2023年新高考英語壓軸題訓(xùn)練 03 閱讀理解之說明文（原卷版）

壓軸題03閱讀理解之說明文

說明文是對事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過解說事物或闡明事

理，達(dá)到教人以知識的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時間、空間、從現(xiàn)象

到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說明。

說明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡練、語言準(zhǔn)確、明了，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點(diǎn)在

于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五

年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們

比較關(guān)心的社會問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說

明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對詞

匯和句式的掌握。

說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交

替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%?不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語

篇，例如，下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號（如破折號、冒號都有表示解

釋和說明）等。

1.首尾處

高考中的閱讀理解尤其是說明文和議論文，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次都非常規(guī)范，邏輯性都很強(qiáng)，這類文章的

首尾段經(jīng)常是文章的主旨要義，而每段的首尾句經(jīng)常又是該段落的主題句。正因如此這些地方也就理所當(dāng)

然地成為了命題的重點(diǎn)所在。

2.轉(zhuǎn)折處

文章中的轉(zhuǎn)折處經(jīng)常是體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)或文章主題的地方，考生看到這些地方要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注并做上標(biāo)記，

以便做題時查找。常見的轉(zhuǎn)折詞語有：but,however,yet,still,infact,asamatteroffact,onthecontrary等。

3.對比處

文章中作者經(jīng)常將兩個事物、事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對比，以論證自己觀點(diǎn)的正確性，而命題者常將針對雙

方的屬性進(jìn)行設(shè)題，此類試題多是推理判斷題。常見的表示對比的標(biāo)志性詞語有：unlike,bycontrast,（be）

comparedwith,incomparison等。

4.舉例處

一般情況下在議論文和說明文中，作者都會通過例證的方式來說明某事物的功能作用或論證某種觀點(diǎn),

這些地方通常是設(shè)題的熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域?？忌斡浺话闩e例的前后處即為該例子的論點(diǎn)，找到了論點(diǎn)也就找到

了根源，做題也就有了依據(jù)。常見的標(biāo)志性詞語有：like,suchas,forexample,forinstance,take...asan

example等。

5.因果處

因果關(guān)系闡明了兩事物的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，是作者進(jìn)行分析或得出結(jié)論的地方。正因如此，命題者對這些地

方非常青睞，通常命題者會將因果顛倒去迷惑考生。常見的詞語有：because,for,since,as,so,thus,therefore,

consequently,cause,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,asaresult(of),resultin/from,leadto等。需要注意的是，有

時候文章中雖未出現(xiàn)表示因果關(guān)系的詞語，但在邏輯上存在此種關(guān)系，此時考生就要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況去進(jìn)行

推理判斷，理清邏輯。

6.特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)處

文章的特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號處通常是作者表達(dá)特殊意圖的地方，也是命題者經(jīng)常設(shè)題處。因此，考生要對下

列特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號格外留心：①破折號，其后的內(nèi)容通常為對前面內(nèi)容的解釋說明或補(bǔ)充，用來表明此處信

息至關(guān)重要。但兩個破折號的作用通常為插入語，一般不會是重點(diǎn)信息所在；②冒號，主要用來對前面內(nèi)

容進(jìn)行解釋或總結(jié)。一般情況下，出現(xiàn)冒號考生重點(diǎn)關(guān)注冒號后的內(nèi)容即可；③括號，考生需要注意的是

英文中的括號不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳過，但英文必須要認(rèn)真閱讀。因?yàn)橛⑽睦ㄌ柪锏膬?nèi)容通常用

來解釋或強(qiáng)調(diào)括號前的內(nèi)容，是重點(diǎn)信息所在處。

7.結(jié)論處

當(dāng)文章中出現(xiàn)theresearch/studyindicates,thereportsuggests等結(jié)論性表達(dá)時，考生要格外注意。因?yàn)?/p>

命題者通常不考查實(shí)驗(yàn)或研究的過程，卻關(guān)注其結(jié)果或結(jié)論，而這些地方恰恰是表達(dá)結(jié)果或結(jié)論的所在。

8.觀點(diǎn)處

文章的作者及文章中提到的相關(guān)人員對某人或事物表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度通常會是命題的重點(diǎn)區(qū)域。做題時

要注意doubt,appreciate,hate,beaga?nst/for,infavorof等詞語。

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I壓軸題通噴

(2023?黑龍江哈爾濱?哈爾濱三中校考一模)TheLostCity,Atlantisisamagnificentandancientcitylying

beneaththewavesofthesea.Doesthissoundlikeafairytaletoyou?Manypeoplehavetriedandfailedtofindit.

