolution決心suggestion勸告、的忠告

例如:

Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheir

schoollife.這是他們的決議:要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。

Themotionthattheremarkofthelastspeakerbeexpungedfromtherecord.

該提議要求把最后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。

三、混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣

有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來(lái)說(shuō),在這種情

況下,主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同,所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句,在這種虛擬情況,

動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用,在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ):時(shí)間

狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下,從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。

Ifyouthatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn'tbesosleepy.

A.haven1twatchedB.didnrtwatch

r答案選

C.hadntwatchedD.wouldn"thavewatchedCo

Manydeadwouldnowbealiveiftheyhavenotattemptedtoreturnfor

something.

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairman

now.

混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句,這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不

同,而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI

wasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬,而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-up

examinationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.

該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬,后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬(如果你去并且解釋的話),但

是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣,因?yàn)椤案改覆×恕ㄊ强陀^事實(shí),故不需要用虛擬形式had

beeno

四、含蓄虛擬條件句

含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句,而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是

這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段

有:

(1)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ),如butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermore

favorablecondition等。

theleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Ifthere

hadnftbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.

答案選

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.AsforBo

Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.

連詞,如:(倘若...

(2)sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided)fforfear

(唯恐),(要是...就好了)等。

thatinorderthat,onconditionthatfif0nly

Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathe

wanted.=ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.

IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.

(注:lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形,但

可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如:

Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.這位外籍教師說(shuō)

得很慢以免我們聽不懂。

Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur?在使用此法

時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎,以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。

(3尷過上下文及內(nèi)在含義,句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。

Ithoughtthechildrenwhenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.

A.weresleepingB.wouldbesleepingC.hadbeensleepingD.wouldsleep選擇

(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)

Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.

Alessconscientiousmanwouldn"thavetriedsohardtogetthisjobdone.

(5)分詞短語(yǔ)

Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.

Borntendaysearlier,theboycouldhaveseenhislatefather.

(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+

不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示

虛擬。

IintendedIshouldcallonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.

TohearhimspeakFrench,youwouldtakehimforanEnglishman.

Shewouldbestupidnottoaccepthisinvitation.

Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.

⑺名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)

Ajudiciousmanwouldnothavecommittedsuicide.

Adiligentstudentwouldhaveworkedharder.

(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

Allthingsconsidered,thepricewouldbereasonable.

(9)定語(yǔ)從句

Anyonewhohadbeeninyourpositionwouldhavedonethesame.

Anation,whichstoppedworking,wouldbedeadinafortnight.

(10)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣:

Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn*t.

Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefirein

thestock,whichwentupinsmoke.

(11)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬

動(dòng)詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬,最常見于正式文體中,動(dòng)詞原形一般用在條

件從句中,有時(shí)倒裝置于句首,同時(shí)這種用法也常見于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。

Godblessyou!

Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.

She'IIbesixteenyearsodd,comMay.(comeMay=whenMaycome).

Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce.

強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練:虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1.Wereitnotforthesnowyweather,weallright.

A.wouldbeB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.maybe

2.morecareful,hisshipwouldnothavesunk.

A.IfthecaptainwereB.Hadthecaptainbeen

C.ShouldthecaptainbeD.Ifthecaptainwouldhavebeen

3.Ifhemetomorrow,Iwouldlethimknow.

A.shouldcallB.shouldnothavebeenable

C.werenotableD.arenotable

4.Ifyouaskedyourfatheryoupermission.

A.maygetB.mightgetC.shouldhavecalledD.maybeget

5.today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.

A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves

6.Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.

A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were

7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,all

practicalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.

A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost

8.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourchairmannow.

A.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.wouldbe

9.IfyouJerryBrownuntilrecently,you'dthinkthephotographontheright

wasstrange.

A.shouldn'tcontactB.didn'tcontactC.weren*ttocontactD.hadn"t

contacted

lO.heEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor

11.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyIyouradvice

A.followB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.havefollowed

12.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourchairmannow.

A.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.hadnftcontacted

13.Ifthehorsewontoday,itthirtyracesinfiveyears.

A.wouldhavewonB.wonC.musthavewonD.didhavewon

14.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,a

suddenloudnoise.

A.beingthereB.shouldtherebeC.therewasD.therehavingbeen

15.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesrightaway.

