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GerryW.GovernorPrestonE.SmithRegentsProfessorofLawTexasTechUniversitySchoolofLaw806GerryW.GovernorPrestonE.SmithRegentsProfessorofLawTexasTechUniversitySchoolofLaw806STATEThelawofdecedents’estatesissomewhatsimilarinallstates,exceptLouisiana,becauseitisbasedonthecommonlaw.Thisoutlinefocusesonbasicprinciples.Rememberthatwhenyougointopracticeyouneedtoexaminethespecificlawofyourstatetoseehowvariousparticularsarehandled.GOAL=ISSUEOurgoalistomakecertainyoucanspotthevariousissuesandprovideabasicdiscussionofthelawthatapplies.SpottingtheissuesisextremelyimportanttodoingwellontheBASICThissubjectisbasedonunfortunate,sad,anddepressingfactthatwewillallWAYSTOHANDLEPROPERTYATDEATH—Firstpersontopickupdeceased’spropertyowneditunlesssomeonestrongertookitaway.Stillusedtoday–justlookatnewspapertoseesituationswheresomeoneiskilledforhis/herBurywith InInolddays,manyculturesburiedaperson’spersonalpropertywiththem.toburyalthoughpeoplestillburiedwithfavoriteclothesandIntestateSocietythendevelopedafixedsetofruleswhichdictateIntestateSocietythendevelopedafixedsetofruleswhichdictatewhereadeceased’sgoesupondeathbasedondegreeofrelationship,sex,age,Societyallowedapersonduringlifetodeterminewherepropertywastopassdeath.NoconstitutionalrighttoexercisedeadhandProbateAvoidanceTechniques—TheWillNotallpropertywillpassunderintestacyorviawill.Somepropertywillpassoutsideoftheprobateprocess,e.g.,becauseofanintervivostrust,survivorshiprights,orothercontractualWhenyoudistributeadecedent’sestate,youmustfirstdistributetheseaccordingtotheirtermsbeforedistributingtherestunderintestacyorunderaGRATUITOUSTRANSFERSNOTGOVERNEDBYWILLORPropertygovernedbyaprobateavoidancetechniquedoesnotpassthroughprobatethusisnotgovernedbytestator’swillorintestacy.Theseassetsmustberemovedfromthedecedent’sestatebeforedistributingpropertyunderawillorviaintestacy.INTERVIVOSOUTRIGHTIfthedecedenthasalreadygiventhepropertyaway,itobviouslywillnotpassunderdecedent’swillorbyINTERVIVOS(“LIVING”)Propertythedecedenthasalreadytransferredintoatrustwillnotpassthroughdecedent’sestate.Instead,itpassesunderthetermsoftheFUTUREINTERESTS(REMAINDEROREXECUTORY NON-PROBATECO-OWNERSHIPOFTenancyinCommon–NoSurvivorshipDecedent’ssharepassesviadecedent’swillorunderintestacy.NoCO-OWNERSHIPOFTenancyinCommon–NoSurvivorshipDecedent’ssharepassesviadecedent’swillorunderintestacy.Norights,thusprobateisnotJointTenancy–SurvivorshipDecedent’ssharepassestosurvivingjointtenantandnotviaintestacyorunderdecedent’sPAYONDEATHPROPERTY(ortransferonBankaccountsandcorporatesecuritiesmaybeheldinP.O.D.formsothepropertytothedesignatedpersonupontheowner’sContractsmayprovidethatbenefitsarepayableupondeathtoanamedAstoDecedentdieswithoutavalidwill;totalAstoIII.Example3.Examplesofcontractsprovidingforbenefitspayableupondeathincludelifeinsurance,retirementplans,annuities,pensionplans,IRAs,401Ks. Example2. WalterandFrankownedBlackacreasjointtenantswithrightsofsurvivorship.Frank’svalidwillleaveshisentireestatetoToby.WhenFrankdies,WalterwillreceiveFrank’sshareofExample1. ThedecedentownedalifeestateinGreenacre.Uponthedecedent’sdeath,thepropertypassestotheremainderbeneficiaryandnotthroughthedecedent’sestate