MichaelHubnerfromGermanythoughthehad.Letuslearnmoreaboutthisfascinatingcity.

TheGreekphilosopherPlato,wholivedinthe4thcenturyBC,mentionedAtlantisindetailinhiswritings.

HesaidthatAtlantiswasacitybuiltonanislandaround9,000yearsbeforehistime.Atlantisbecameapowerful

nationthatplannedtoconquerallothercountries.However,itdisappearedsuddenlybeneaththeseaintothe

AtlanticOceanbecauseOfearthquakesandfloods.Platogave51cluestoitslocation.Hedescribedthecityhaving

anislandatthecenterandbeingsurroundedbyringsofwaterandland.Healsosaidhowfarthecitywasfrom

AthensinGreece.

ManyexplorershadtriedandfailedtofindAtlantisunderthesea.Theyhadbeenlookingunderthesea

becauseofwhatPlatowroteaboutit.AGermancomputerexpertcalledMichaelHubnercameupwiththetheory

thatAtlantiswasnotatthebottomoftheocean.HethoughtthatAtlantishadbeendestroyedbyatsunamiwave.

Thestrongforceofthewavewouldhavecausedtheendoftheoncegreatcity.

MichaelHubnerlookedatallofPlato,scluesagain.Heusedacomputerprogramtoenteralltheinformation

thatPlatowroteabout.Thecomputerprogramwouldcheckonamapoftheworldforaplacethatmatchedallthe

clues.InthiswayMichaelHubnerwasabletofindtheplacethatAtlantismighthavebeen.Thecomputerprogram

pointedtoaplaceontheMoroccancoastinAfrica,whichwascalledtheSouss-massaplain.MichaelHubner

immediatelyboardedaplanetolookforhimself.Whenhegotthere,hewassurprisedtoseemanythingsthat

matchedPlato,sdescription.Therewasasmallmoundinthecentreoftheplainandcirculardryriverbeds.Itwas

alsoveryclosetothedistancethatPlatohaddescribed.

Weknowthatatsunamicanoccurifthereisanearthquake.TheareaoftheSouss-Massaplainhashadmany

earthquakesoveryears.MichaelHubner,stheoιythatamassivetsunamihadflattenedthecityisnotimpossible.

Thiswouldexplainwhyitdisappearedsosuddenly.

EventhoughMichaelHubnerbelievedthathehadfoundthesiteofAtlantis,manyexpertsdisagreed.Some

scholarshavesuggestedthatPlatomighthavebeenwritingaboutCreteandtheneighbouringislandofSantorini,

whichwasbadlydestroyedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC.Othersfeelhemadeupthestoryandbasediton

oldlegends.MichaelHubnerbelievedPlato.HeusedhistimeandenergytoprovetohimselfthatAtlantisexisted

andstoodproudlyalongtheMoroccancoast.

1.WhichonefitsPlato'sdescriptionofAtlantis?

A.Atlantiswasstruckbyearthquakesandfloods.

B.AtlantiswasfarawayfromthecityAthensinGreece.

C.Atlantiswasacitybuiltonanislandabout9,000yearsBC.

D.Atlantisdisappearedbecauseitwasconqueredbymorepowerfulcountries.

2.WhydidMichaelHubnergototheSouss-massaplain?

A.Toexploreatsunamiwave.

B.Toproveheisancomputerexpert.

C.ToexplorethepossiblesiteofAtlantis.

D.ToproveAtlantiswasdestroyedbyfloods.

3.Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardsMichaelHubner,stheory?

A.Doubtful.B.Opposed.C.Critical.D.Objective.

4.Whatcanbelearnedfromthetext?

A.Thelostcityprovedtobemerelyalegend.