A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.mustbeprintedD.shouldbeprinted

②在先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間插入一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。

如:DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouse

andborrowedadiamondnecklace?

你還記得嗎,十年前的一天下午,我來(lái)到你家,找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈?

whenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace實(shí)際上是修飾

而不是修飾實(shí)際上是定語(yǔ)后置修飾

afternoonyearsotenyearsagoafternoono

③先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被謂語(yǔ)分隔開來(lái)。此時(shí),先行詞通常是句子的主語(yǔ),因定語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng),

主句謂語(yǔ)較短,為使句子平衡,常將定語(yǔ)從句移至謂語(yǔ)之后

如:AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

明天,新(男)老師將來(lái)較你德語(yǔ)。

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之besides,but,except.exeptfor,excepting,apartfrom的

區(qū)別】

(1)besides與except

前者表示“除???以外,還有??.”;后者表示"從整體中除去...

這個(gè)大家都知道,就不舉例子了.

(2)except與exceptfor

a.除去的和非除去的是同類事物,用except

eg:

AlltheessaysarewellwrittenexceptNelson's.

Nelson的文章(除去的)和Alltheessays(非除去的)是同類事物,所以用except.

b.除去的和非除去的不是同類事物,用exceptfor,并且從語(yǔ)氣上通常表示遺憾.

eg:Hisessayiswellwrittenexceptforafewspellingmistakes.

afewspellingmistakes(除去的)和Hisessay(非除去的)是不同類的事物.

(3)apartfrom具有多重意義:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exeptfor,

還可以表示without的意思

eg:

Apartfromthecostjtwilltakealotoftime.(=besides)

Theorphanhadnoonetotakecareofhimapartfromhisuncle.(=except)

Hehasdonegoodwork,apartfromafewslightfaults.(=exceptfor)

Therecanbenoknowledgeapartfrompractice.實(shí)踐出真知.(=without)

(4)excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等詞之后

eg:

Exceptinghisbrother,theyareallright.

Everyone,notexceptingmyself,mustsharetheblame.

Allofus,withoutexceptingthosewhoknowmoreaboutthesubject,should

study.

Allmybrotherscomhereeveryday,alwaysexceptingtheyoungest.

(5)but與except同義,但but多用在every,any,no等和由這些詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞

如everything,anywhere,nobody等詞以后及all,none之后

eg:

ThechildrengotoschooleverydaybutSunday.

Theyareallgonebutme.

Youcangetthebookanywherebuthere.

Thereisnoonebutme.

WhobutGeorgewoulddosuchathing?

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)之too...to結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義的情況】

我們知道too...to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為"太…以致于不能"

eg:Heistoooldtowork.

但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義:

(1)當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí).

eg:Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.

英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué).

Heistoowisenottoseethat.

他很聰明,不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn).

⑵當(dāng)too后是

glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready.willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,n

ear,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí).

eg:Theyaretooanxioustoleave.

他們急于離開.

Heistooreadytohelpothers.

他總是樂于助人.

與這些詞連用時(shí),t。。前還常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副詞,意思不變,因?yàn)檫@些詞加

上too后與very同義.

eg:I'monlytoogladtoseeyou.

見到他E常高興.

Theyarebuttoopleasedtohearthenews.

他們聽到這個(gè)消息,非常高興.

③與cannot連用時(shí).

eg:Youcannotbetoocareful(=Youcanneverbecarefulenough)todoyour

homework.

你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好仁無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過分).

⑷當(dāng)不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí).

eg:Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.

有很多問題有待解決.

Itistoomuchtosaythatheisafool.

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之every表示"每隔"的用法】

(i)"everyother+單數(shù)名詞”

意思是“每隔一……”

如:everyotherday每隔一天everyothertree每隔一^$9

⑵“every+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"或"every+序數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞”

意思是“每隔。。?!保ㄝ^英語(yǔ)數(shù)詞少一個(gè))

如:everythreedays=everythirdday每隔兩天(或者譯為每三天)

因此everytwodays=everyotherday每隔一天(或者譯為每?jī)商欤?/p>

⑶“everyfew+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”

意思是“每隔幾。。?!?/p>

如:everyfewdays(每隔幾天)

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之a(chǎn)live、的live、的living和lively的用法】

(1)lively有”活潑的、的快活的、的生動(dòng)的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定語(yǔ)或標(biāo)語(yǔ);

但它沒有“活著的"意思,而其他三個(gè)都有。

如:

Youngchildrenareusuallylively.