.DecedentdieswithavalidwillbutitdoesnotdisposeofallofDecedentdieswithavalidwillbutitdoesnotdisposeofalloftheproperty;partialBASICIDEAOFINTESTATESUCCESSION(alsocalleddescentPropertyremainingaftertheintestate’sdebtsandtaxesarepaidpassestotheheirs(alsocalledTHEORYBEHINDDISTRIBUTIONGivespropertytopeoplesocietyviewsas“proper”or“politicallycorrect”afterintestate’sdebtsandtaxesarepaid.TheexactdistributionvariesconsiderablyamongtheCannotaltertofitdecedent’sintentregardlessoftheevidencewhichshowsdecedentwouldnothavewantedpropertytopassthewayintestacyprovides.***Unlessthat“intent”isinfactdocumentedinavalidwill(inwriting),intentwouldnotchangeAPPLICABLEMaritalRights–WhoownsthepropertybeforedeathamongmarriedLawofdomicileattimeofpropertyacquired(InceptionofTitleRule);rightstonotchangeasthecouplemovesfromonestatetoanother.[ThisisbecauseUSsplitstocommunitypropertystatesandseparatepropertystatesregardingmartialSuccessionRights--Whichstate’sintestacylawPersonalProperty=Intestate’sdomicileatRealProperty=thelawofthesitus(wherethelandisphysicalSHAREOFSURVIVINGCommonSpousenotanheir.[HeironlycouldbebloodrelativeatcommonWidowreceivedLifeestateinone-thirdoftherealpropertyhusbandownedduringmarriage,regardlessofwhetherthepropertywasstillownedbyhusbandatthetimeofhisdeath.[Insomestates,it’sstillgoodlaw,butnotgenderspecificWidowerreceivedLifeestateinallofwife’srealpropertyprovidedachildwasWidowerreceivedLifeestateinallofwife’srealpropertyprovidedachildwasborntoModernSpousemadeanDowerandcurtesyeliminatedorShareofsurvivingspousedependsonfactorssuchasnumberofchildrenandwhethersurvivingspouseistheotherparentofthedeceasedspouse’sThespouse’sshareisoftenlessenedbytheexistenceofThespouse’ssharemaybeindollars,percentages,basedonlengthofamongotherSHAREOFDescendantsarerelatedtodecedentinadescendinglinealline,childrenandDescendantsreceivealloftheintestate’spropertythatdoesnotpassthesurvivingShareofAllchildrensurvivetheintestate(oralloftheintestate’schildrenhavenodescendantswhosurvivetheEachchildreceivesanequalorpercapitaYoungergenerationdescendant(grandchild)cannottakeifolderdescendant(child)isstillAtleastonedescendantpredeceasedtheintestateandissurvivedadescendantwhosurvivestheintestate(adescendantwhosurvivestheintestate(至少有已死亡子女留有承人且尚在人間Whenalldescendantsbelongtosecondormoredistantgenerationgrandchildren),thedescendantsarefrommultiplegenerations(e.g.,andMethodsofComputingShares[drawfamilytree***Iffactpatterndidnotsay,youneedtoanalyzethatthereis3waystodealwithit.PerStirpes(byrightofDivideintosharesatfirstgenerationbelowdecedent(i.e.,children)evenifnosurvivors;oneshareforeachsurvivingchildandoneshareforeachdeceasedchildwholeftdescendantswhosurvivetheintestate.Eachsurvivingchildreceivesoneshareandtheshareofeachdeceasedchildpassestothatchild’sdescendants.Thisapproachisnotverycommon.按照子女?dāng)?shù)（PerCapitaWithRepresentation[代位PerCapitaWithRepresentation[代位繼承](modernPerDivideintosharesatfirstgenerationwithsurvivors.