B.MichaelHubnerwascompletelyagainstPlato,sidea.

C.LotsofexpertsstillquestionedMichaelHubncr,stheory.

D.Atlantiswasseverelyaffectedbyavolcaniceruptionin1600BC.

（2023?河北唐山?統(tǒng)考一模）SchoolsintheUSandelsewhereareannouncingbansontherecentlyreleased

AI一poweredChatGPToutoffearthatstudentscouldusethetechnologytocompletetheirassignments.

However,bansmaybepracticallyimpossiblegivenhowdifficultitistodetectwhentextiscomposedby

ChatGPT.Isitinsteadtimetorethinkhowstudentsaretaughtandevaluated?

EducatorsarestartingtoquestionwhatitmeanstoassessstudentlearningifanAIcanwriteanessayor

papersimilarto,orevenbetterthan,astudentwould-andtheteachercan,ttellthedifference.Manyteachers

believethetime-honoredlearningtraditionwillbedestroyedfromthegroundupbyChatGPT.TheLosAngeles

UnifiedSchoolDistrictinCaliforniafirstblockedtheuseofChatGPTonnetworksanddevicesinDecember

2022.

However,removingtechnologyfromtheclassroomcanmeanundesirableconsequences,suchascreating

moreobstaclesforstudentswithdisabilities,saysTrust.Additionally,restrictingtheuseofChatGPTonschool

networksanddevicescan,tstopstudentsfromusingChatGPTathomeandinlibraries.

Itisalsounclearifanti-cheatingsoftwarecanreliablydetectAi-assistedwriting.OpenAIisworkingto

developadigitalwatermarkthatcanhelpteachersandacademicsspotstudentswhoareusingChatGPTtowrite

essays.OpenAI,sattemptstowatermarkAItext,however,hitlimits.

Insteadofwoπ,yingabouthowChatGPTcouldenablecheating,educatorsshouldaskwhatmotivates

studentstocheatinthefirstplaceandworkondevelopingrelationshipsoftrust,saysJesseStommelatthe

UniversityofDenverinColorado.

“TalktostudentsreallyfranklyaboutwhatChatGPT,sC叩ableof,whatit,snot,^^saysStommcl.??Have

studentsuseittowriteanessayaboutJaneAustenandgenderdynamics,andthenhavethemreadthatessayand

peerreviewitandthinkaboutwhatChatGPTgetsrightandwrong.”

5.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestschoolsdo?

A.Adjustteachingandassessment.

B.Meetdifferentdemandsfromstudents.

C.ProhibittheuseofChatGPTinclassrooms.

D.Breakwiththetraditionalteachingmethod.

6.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?

A.DarkfutureofChatGPT.B.Educators,worryingconcern.

C.Crisisoftraditionallearning.D.DifficultyintellingAΓswriting.

7.Whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardOpenAΓswatermarktechnology?

A.Amused.B.Hopeful.C.Shocked.D.Doubtful.

8.WhatcanbeinferredfromJesseStommel?

A.AIhelpsstudentstellrightandwrong.

B.Studentsshouldwriteaboutfamouswriters.

C.EducatorsshouldguidestudentstouseAIproperly.

D.Thetrustbetweenteachersandstudentsishardtoform.

（2023?江蘇?統(tǒng)考二模）WhenshefirstcametoBritainasarefugee（難民）fromNigeriasixyearsago,Kemi

hadathree-month-olddaughter,aroominasharedhouseand￡5.39tosurviveoneachday.Findingmoneyfor

newclotheswasoutofthequestion.

Afterfouryears,Kemiwasgranted（給與）refugeestatusandsecuredherfirstjobinterview一

unsurprisingly,shehadnothingtowear.However,shewasreferredtoasmallsocialenterprisecalledGiveYour

Best,whichaskedherhersizeandwhatkindofclothessheliked.??Andtheygavemethreebeautifulshirts.Those

clotheswerelikegoldtome.TheyaskedmewhatIactuallywanted.Thatmakesyoufeelvalued.^^

TheinitiativewaslaunchedbySolEscobar,whohadspentseveralyearsvolunteeringatrefugeecampsin

northernFrance.Afriendputherincontactwithahouseholdofrefugeewomenwhocouldn,taccessanyclothing.

