四級英語語法

四級英語語法1.PartsofSpeech(詞類)

InEnglish,wordscanbeclassifiedintodifferentpartsofspeechbasedontheirfunctionsandmeanings.Themainpartsofspeechincludenouns,pronouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctions,andinterjections.

1.1Nouns(名詞)

Nounsarewordsthatrepresentpeople,places,things,orideas.Theycanbesingularorplural,andcanbecategorizedascommonnouns,propernouns,collectivenouns,orabstractnouns.

-Commonnouns:Examplesincludedog,cat,book,andtable.

-Propernouns:ExamplesincludeJohn,London,HarryPotter,andTheGreatWall.

-Collectivenouns:Examplesincludefamily,team,flock,andherd.

-Abstractnouns:Examplesincludehappiness,love,freedom,andcourage.

1.2Pronouns(代詞)

Pronounsarewordsusedtoreplacenounsinordertoavoidrepetition.Theycanbepersonalpronouns,possessivepronouns,reflexivepronouns,demonstrativepronouns,relativepronouns,orinterrogativepronouns.

-Personalpronouns:ExamplesincludeI,you,he,she,it,we,andthey.

-Possessivepronouns:Examplesincludemine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,andtheirs.

-Reflexivepronouns:Examplesincludemyself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,andthemselves.

-Demonstrativepronouns:Examplesincludethis,that,these,andthose.

-Relativepronouns:Examplesincludewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.

-Interrogativepronouns:Examplesincludewho,whom,whose,which,andwhat.

1.3Verbs(動詞)

Verbsarewordsthatexpressactions,occurrences,orstatesofbeing.Theycanbecategorizedasactionverbs,linkingverbs,auxiliaryverbs,ormodalverbs.

-Actionverbs:Examplesincluderun,eat,write,andsing.

-Linkingverbs:Examplesincludebe,seem,become,andappear.

-Auxiliaryverbs:Examplesincludedo,have,andbe.

-Modalverbs:Examplesincludecan,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,must,andoughtto.

1.4Adjectives(形容詞)

Adjectivesarewordsusedtodescribeormodifynounsorpronouns.Theycanbecategorizedasdescriptiveadjectives,limitingadjectives,comparativeadjectives,orsuperlativeadjectives.

-Descriptiveadjectives:Examplesincludebeautiful,tall,happy,anddelicious.

-Limitingadjectives:Examplesincludea,an,the,this,that,these,andthose.

-Comparativeadjectives:Examplesincludetaller,morebeautiful,happier,andlesscrowded.

-Superlativeadjectives:Examplesincludetallest,mostbeautiful,happiest,andleastcrowded.

1.5Adverbs(副詞)

Adverbsarewordsusedtodescribeormodifyverbs,adjectives,orotheradverbs.Theyoftenanswerthequestionsofhow,when,where,why,ortowhatextent.

-Examplesincludequickly,slowly,carefully,always,never,here,there,andwhy.

1.6Prepositions(介詞)

Prepositionsarewordsorgroupsofwordsusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweennounsorpronounsandotherwordsinasentence.Theyoftenindicatelocation,time,direction,ormanner.

-Examplesincludein,on,at,by,with,from,to,through,andfor.

1.7Conjunctions(連詞)

Conjunctionsarewordsusedtoconnectwords,phrases,orclauses.Theycanbecategorizedascoordinatingconjunctions,subordinatingconjunctions,orcorrelativeconjunctions.

-Coordinatingconjunctions:Examplesincludeand,but,or,nor,for,yet,andso.

-Subordinatingconjunctions:Examplesincludebecause,although,while,when,andif.

-Correlativeconjunctions:Examplesincludeeither...or,neither...nor,both...and,notonly...butalso.

1.8Interjections(感嘆詞)

Interjectionsarewordsorphrasesusedtoexpressstrongfeelingsoremotions.Theyareoftenfollowedbyexclamationmarks.

-Examplesincludewow,oh,ouch,hurrah,oops,andyikes.

2.SentenceStructure(句子結構)

UnderstandingsentencestructureisessentialforconstructinggrammaticallycorrectsentencesinEnglish.Abasicsentencestructureconsistsofasubject,averb,andanobject.

-Subject:Thesubjectisthepartofthesentencethatperformstheactionorisbeingdescribed.