[commonExample5. Usingthesamefactsasinthepreviousexample,assumethatDaughteralsopredeceasedIntestateandwassurvivedbyheronlychild,Charles.CharlessurvivedIntestate.HowwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedapplyingaperstirpesdistribution?Arthurreceives1/4,Brendareceives1/4,andCharlesreceives1/2ArthurandBrendawouldeachstillreceive25%asinthepriorexampleandCharles,asonlydescendant,wouldtaketheshareDaughterwouldhavereceivedifshehadsurvivedIntestate,thatis,50%.Althoughalltakersareofthesamegeneration(Arthur,Brenda,andCharlesareallIntestate’sgrandchildren),theydonotreceiveequalshares.Example4. Intestatehadthreechildren,SonOne,SonTwo,andDaughter.SonOnepredeceasedIntestatesurvivedbytwochildrenofhisown,ArthurandBrenda,bothofwhomsurviveIntestate.SonTwoalsopredeceasedIntestate,butSonTwohadnosurvivingdescendants.HowwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedapplyingaperstirpesdistribution?Daughterreceives1/2,Arthurreceives1/4,andBrendaIfSonOnehadsurvived,SonOnewouldhavereceivedone-halfoftheestate.Thisone-halfisdividedequallybetweenSonOne’sdescendants.NoshareiscreatedforSonTwobecauseSonTwowasnotsurvivedbyadescendant,andthusSonTwohasnoonetorepresenthim.IfallchildrenareIfallchildrenaredeceasedandallpropertygoingtograndchildren,eachgrandchildtakesanequalshareratherthandividingthesharetheparentwouldhavetakenhadtheparentsurvived.PerStirpes別在于，如果子女均死亡，孫子女直Example7. Usingthesamefactsasinthepriorexample,assumethatDaughteralsopredeceasedIntestatesurvivedbyheronlychild,Charles,whosurvivedIntestate.HowwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedapplyingapercapitawithrepresentationdistribution?Example6. Intestatehadtwochildren,SonandDaughter.SonpredeceasedIntestatesurvivedbytwochildren,ArthurandBrenda,bothofwhomsurvivedIntestate.HowwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedapplyingapercapitawithrepresentationdistribution?Daughterreceives1/2,Arthurreceives1/4,andBrendareceivesAlthoughthisisthesameanswerasunderaperstirpesdistribution,thereasoningissignificantlydifferent.ThekeyissueistodetermineatwhatlevelIntestate’sestateisinitiallybrokenintoshares.Underperstirpes,thelevelofchildrenisalwaysusedbecauseitisthefirstlevelbelowthatofIntestate.However,underpercapitawithrepresentation,sharesaredividedatthechildrenlevelbecauseitisthefirstlevelwithamemberwhooutlivedIntestate.PerCapitaatEachPerCapitaatEachThisapproachwhichisadoptedbytheUniformProbateCode(UPC)andmanyotherstates,dividestheintestate’spropertyintosharesatfirstgenerationwithsurvivorsbutthengivesallequallyrelatedpersonsthesameThus,ifsomechildrenarealiveandothersdead,eachchildwilltakeanequalshare(aswithpercapitabyrepresentation)buttheremainingpropertyispooledandeachgrandchildwillreceiveanequalshare.Example8.Intestatehadfourchildren,Arthur,Brenda,Charles,andDoris.BothArthurandBrendadiedbeforeIntestate.Arthurwassurvivedbyonechild,Edward,andBrendawassurvivedbytwochildren,FranandGeorge.HowwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedusingapercapitawithrepresentationdistribution?Charlesreceives1/4,Dorisreceives1/4,Edwardreceives1/4,Franreceives1/8,andGeorgereceives1/8.Intestate’spropertyisdividedintosharesatthefirstgenerationwithsurvivors,thatis,children.Theinitialdivisionisintoquarters—oneshareforeachofthesurvivingchildrenandoneshareforeachofthedeceasedchildrenwholeftsurvivingdescendants.CharlesandDorisassurvivingchildrenwilleachreceiveoneofthequarters.EdwardtakesallofArthur’ssharebecauseEdwardisArthur’sonlychild.FranandGeorgedivideBrenda’sshareequally.AlthoughEdward,Fran,andGeorgeareequallyrelatedtoIntestateasgrandchildren,theytakedifferentsharesbecausetheirparentsdidnothaveequalnumbersofchildrenwhooutlivedIntestate.Arthurreceives1/3,Brendareceives1/3,andCharlesreceives1/3BecausethelevelofgrandchildrenisthenearestgenerationtoIntestatewithsurvivors,itistherootgeneration.Allmembersofthisgenerationarealive,andthustheytakeequalshares.ANCESTORSANDIfnodescendants,allpropertynotpassingtoANCESTORSANDIfnodescendants,allpropertynotpassingtothesurvivingspousepassestoancestors(relatedinascendinglinealline,e.g.,parents,grandparents)andcollateralsrelatedbutnotinlinealline,e.g.,sibling,niece,nephew,uncle,cousinParentsandFirst-LineCollaterals(i.e.,descendantsofparents父母和兄弟姐（含兄弟姐妹的繼承人）在一BothParentsEachparentreceivesOneParentandatLeastOneSibling(ordescendantofsibling)somestatesandtheUniformProbateCodegivetheentireestatetothesurvivingparentsomestatesgiveone-halftothesurvivingparentandone-halftothefirst-linecollateralsNoParentandatLeastOneSibling(ordescendantofsibling)Example9. Usingthesamefactsisinthepriorexample,howwouldIntestate’spropertybedistributedusingapercapitaateachgenerationapproach?Charlesreceives1/4,Dorisreceives1/4,Edwardreceives1/6,Franreceives1/6,andGeorgereceives1/6.Intestate’spropertyisdividedintosharesatthefirstgenerationwithsurvivors,thatis,children.Theinitialdivisionisintoquarters—oneshareforeachofthesurvivingchildrenandoneshareforeachofthedeceasedchildrenwholeftsurvivingdescendants.CharlesandDorisassurvivingchildrenwilleachreceiveoneofthequarters.Thesharescreatedonbehalfofthepredeceasedchildren,ArthurandBrenda,arepooledandthendividedprorataamongtheirchildren,Intestate’sgrandchildren.ThetwosharescreatedforthedescendantsofArthurandBrendatotalone-halfoftheestate.Therearethreedescendants,eachofwhomisequallyrelatedtoIntestate.Thus,eachgrandchildtakesone-thirdofone-halfoftheestate,orone-sixth.Underthisformofdistribution,allequallyrelatedheirsreceivethesameportionofIntestate’sestate(eachchildreceivesone-quarterandeachgrandchildreceivesone-sixth).Allpropertydividedamongthefirst-lineGrandparents,Second-LineCollaterals,andMoreDistantPropertyAllpropertydividedamongthefirst-lineGrandparents,Second-LineCollaterals,andMoreDistantPropertywillpasstothesemoreremoterelativesaccordingtothestate’sintestacylaw.Somestatescutoffinheritanceatapredeterminedlevel(e.g.,descendantsofgrandparents)whileotherstateslooktomoredistantrelativestolocateheirs(thelaughingEscheattoStateIfnoheirs,propertypassestostateTREATMENTOFVARIOUSTYPESOFAdoptedInheritanceRightsofAdoptedVis-à-visAdoptiveAdoptedchildwillinheritfromandthroughtheparentsbyadoptionandtheirkin.***Puttheadoptedkidintothefamilytree,justlikeabiologicalJurisdictionsvaryastowhethertheadoptedchildwillinheritfromthroughbiologicalInheritanceRightsofAdoptiveInheritanceRightsofBiologicalBiologicalparentsdonottakefromadoptedAdoptionbyEstoppel/EquitableAdoption(justlikecommonlawConductof“parent”makesitappearasifthatpersonhasadopteda“child”eventhoughaformaladoptionneveroccurred.If“parent”dieswithoutcompletingaformaladoption,somestatesallowthe“child”toinheritasachild.However,ifthe“child”dies,manystatesprohibitthe“parent”fromMoststatesmakenodistinctionbasedontheageofthechildattheMoststatesmakenodistinctionbasedontheageofthechildatthetimeNon-MaritalVis-à-visTreatedthesameinallVis-à-visManystatesimposeadditionalrequirementsonanon-maritalchildtofromafathersuchastodeterminationofpaternityorthefatheracknowledgingthechildashisown.Stepchildrenaregenerallynotincludedinintestatedistributions,unlesstriedtobeadoptionbyestoppelbystepparent.OnlyafewstatesprovideArelationshipwherecollateralrelativesshareonlyoneancestorinTreatment–onlyincaseswhenintestacyfromasibling;whenfromaparent,it’salwaysthesame.Jurisdictionsvaryastotheeffect.For?no?givethemhalf?cutthemoutifwhole-bloodedcollateralsofthesamedegreePosthumousChild[遺腹子Achildbornafterdeathofparent.JurisdictionsvaryastowhethertheywilltakethetimebywhichthechildneedstobeconceivedorUnworthyHeirs-HeirdidsomethingthatissoHeirKillingIfUnworthyHeirs-HeirdidsomethingthatissoHeirKillingIfheirmurderstheintestate,heircannottakeeitherbecauseofaslayerstatuteorthroughtheapplicationofconstructivetrusttopreventunjustenrichment.Courtsaredividedonhowtohandlelesserdegreesofkillingsuchasvoluntarymanslaughterandnegligence.Parent’sFailuretoSupportSomejurisdictionsdonotallowabiologicalparentortheparent’skintoinheritfromorthroughachildunlesstheparentcanprovethattheparentdeservestoinheritbyopenlytreatingthepersonasachildandnotrefusingtosupporttheAfewstateslimittheinheritancerightsofheirswhophysicallyorabusetheAfewstateslimittheinheritancerightsofaspousewhocommittedOTHERINTESTACYIrrevocablegiftintendedbythedonorasprepaymentofanProofofManystatesrequireawritingsignedeitherbydonorordonee.SomestatesalloworalIfadvanceewantstoshareintheestate,advanceemustaccountfortheadvancement,i.e.,gointohotchpot.ComputesharesasifadvancementwerestillinestatebasedeitherondateofgiftordateofdeathvaluedependingonstateNote:whatifparentsdiedonlywith$10,000,willAndrewberequiredtoreturnNote:whatifparentsdiedonlywith$10,000,willAndrewberequiredtoreturntheNo,advancementisNotethatwewilldiscussasimilarconceptforwillscalledMoststatesrequiretheheirtooutlivetheintestatebyasetperiodoftimetoAcommontimeperiod,basedontheUniformProbateCode,is120Ifthereisinsufficientevidencethattheheirsurvivedbythetimeperiod,theheiristreatedasiftheheirpredeceasedtheintestate.不能判斷死亡先后的，Anheir,willbeneficiary,lifeinsurancebeneficiary,survivingjointtenant,cannotbeforcedtoacceptaninheritanceorgiftunderaReasonstoWhywouldanheirorwillbeneficiaryforegofreeBurdensome—e.g.,afraidofliabilityifpropertycontainswastedump,taxonthepropertyexceedthevalueoftheTax—DisclaimedpropertyisnottreatedasagiftfromdisclaimanttotheeventualAvoidCreditors–Inmanystates,disclaimedpropertybereachedbytheTypicalRequirementsofInwriting—OraldisclaimerswillnotSignedbytheExample10. Parenthastwochildren,AndrewandBen.Parentmakesa$10,000advancementtoAndrewandthendieswitha$20,000estate.Fromtheestate,Andrewreceives$5,000ashealreadyhasthe$10,000Fromtheestate,Benreceives$AcknowledgedbeforeaFiledwiththeappropriatecourtwithin9monthfromdateofdeath.althoughsomestates(UPC)arelengtheningorremovingthetimeperiod..AcknowledgedbeforeaFiledwiththeappropriatecourtwithin9monthfromdateofdeath.althoughsomestates(UPC)arelengtheningorremovingthetimeperiod..Toolatetodisclaim,evenifthetimeperiodhasnotEffectof(1)DisclaimedPropertypassesasifDisclaimantThedisclaimedpropertypassesasifthedisclaimingheirhadpredeceasedthedecedent.Thedisclaimingpersoncannotdirecttherecipientofthe(2)DisclaimersareNegativeAfewstatespermitapersontodisinheritanheirwithoutleavingawillgivingpropertytosomeoneelse.Insomestates,thisisOK;insomestates,thisisnotallowed,theonlywaytoavoidintestacyistogiveawayallyourpropertyinawill. OnlywaytoavoidintestacyistoleaveavalidwilldisposingofallprobateMoststatesrequireexactcompliance,ratherthansubstantialcompliance,withallrequirements,althoughUniformProbateCodedoespermitcourttoexcuseminorerrorsusingasubstantialcompliance APPLICABLERealProperty–Lawofsitus=>theinterpretation,constructionapplicablePersonalProperty–Lawofdomicileofthetestatoratdeath=>theinterpretation,constructionapplicablelawTheSavingsIV.WILLMoststateswillconsiderawillvalidifitcompliesLocalLawWhereexecuted;MoststateswillconsiderawillvalidifitcompliesLocalLawWhereexecuted;LawofDecedent’sdomicileatDeathorwhenwillNotethattheserulesapplyonlytodeterminewhetherthewillisadmissibletoprobate.Oncethewillisadmittedtoprobate,locallawgovernsconstructionandapplicationofitsREQUIREMENTSOFAVALIDWILL—Thefirststepwhenconfrontedwithawillorcodicil(anamendmenttowill)isdeterminewhetheritisLegalTestamentaryCapacity—SoundTestamentaryDependsontypeofAttestedHolographic[entirelyintestator’sownNuncupativeLEGALTypically,18yearsoldorolderbutsomestatesrecognizeothermethodsofhavinglegalcapacity,e.g.,beingmarriedorbeinginmilitaryevenunder18yearsold.***Inyouranswer,yousay:normallyundertheageof18,theycannotmakeabuttheremightbesomestateslawwillallowunder18-year-oldunderspecialcircumstancessuchasmarried,inmilitary,havedisabilitiesofminorityremoved.TESTAMENTARYCAPACITY—SOUNDUnderstandtheMustunderstandthebusinessinwhichthetestatorisengaged,e.g.,UnderstandtheMustunderstandthebusinessinwhichthetestatorisengaged,e.g.,makingComprehendEffectoftheMustunderstandtheeffectofactinmakingthewill,e.g.,disposingpropertywhenIdie,itsaysthatmystuffgoeswhenIgo.KnowGeneralNatureandExtentofMustunderstandthegeneralnatureandextentofproperty;exactknowledgenotRecognizeNaturalObjectsofBounty(familyMustknowfamilysituationandtheclaimsagainsthim,e.g.,knowwhoandchildrenSimultaneouslyHoldElementsinMustbeabletodoabovefourthingsatsametimetoseetheirrelationshipeachotherandtoformareasonablejudgmentastoTestamentaryCapacityMentallychallengedindividualscanmakeawillaslongastheymeetfiveTestamentarycapacityisalowerstandardthancontractualAdjudicationofincapacityraisesarebuttablepresumptionoflacktestamentaryApersonadjudicatedincompetentmaybeabletoexecuteawillduring“l(fā)ucidinterval.”間Sanepersonmaylackcapacityattimes,e.g.,underinfluenceofintoxicatingsubstancesordisorientatedbecauseofaccidentormedical