Escobarrealisedshehadsurplus（剩余）clothesshecoulddonate,andappealedtoherfriendsandnetworksfor

help.Shewasfloodedwithoffers,butdidn,twanttooverloadthewomenwithpotentiallyimproperclothing.??So

Ithought,ifItakephotosofalloftheseitemsandputthemonanInstagrampage,theycanallchoosethethings

thattheyactuallywant.”

Eighteenmonthslater,GiveYourBesthasprocessedalmost11,000itemsofclothing,andhasmorethan800

refugeewomenapprovedto"shop"forfreeonitsvirtualshopfront.Itisaimingformuchmore,however.Having

reachedtheverylimitofdonationsandrequestsitcouldhandlethroughInstagram,theenterprisehasjust

launchedanewdigitalplatformthatwillallowittohugelyupscale.

Likethehugelysuccessfulclothingresaleapp,clothesarephotographedanduploadedtoGiveYourBest,

wherecustomersselectthosetheylikeanddonorsthenposttheitem.Crucially,however,nomoneychanges

hands.

Aswellasgivingchoicetoitsusersandminimisingfashionwaste,Escobarsaysoneconsequencehasbeen

thesmallbutintimate（親密的）connectionsestablishedbetweendonorandshopper.Manydonorschooseto

includeasupportivenoteandasmallgift-hugelywelcomedbyrecipients（接受者），butalsoareminderthat

“ontheothersideofyourpackage,there,sawomanwhoisyoursizeandhasyourfashionsense,becauseshe,s

shoppingfromyourwardrobe（衣櫥）”.

9.What,sthepurposeoftheenterprise?

A.Toofferjobtrainingtorefugees.

B.Toprovidechildcareforrefugees.

C.Togiverefugeesdignityofchoice.

D.Tostrengthenrefugees,socialposition.

10.Whatdoesparagraph3focuson?

A.Howtheente?prisesurvived.

B.Howtheenterpriseadvertised.

C.Howtheente?prisewasnamed.

D.Howtheenterprisewasinitiated.

?1.WhatdoWelearnabouttheente?prisefromthetext?

A.Itiswarmlyreceived.

B.Itisdifficulttooperate.

C.Itmakeshugeprofits.

D.?tneedstobemorecreative.

12.Whatdoestheenterprisebringtoitsdonorsandrecipients?

A.Enjoyableshoppingexperience.

B.Asenseofsocialresponsibility.

C.Closeinterpersonalrelationship.

D.Agoodinsightintofashiontrend.

（2023?湖北?校聯(lián)考二模）Takealookatthattreeinthelocalpark.Whatmightitbefeeling?Coulditbe

thinking?Experimentsareexploringtheideaofplantcognition（認(rèn)矢口），evengoingsofarastosuggestthey

possesssomeformofconsciousness.

Aswildasitsounds,itisn,tanewidea.Thefieldoffc?plantneurobiology（神經(jīng)生物學(xué)）“beganin2006,

aimedatunderstandinghowplantsprocessinformationfromtheirenvironment.

Itisnowclearthatplantsarecapableofcomplexcommunicationandcansensetheirsurroundings,which

wereoriginallydismissed.Butadvocatesofplantconsciousnesstakethingsfurtheranddrawparallelsbetweenthe

electricalsignalingthatcanbefoundfromroottostemandthatpresentinthenervoussystemofanimals.They

claimtoshowthatplantsarecapableofintentionallychoosingtoperformcertainbehaviors,oflearningand

perhapsevenhavingpersonalities.Ifplantsareexperiencingaconsciousinnerworld,theyargue,itbecomesvital

thatWefindwaystotestandunderstandit.

Extendingtheconceptofcognitiontoplantswouldmeanasignificantshiftinourviewoftheuniquenessof

humanity,nottomentionhowWetreatourbotanicalfriends,sothebarofacceptanceishigh.Researchersrising

tothechallengearehopingtoexploreplantswithtoolsusuallyreservedforthehumanbrain.

