英語語言學(xué)習(xí)題與答案

Chapter1

IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

__________A.contact

B.communication

C.relation

D.community2.

Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary

A.tree

B.typewriter

C.crash

D.bang3.

Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is

__________.

A.interrogative

B.directive

C.informative

D.performative4.

InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform

A.Interpersonal

B.Emotive

C.Performative

D.Recreational5.

Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation

A.Transferability

B.Duality

C.Displacement

D.Arbitrariness6.

Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage

—Aniceday,isn’tit

—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.Emotive

B.Phatic

C.Performative

D.Interpersonal7.

__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s

knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.Performance

B.Competence

C.Langue

D.Parole8.

Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmission

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.duality9.

__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.Psycholinguistics

linguisticsC.Sociolinguistics

D.Appliedlinguistics10.

__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.Linguistictheory

B.Practicallinguistics

C.Appliedlinguistics

D.ComparativelinguisticsII.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.12.

Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.13.

Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.14.

Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.15.

Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16.

Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17.

F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18.

AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.19.

Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.20.

Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.III.

Fillintheblanks.(10%)21.

Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.22.

Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.23.

Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.24.

Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.

Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.26.

Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.27.

Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.28.

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.29.

Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30.

LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.

Designfeature32.

Displacement33.

Competence34.

SynchroniclinguisticsV.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.

WhydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageCanyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature（南開大學(xué)，2004）36.

Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage（北京第二外國(guó)語大學(xué)，2004）VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.

Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）Key:[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.1~5BACCC

6~10BACACII.11~15FFTFF

16~20FFFFFIII.21.verbal

22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction

24.yo-he-ho25.scientific

26.descriptive27.speech

28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue

30.competenceIV.31.

Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.32.

Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.

Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.34.

Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.

Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2

SpeechSoundsI.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.

Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonation

B.tone

C.pronunciation

D.voice2.

Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).

A.allophone

B.phone

C.phoneme

D.morpheme3.

Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues

B.tagmemes

C.morphemes

D.allophones4.

Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas

__________.

A.glottis

B.vocalcavity

C.pharynx

D.uvula5.

Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

A.wide

B.closing

C.narrow

D.centering6.

Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

A.minimalpairs

B.allomorphs

C.phones

D.allophones7.

Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds

A.Acousticphonetics

B.Articulatoryphonetics

C.Auditoryphonetics

D.Noneoftheabove8.

Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation

A.[n]

B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[p]9.

Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels

A.[i:]

B.[u]

C.[e]

D.[i]10.

Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating

A.Voiceless

B.Voiced

C.Glottalstop

D.ConsonantII.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.

Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.12.

Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.13.

Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.14.

[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.15.

Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.16.

Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.17.

Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.18.

Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.19.

ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.20.

Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.

Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.22.

Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.23.

Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.24.

Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.25.

Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.26.

Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.27.

InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.28.

__________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.29.

__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.30.

Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.

Soundassimilation32.

Suprasegmentalfeature33.

Complementarydistribution34.

DistinctivefeaturesV.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.

Whatisacousticphonetics（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)，2003）36.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation（南開大學(xué)，2004）VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.

Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）

(1)

voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop

(2)

lowfrontvowel

(3)

lateralliquid

(4)

velarnasal

(5)

voicedinterdentalfricative答案I.1~5

ACDAA

6~10DBABBII.11~15TTTFF

16~20TTTFFIII.21.voiced,voiceless,voiced

22.friction23.tongue

24.height25.obstruction

26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs

28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes

30.airstreamIV.31.

Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.32.

Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.33.

Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.34.

Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.V.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.36.

Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexiconI.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.

Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.

A.lexicalwords

B.grammaticalwords

C.functionwords

D.formwords2.

Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.

A.inflectional

B.free

C.bound

D.derivational3.

Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.

A.three

B.four

C.five

D.six4.

InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.

A.prefixes

B.suffixes

C.infixes

D.stems5.

Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.

A.derivationalaffix

B.inflectionalaffix

C.infix

D.back-formation6.

__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

A.affixation

B.back-formation

C.insertion

D.addition7.

ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.

A.acronymy

B.clipping

C.initialism

D.blending8.

Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.

A.blending

B.clipping

C.back-formation

D.acronymy9.

Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.

A.agreement

B.agree

C.disagree

D.disagreement10.

Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.

A.lexeme

B.phoneme

C.morpheme

D.allomorphII.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.

Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.12.

Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.13.

Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.14.

Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.15.

Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.16.

Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.17.

Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.18.

Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.19.

Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.20.

Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.

An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.22.

Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.23.

Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.24.

Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.25.

Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.26.

__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.27.

__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.28.

Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.29.

Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.30.

Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.

Blending32.

Allomorph33.

Closed-classword34.

MorphologicalruleV.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.

HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguageWhatarethey（廈門大學(xué)，2003）36.

WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompoundsVI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.

MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004）

I

II(1)

acronym

a.

foe(2)

freemorpheme

b.

subconscious(3)

derivationalmorpheme

c.

UNESCO(4)

inflectionalmorpheme

d.

overwhelmed(5)

prefix

e.

calculationKey:I.1~5

AACBB

6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT

16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym

22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open

24.morpheme25.close,open

26.back-formation27.conversion

28.morpheme29.derivative,compound

30.affix,boundrootIV.31.

Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)32.

Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.33.

Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.34.

Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c

(2)a

(3)e

(4)d

(5)bChapter4

SyntaxI.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.

Thesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinear

B.onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite3.

The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational4.

Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati?calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical5.

A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator6.

Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional7.

Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.alloftheabove.8.

Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.

A.thecity

B.Rome

C.city

D.thecityRome9.

Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.

A.endocentric

B.exocentric

C.subordinate

D.coordinate10.

Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.

A.simple

B.coordinate

C.compound

D.complexII.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.12.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.13.

Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.14.

Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.15.

Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.16.

InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.17.

InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.18.

Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.19.

Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.20.

Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)21.

A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.22.

A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.23.

A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.24.

Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.25.

A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.26.

Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.27.

Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.28.

__________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.29.

__________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway

oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnatural

languages.30.

Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.

Syntax32.

ICanalysis33.

Hierarchicalstructure34.

TracetheoryV.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.

Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction（武漢大學(xué)，2004）36.

Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.（北京第二外國(guó)語大學(xué)，2004）VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.

DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:

Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:I.1~5DCDDD

6~10ADDBAII.11~15TTTTF

16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple

22.sentence23.subject

24.predicate25.complex