TESTAMENTARYTestatormustintendtheveryinstrumentexecutedtobetheFORMALITIES–ATTESTEDORFORMALInWriting,butthereisnoindicationonwhatthewillshouldbewrittenwithoron.E.g.,awillcouldbewritteninFORMALITIES–ATTESTEDORFORMALInWriting,butthereisnoindicationonwhatthewillshouldbewrittenwithoron.E.g.,awillcouldbewritteninpencil,atattoo,writtenwithkeyscratchingontractor.SignedbyTestatororAsignatureisanymarkmadewithpresentintenttoauthenticatetheProxysignaturesoftenallowed(1)inthetestator’spresence,(2)bythetestator’sMoststatesdonotmandatethelocationofthetestator’ssignature;somestatesrequirethetestator’ssignatureattheendofthedocument,othersdonot.StatesvaryregardingwhetherthewitnessesmustseethetestatorsignorthetestatoracknowledgeapriorUsually,thewilldoesnotneedtobedated,but,ofcourse,itshouldAttestationAtleastCredible—abletotestifyinAge—Somestatesimposeaminimumage,somestatesPublication—InformingWitnessesThatDocumentisaStatesvaryregardingwhetherthewitnessesmustknowtheyarewitnessingExample12. Initials,nicknames,illegiblesignatures,rubberstamp,and“X,”andPrince’ssymbolcouldbevalidsignaturesifthepersonhadtheintentforthatsignatureormarktoauthenticatethewill.Example11. Decedentwrites,dates,andsignsalettertohissisterstating,“Iamgoingtowriteawillleavingmyjewelrytoyou.”O(jiān)r,Decedentwritesalettertoherattorney,“Pleasewriteawillformeleavingeverythingtomybrother,Bill.”Arethesewills?Probablynot,becausedecedentdidnotintendtheletterstoactuallybewills.NostaterequiresthewitnessestoknowthecontentsofNostaterequiresthewitnessestoknowthecontentsofthewill,justknowITISAWILLinsomestates.RamificationsofUsinganInterestedPurgingStatute:Manystates(butnotall)partiallyortotallyvoidgiftstointerestedwitnesses.=>Andnowsincetheyarenotbeneficiary(voidgiftstointerestedwitnesses),theyaredisinterestedwitness.***Remember,youaregoingtospotthatthismightbeanissueandmaketheWitnessingTypicallyMustOccurinTestator’s“Conscious”Witnessesmustattestintheconsciouspresenceofthetestator,i.e.,wherethetestatorisabletoseeitfromhisorheractualpositionatthetime,oratmost,fromsuchpositionasslightlyaltered,whereheorshehasthepowerreadilytomakethealterationwithoutPresencedoesnotmeansight;thetestatorneednotseethewitnessesInmoststates,thewitnessesdonotneedtoattestineachother’s(i.e.,theydon’thavetobethereAttestationNotrequiredbutmayactprimafacieevidencethatwillSelf-ProvingDefinition—testatorandwitnessesswearunderoaththattherequirementsforavalidwillweresatisfied(Doingthisdoesnotmakethewillstrongerorbetter,whatitdoesistomaketheprobatefaster,easierandPurpose/Function—probatewillwithoutbringingtoInuncontestedcases,theSPAremovestherequirementthatthewitnessescomeintocourtandthusprobateisfasterandcheaper.Commonpracticetousewithallwillsbecauseoftenhardtofindwitnessesastheydie,areunavailable,don’tremember,(3)MaybeseparatedocumentorcombinedwithwillonJurisdictionsvaryastowhethertheself-provingaffidavitis(1)aseparatedocumentexecutedafter(3)MaybeseparatedocumentorcombinedwithwillonJurisdictionsvaryastowhethertheself-provingaffidavitis(1)aseparatedocumentexecutedafterthewill(twosetsofsignatures)or(2)whetheritcanbeincorporatedintothewillitself(onesetofManystatesauthorizebothSomestatesallownotarizationtosubstitutefortheattestationofFORMALITIES–HOLOGRAPHICDefinition—willintestator’sStatesvaryregardinghowmuchmaterialmaybenon-holographicbeforethewilllongerqualifiesasWitnessesNotRequiredinAboutOne-HalfofInaboutone-halfofthestates,holographicwillsdonotneedNUNCUPATIVEORORALRecognizedinafewstatesunderverylimitedcircumstances,e.g.,forpersonalpropertytestatorwasinlastsicknessatthetimethewordswerespokenorifthetestatorwasintheCLASSIFICATIONOFTESTAMENTARYMustknowhowtoclassifygiftsasruleswewilllearnlateroftendependontypeofBasedonTypeofDevise—giftofrealRecipientofadeviseisaBequest—giftofpersonal