Theresearchcanappearpersuasive,butitisinitsearlystageandsuffersfromrepeatedfailure.Criticssay

thefieldisahighguessandthatthebehaviourcanbeexplainedthroughinbornresponse.

Whetherwedecidethatplantshavecognitionmaycomedowntoourabilitytodescribeconsciousness

itself-somethingwearefarfromdoing.Butratherthandismisstheidea,Weshouldwelcomethechancetothink

upnewwaystotestourunderstandingofconsciousness.Itmightjustimproveourgraspofthehumanmind.At

theveryleast,ourtreesandplantsshouldbenefitfromtheextraattention-consciouslyornot.

13.Whatdosupportersofplantconsciousnessbelieve?

A.Plantscanonlyperformnativereaction.

B.Plantscanperceivetheirsurroundingsandadapttothem.

C.Plantspossessthesamelevelofconsciousnessashumans.

D.PlantscancommunicateComplicatedlyandchooseactionsdeliberately.

14.Whatisthemainchallengeinacceptingtheideaofplantconsciousness?

A.Theneedtodeveloptoolstotestplantcognition.

B.Thedramaticchangeinourviewofhumanity.

C.Thelackofevidenceinthefieldofplantneurobiology.

D.Theinabilitytodescribeconsciousnessitself.

15.Whatisthecurrentstateofresearchinthefieldofplantcognition?

A.Thefieldishighlybasedonguessesandhasnoevidence.

B.Researchersareusingtoolsreservedforthehumanbraintostudyplantbehaviors.

C.Thereisnotenoughevidencetosupporttheideaofplantconsciousness.

D.Plantshavebeenproventopossessaformofconsciousness.

16.Whatisthepotentialbenefitofstudyingplantconsciousness?

A.Enhancingourunderstandingofthehumanbrain.

B.Developingnewwaystotestplantbehaviors.

C.Promotingourrelationshipwithplants.

D.Provingtheexistenceofplantcognition.

（2023?江蘇鎮(zhèn)江?江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江第一中學(xué)校考模擬預(yù)測）FaceApphastakentheworldbystorm,givingusers

thechancetoseethemselvesagethroughitsalgorithm.12.7millionpeople——somethreemillionmorethanthe

populationofNewYorkCity——reportedlydownloadeditinaweeklastmonth.

AlthoughtheRussianapphasbecomeknownforitsprivacyissues,themoreinterestinglessonofour

FaceAppfling（盡情玩樂）iswhatittellsusaboutoursociety—andourfuturelives.ItturnsoutWearemore

interestedinagingthanwerealized.Mostyoungerpeopleareindenialaboutoldage,doingalmostnothingto

prepareforit.Werarelyhaveachancetoplanforthefuture,withincreasingtimeandfinancialpressures.Those

pressuresbringsacrificeswemaynotalwayswanttomake:wecannolongeraffordtospendthetimeorthe

moneyneededtolookafterourelderlyparents.

Asafamilydoctor,Icanseethelonelinessepidemicdeveloping.Elderlypatientscometoseemewithno

particularillness,noclearmedicalissue.AfterafewminutesoftheconsultationIunderstandwhy:theyarenot

sick,andoftentheydon,tfeelsick.Theyjustneedsomeone-anyone-totalkto.

Althoughlonelinesshasnomedicalclassification,thehealtheffectsarereal:lonelinessandisolationcanbe

asharmfulassmoking15cigarettesaday,andismoredamagingthanobesity.Butlonelinessdoesnotcomewith

nearlyenoughhealthwarnings.

Sowhatnext?Since1980,Wearelivingonaverage10yearslonger.Meanwhile,peoplearehavingfewer

children,andtheyarehavingthemmuchlaterinlife.Thesnakeofaworldclasshealthserviceiseatingitsown

tail;itscareisprolonging（延長）people,slives,butastherateofpensioners（退休人員）toworkingagepeople

increases,therearefewertaxpayerstafundthatveryhealthservice.

IntothisvoidhavesteppedNGOs,charitiesandvolunteers.Butinthelongterm,theonlywaytotrulyhelp

theoldestmembersofoursocietyistogobacktothetraditionalvaluesofinter-generationalcooperation-often

underthesameroof.Ultimately,wewillneedtoevolvetowardsaculturewhereelderlycareIStreatedthesame

aschildcare,whereemployersrecognizethedutyofsomeonewithanelderlyparentthesamewaytheyrecognize

thoseofsomeonewithanewbornchild.