-Verb:Theverbistheactionorstateofbeinginasentence.

-Object:Theobjectisthenounorpronounthatreceivestheactionoftheverb.

Forexample:

-Thecat(subject)ischasing(verb)themouse(object).

Sentencescanalsobeclassifiedbasedontheirstructures:simplesentences,compoundsentences,complexsentences,orcompound-complexsentences.

-Simplesentences:Theseconsistofoneindependentclauseandexpressacompletethought.

(e.g.,Iliketoread.)

-Compoundsentences:Theseconsistoftwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction.

(e.g.,Iliketoread,andshelikestodance.)

-Complexsentences:Theseconsistofoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.

(e.g.,Iwillgotothestoreifitstopsraining.)

-Compound-complexsentences:Theseconsistofmultipleindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.

(e.g.,Iwillgotothestoreifitstopsraining,andIneedtobuysomegroceries.)

3.Subject-VerbAgreement(主謂一致)

Subject-verbagreementreferstotheagreementinnumberbetweenthesubjectandtheverbinasentence.InEnglish,theverbmustagreewiththesubjectintermsofwhetheritissingularorplural.

-Singularsubjectstakesingularverbs.

(e.g.,Thedogbarksloudly.)

-Pluralsubjectstakepluralverbs.

(e.g.,Thedogsbarkloudly.)

However,therearesomeexceptionstothisrule,suchas:

-Indefinitepronouns:Someindefinitepronouns,likeeveryone,everybody,someone,andsomebody,arealwayssingularandtakesingularverbs.

(e.g.,Everyoneenjoysagoodmovie.)

-Collectivenouns:Collectivenouns,suchasteam,family,orgroup,canbetreatedassingularorpluraldependingonthecontext.

(e.g.,Theteamispracticing.vs.Theteamarearguing.)

4.VerbTenses(動詞時態(tài))

Verbtensesindicatethetimeatwhichanactionoreventtakesplace.TherearethreemainverbtensesinEnglish:present,past,andfuture.Eachtensecanbefurtherdividedintodifferentforms.

4.1PresentTenses

-Simplepresent:Usedtoexpresshabitualactionsorgeneraltruths.

(e.g.,Shewalkstoworkeveryday.)

-Presentprogressive:Usedforactionshappeningatthetimeofspeakingorfutureplans.

(e.g.,Iamstudyingformyexam.)

-Presentperfect:Usedtotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedbeforethepresentmoment.

(e.g.,Theyhavealreadyseenthatmovie.)

4.2PastTenses

-Simplepast:Usedtotalkaboutcompletedactionsoreventsinthepast.

(e.g.,Heplayedsocceryesterday.)

-Pastprogressive:Usedtodescribeactionsthatwereinprogressinthepast.

(e.g.,ShewascookingdinnerwhenIarrived.)

-Pastperfect:Usedtotalkaboutactionsoreventsthathappenedbeforeanotheractionoreventinthepast.

(e.g.,TheyhadalreadyleftwhenIarrived.)

4.3FutureTenses

-Simplefuture:Usedtoexpressactionsoreventsthatwillhappeninthefuture.

(e.g.,Wewillgotothepartytomorrow.)

-Futureprogressive:Usedtodescribeongoingactionsoreventsthatwillhappeninthefuture.

(e.g.,Iwillbestudyingformyexamthistimenextweek.)

-Futureperfect:Usedtotalkaboutactionsoreventsthatwillbecompletedbeforeaspecifiedtimeinthefuture.

(e.g.,Bythistimenextyear,shewillhavegraduated.)

5.ModalVerbs(情態(tài)動詞)

Modalverbsareauxiliaryverbsthatareusedtoexpresspossibility,necessity,permission,ability,oradvice.Theyincludecan,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should,must,andoughtto.

Modalverbshavesomespecialcharacteristics:

-Theydonothavean-sforminthethirdpersonsingular.

(e.g.,Hecandrive.vs.Hecansdrive-incorrect)

-Theyarefollowedbythebaseformofthemainverbwithout"to."

(e.g.,Shemuststudy.vs.Shemuststostudy-incorrect)

-Theydonotuse"do"toformquestionsornegatives.

(e.g.,Canyouswim?vs.Doyoucanswim?-incorrect)

Modalv