EXECUTIONANDTESTATOR’SDEATH(1)SpecificBequest—distinguishablefromrestoftestator’sestatetimeof(1)SpecificBequest—distinguishablefromrestoftestator’sestatetimeofwill(2)SpecificBequestofaGeneralNature—notdistinguishablerestoftestator’sestateuntilLegacy—giftofpersonalpropertynotsufficientlydescribedtobeRecipientiscalledaThemostcommonlegacyisagiftofmoney(sometimesit’scorporate(1)General(2)DemonstrativeLegacy—giftofasumofmoneypayableoutofadesignatedfund.Ifdesignatedfundisinsufficient,balancewillusuallybepaidotherassetsoftheResiduaryGift—remainderoftheSometestatorsusetheresiduaryforthe“forgotten”itemswhichwerenotdealtwithearlierinthewill.Ontheotherhand,sometestatorsusetheresiduaryasthemaindispositionoftheirBasedonTypeofCharitableExample16. “Ileave$10,000toWalterBishopfrommyaccountatSuperiorStateExample “Ileave$10,000toWalterExample “IleavemycomputertoWalterExample13. “IleavemySonycomputerModelVGN-FZ250Ewithaserialnumberof458779027578toWalterBishop.”AdemptionofspecificgiftsbyAdemption:thefailureofagiftbecausetheAdemptionofspecificgiftsbyAdemption:thefailureofagiftbecausethepropertyisnolongerinthetestator’sestateatthetimeofherdeath.GeneralRule–GiftGiftadeemsaccordingtotheidentityrule.Beneficiarywillnottakeasubstitutenorthevalueofthegift.NotracingintoproceedseveniftheyareProceedsfromaSalebyaGuardianorConservator(majorityThebeneficiaryiftheproceedsareReplacementTestatorreplacedgifteditemwithanothersimilaritemasinthecomputerexampleabove(Thisisaminorityrule,onlysomestateswouldgivethereplacementBalanceofPurchaseTestatorsoldgifteditem,andpurchaserstillowesthetestatormoney—moneygoestobeneficiary(alsominorityProceedsofCondemnationorreceiveproceeds（收益）fromspecificallygivenExample18.Tillieexecutedawillthatprovided:“IdevisemySyracusefarmlandstomysonSkipper,andmyresiduaryestatetomydaughterDaisy.”Twoyearslater,TilliesellsallofherSyracusefarmlandsfor$100,000cashanda$900,000notethatissecuredbyamortgageonthefarmlands.Tilliediedsixmonthslater,survivedbySkipperandDaisy.Skipperreceivesnothing.TilliedidnotownthefarmlandsupondeathandSkippercannottraceintothenote.Example17. Testator’swillprovides,“IleavemySonycomputerModelVGN-FZ250Ewithaserialnumberof458779027578toWalterBishop.”Afterexecutingthewill,TestatorsellsthiscomputerandbuysanewSonycomputer.Thebeneficiarywillreceivenothing;thegiftadeems.Beneficiarygetsanycondemnationorinsuranceproceedsongifteditems(orgetsanimminentdomainifthegovernmentgetstheproperty).Beneficiarygetsanycondemnationorinsuranceproceedsongifteditems(orgetsanimminentdomainifthegovernmentgetstheproperty).ADEMPTIONBYBeneficiaryReceivedGiftedPropertyBeforeTestator’sAtestamentarygiftunderthewillisgivenintervivostothebeneficiarybytestatorbetweenthetimeofwillexecutionandthetimeofdeath;aprepayment.AnalogoustoadvancementinintestacyProofofManystatesrequireawritingorspecificinstructionsinthewillbeforegiftisaSatisfactionIssuesAriseMoreOftenwithMoneyThanSpecificCHANGESINVALUEOFTESTATOR’SSpecificAppreciationanddepreciationofspecificallygiftedpropertybetweenw