小孩子們通常是活潑的。

Hetoldaverylivelystory.

他講了一個(gè)生動(dòng)的故事。

⑵alive、的live.的living都有"活的、的有生命的”意思,與dead意義相反。但live

通常只作前置定語(yǔ),且一般用于動(dòng)物;alive,的living不僅可作定語(yǔ)(alive只能置于名

詞后;living一般置于名詞前,也可置于名詞后),也可以作表語(yǔ)。

如:

Thisisalive(=living)fish.(=Thisisafishalive.)

這是一條活魚。(指動(dòng)物,目作定語(yǔ)時(shí),三者均可用)

Who'sthegreatestmanalive(=livingman)?

誰(shuí)是當(dāng)今最偉大的人物?(指人,不能用live)

Thefishisstillalive(=living)

那條魚還活著。(指動(dòng)物作表語(yǔ)時(shí)不能用live)。

(giving主要指在某個(gè)時(shí)候是活著的,而alive指本來(lái)有死的可能,但仍活著的。而且,作

主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),只能用alive;作比喻義(如"活像……"、的"活生生的”

等)解時(shí),要用living.

如:

Theenemyofficerwascaughtalive.(作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),不用living)

那位敵方軍官被活捉了。

Wefoundthesnakealive.(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),不用living)

Heisthelivingimageofhisfather」比喻義,不用alive)

他活象他父親。

⑷只有l(wèi)iving前加the方可表示“活著的人",作主語(yǔ)時(shí),視作復(fù)數(shù)。

如:

Thelivingaremoreimportanttousthanthedead.

活著的人對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)比死去的人更重要。

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之含義因有無(wú)冠詞而迥異的短語(yǔ)】

atplay在玩

attheplay在看戲

behindtime遲到

behindthetimes落在時(shí)代后

byday在白天

bytheday按日計(jì)算

bysea痛臺(tái)

bythesea在海邊

infrontof在…(外面的)前面

inthefrontof在…(內(nèi)部的前面)

inchargeof看護(hù),負(fù)責(zé)

inthechargeof由…看護(hù),由…負(fù)責(zé)

insecret秘密地(作狀語(yǔ))

inthesecret知道內(nèi)情(作表語(yǔ))

incourseof在…過程中(作表語(yǔ)VS置定語(yǔ))

inthecourseof在…期間(作狀語(yǔ))

inred穿著紅衣服

inthered負(fù)債,赤字

ofage成年

ofanage(歲數(shù))同年

onfire著火

onthefire在考慮中

onoccasion不時(shí)地;必要時(shí)

ontheoccasion在那時(shí)

outofquestion毫無(wú)疑問

outofthequestion不可能

todeath十分

tothedeath到最后

fiveofus我們中的五人(部分)

thefiveofus我們五個(gè)人(全部)

ayellowandwhitecat一只黃白相間的貓

ayellowandawhitecat一只黃貓和一只白貓

inafamilyway象一家人一樣

inthefamilyway懷孕

dieofcold凍死

dieofacold感冒而死

havewordswith與…爭(zhēng)吵

haveawordwith與…略談

keephouse管理家務(wù)

keepthehouse守在家里

takerest就寢

takearest休息一下

takeplace發(fā)生

taketheplaceof代替

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之與“y副詞同義的介詞短語(yǔ)】

inangry=angrily

indespair=despairingly

inadmiration=admiringly

incommon=commonly

infact=actually

infear=fearfully

infairness=fairly

infun=funnily

ingrief=grievously

injoke=jokingly

inline=lineally

inmercy=mercifully

inpublic=publicly

insilence=silently

inspite=spitefully

insorrow=sorrily/sorrowfuIly

insurprise=surprisedly

withasmile=smilingly

withsatisfaction=satisfactorily

withattention=attentively

withcare=carefully

withcourage=courageously

withdifficult=difficultly

withemphasis=emphatically

withfascination=fascinatingly

withgrace=gracefully

withjoy=joyfully

withpride=proudly

withpleasure=pleasantly

withwarmth=warmly

outofbreath=breathlessly

(i)will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,

refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)

瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.

Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)

他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.

⑵hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,

responsibility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Infact,thereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.

事實(shí)上,他們沒有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)forthemtowin)

Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.

他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.

(3)way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,

既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用ofdoing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Theirchancetogo(ofgoing)abroadwaslost.

他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).

Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.

他有權(quán)那樣做.

【語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)精析之用todo還是ofdoing作后置定語(yǔ)】

不同的名詞,對(duì)這兩種后置定語(yǔ)的選擇是有區(qū)別的,有的只能用tod。,有的只可用ofdoing,

有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下:

(i)will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,

refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)

瑪麗有獲得一等獎(jiǎng)的決心.

Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)

他已作出了攜家去國(guó)外的決定.

(2)hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,

responsibility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Infact,thereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.

事實(shí)上,他們沒有希望贏得這場(chǎng)比賽.(不能說(shuō)forthemtowin)

Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.

他將冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)孩子.

(3)way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,

既可用不定式短語(yǔ),又可用ofdoing短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ).

如:

Theirchancetogo(ofgoing)abroadwaslost.

他們失去了出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì).

Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.

他有權(quán)那樣做.

強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

16.JeanWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-American

poetryishis

insistencethatitinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

A.istobeanalyzedB.hasbeenanalyzed

C.beanalyzedD.shouldhavebeenanalyzed

17.1wouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,but

I______

fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.was

18.1apologizeifIyou,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.

A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mighthaveoffended

19.Ifyouhadnrttakensuchalongtimetogetdressed,we'dtherebynow.

A.beB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling

20.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun

roundtheearth.

A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling

21.1wishthatIwithyoulastnight.

A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegone

22.1wishIwithher.

A.wouldbeB.amC.wasD.were

23.1wishthatItheconcertlastnight.

A.couldB.haveattendedC.couldhaveattendedD.attended

24.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishItoit.

A.hadnotgoneB.havenotgoneC.didnotgoD.cannothavegone

25.“Iwishyoumetoputthesethingsaway,“hesaid.

A.willhelpB.helpC.arehelpingD.wouldhelp

26.IftheWatergateIncidentNixonwouldnothaveresignedfromthe

presidency.

A.didnotoccurB.hadnotoccurredC.wasnotoccurringD.becircling

27.1hadn*texpectedJamestoapologizebutIhadhoped.

A.himcallingmeB.thathewouldcallmeC.himtocallmeD.thathecallme

28.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings.

A.ifhedidn'tgetaflattireB.iftheflattirehadn7thappened

C.hadhenothadaflattireD.hadthetirenotflatteneditself

29.TheteachersuggestedthatherstudentsexperienceswithESR

A.writeacompositionontheirB.towritecompositionaboutthe

C.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorherD.hadwrittenanycompositionsfor

his

30.HespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifheaChinese.

A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen

31.Asusual,heputonashowasthoughhistripagreatsuccess.

A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wereD.was

32.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughheawayforages.

A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeen

33.Johnissostronglybuiltthathelooksasifheaselephant.

A.liftsB.isliftingC.liftedD.couldlift

34.Hedescribedthetownasifheithimself.

A.hadseenB.hasseenC.sawD.sees

35.Atthatthoughtheshookhimselfasthoughhefromanevildream.

A.wokeB.wakesC.wouldwakeD.hadwoke

36.Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryouanythingaboutcollectingclaims

until

theyinvestigatethesituation.

A.doB.don'tC.didn'tD.didn,tdo

37.Althoughmostadoptedpersonswanttherighttoknowwhotheirnatural

parentsare,somewhohavefoundthemwishthattheytheexperienceof

meeting.

A.hadnrtB.didn'thavehadC.hadn"thadD.hadn'thave

38.ItisimportantthattheTOEFLofficeyourregistration.

A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm

39.Withoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday'sadvancedtechnology.

A.willnothavebeenachievedB.havenotbeenachieved

C.wouldnothavebeenachievedD.hadnotbeenachieved

40.Hetoldhertoreturnthebookintimesothatothersachancetoreadit.

A.mayhaveB.willhaveC.wouldhaveD.mighthave

41.Itistimethatthegovernmentmeasurestoprotecttherarebirdsand

animals.

A.takesB.tookC.hastakenD.taking

42.Somepeoplearetooparticularaboutschoolrecords,insistingthatevery

applicantalldiplomasfromelementaryschooltouniversity.

A.hasB.willhaveC.shouldhaveD.musthave

43.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehetothemeeting.

A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.hadcome

44.1mustsayhereadsverywellfandIshouldn*tbesurprisedifheactingfora

livingoneday.

A.hadtakenupB.takesupC.havetakenupD.wouldhavetakenup

45.IfIhadseenthemovie,Iyouallaboutitnow.

A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold

46.1hadnrtexpectedHenrytoapologizebutIhadhoped.

A.himtcallmeupB.himcallingmeup

C.thathewouldcallmeupD.thathewillcallme

47.IhadhopedthatJohnayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyfor

threemonths.

A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspend

48.1hadhopedthatJenniferadoctor,butshewasnrtgoodenoughatscience.

A.willbecomeB.becameC.wouldbecomeD.becomes

49.Tdratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.

A.doB.didn'tdoC.don'tD.didn*t

50.Tdjustassoonrudelytoher.

A.thatyouwon'tspeakB.younotspeaking

C.younotspeakD.youdidn'tspeak

51.Ifshightimetheythisroad.

A.mendB.mendedC.musthavemendedD.willmend

52.It*sabouttimepeoplenoticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.

A.takeB.tookC.havetakenD.willtake

53.Everybodyhasarrived.Itstimewetheclass.

A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.start

54.theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor

55.Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.

A.hasreceivedB.oughttohavereceived

C.couldn'thavereceivedD.shouldn'thavereceived

56.Johndidnotfeelwellyesterday;otherwisehetoseehisclassmates

off.

A.cameB.wouldcomeC.wouldhavecomeD.shouldbecoming

57.He'sworkinghardforfearthathe.

A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallbehind

58.Withoutthedreamsoftheyouth,thisinventionmightforacentury.

A.havebeenpostponedB.hasbeenpostponed

C.postponeD.bepostponed

59.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesinthehome.

A.workedB.wouldworkC.workD.wereworking

60.Forachildtogiveuphislessmatureideaforamorematureone,itrequires

thatthechild

psychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.

A.isB.wereC.beD.wouldbe

61.Tom,sfather,aswellashismother,inNewYorkforafewdaysmore.

A.askhimtostayB.askhetostayC.askshestaysD.askshestay

62.Youradvicethattillnextweekisreasonable.

A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited

63.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesrightaway.

A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.mustbeprintedD.shouldbeprinted

64.Itwasessentialthatweleasebeforetheendofthemonth.

A.singB.singedC.hadsignedD.weresigning

65.Itisappropriatethatsometimethoroughstudyoftheresultsofthe

Apollomission.

A.devotestoB.devotedtoC.isdevotedtoD.bedevotedto

答案與詳解

l.A.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬。

2.B.條件句表示與過去事實(shí)的虛擬。

3.A.條件句表示與未來(lái)事實(shí)的虛擬。

4.B.條件句表示與未來(lái)事實(shí)的相反。

5.C.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬.

6.D.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬。

7.B.這個(gè)句子中含有一個(gè)省略if,把肋動(dòng)詞提前到主語(yǔ)they之前的虛擬條件句,該條件

句表示對(duì)過去情況的假設(shè),而主句中bythetimetheywerefinished表明主句也應(yīng)該

是對(duì)過去發(fā)生的情況的假設(shè),因而應(yīng)該選(B)wouldhavelost為正確答案。

8.(D)這道題目是一個(gè)混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子。條件句省略了if,把助詞had提前到主語(yǔ)

前面,表示對(duì)過去情況的假設(shè),而主句中now表明了對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè),所以應(yīng)選

would(should,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形這種表達(dá)形式。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有(D)是正確表

達(dá)形式,故為正確答案。

9.(D)untilrecently,因此(D)是正確答案,而主句是隱含的對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè),該

句是一個(gè)混合虛擬條件句。

10.(B)假設(shè)的情況有時(shí)不是用一個(gè)條件句表示,而是隱含在一個(gè)由介詞如butfor.的

butthat、的without,由連詞but、的副詞otherwise、的比較級(jí)、的形容詞、的獨(dú)立

主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對(duì)過去情況的假設(shè),但事實(shí)上由于英語(yǔ)考試而沒有去

成,即若不是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)考試,我本可以去聽音樂會(huì),所以應(yīng)選Butfor為正確答案。

11.(C)題目中

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