17.What,sthewriter,sintentionofmentioningFaceAppinthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Toexplainitsfunctionindetail.B.Toproveitspopularityacrosstheworld.

C.Toshowtherapidprogressoftechnology.D.Tointroducethetopicofagingandloneliness.

18.Whatmakeselderlypeoplewithoutillnessgotoseetheirfamilydoctors?

A.Desiretohavetheconsultation.B.Unclearmedicalissues.

C.Strongfeelingofloneliness.D.Questionstoaskdoctors.

19.Howcantheoldestmembersofoursocietybetrulyhelped?

A.Bybeingprovidedwithfamilycare.B.Bygoingbacktothetraditionalsociety

C.Bybeingtreatedlikechildren.D.Byrecognizingthedutyofemployers

20.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.FaceAppishelpfulindealingwithelderlypcople,sloneliness.

B.FaceApp,spopularityprovesithasnosecurityproblems.

C.Thelonelinessofelderlypeopleneedsmoreattention

D.Healthservicelacksfundbecauseofprolongedpeople'slives.

（2023?河北石家莊?高三石家莊二中?？茧A段練習(xí)）Onekeyelementofhumanlanguageissemantics（iu

義）.Scientistshadlongthoughtthatunlikeourwords,animalvocalizations（發(fā)聲）wereinvoluntary,renectingthe

emotionalstateoftheanimalwithoutconveyinganyotherinformation.Butoverthelastfourdecades,numerous

studieshaveshownthatvariousanimalshavedistinctcallswithspecificmeanings.

Manybirdspeciesusedifferentalarmcalls.Japanesetits,whichnestintreeholes,haveonecallthatcauses

theirbabybirdstogetdowntoavoidbeingpulledoutofthenestbycrows,andanothercallfortreesnakesthat

sendsthemjumpingoutofthenestentirely.Siberianjaysvarytheircallsdependingonwhetheranenemyisseen

lookingforfoodoractivelyattacking—andeachcallgetsadifferentresponsefromothernearbybirds.

Tworecentstudiessuggestthattheorderofsomebirds,vocalizationsmayimpacttheirmeaning.Thoughthe

ideaisstillcontroversial,thiscouldrepresentabasicformoftherulesgoverningtheorderandcombinationof

wordsandelementsinhumanlanguageknownassyntax（句法）,asillustratedbytheclassic“dogbitesman"vs.

“manbitesdog“example.

Evenifsomebirdssharebasicaspectsofhumanlanguage,westillknowverylittleaboutwhat,sactually

goingonintheirminds.Mostanimalcommunicationresearchhasfocusedondescribingsignalsandbehavior,

whichonthesurfacecanlookalotlikehumanbehavior.Determiningiftheunderlyingcognitive（認(rèn)知的）

processesdrivingthebehaviorarealsosimilarismuchmorechallenging,asattheheartofthisquestionis

intentionality:Areanimalsmerelyreactingtotheirenvironment,ordotheyintendtoconveyinformationtoone

another?

21.Whatwasscientists,long-heldbeliefaboutanimalvocalizations?

A.Theyconveyednoemotion.B.Theyweresemanticallyrelated.

C.Theyvariedgreatlywithspecies.D.Theyexpressednointendedmeaning.

22.Howdoestheauthordevelopparagraph2?

A.Bylistingdata.B.Bygivingexamples.

C.Byprovidingdefinition.D.Bymakingcomparisons.

23.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"this"inparagraph3referto?

A.Whatbirds,vocalizationsmean.B.Howrulesgovernhumanlanguage.

C.Whatthetworecentstudiesindicate.D.Howbird'svocalizationsarecombined.

24.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytellus?

A.Sharedaspectsofhumanandbirds,languages.

B.Focusofmostanimalcommunicationresearch.

C.Underlying,cognitiveprocessesofbirds,vocalizations.

D.Insufficientknowledgeaboutbirds,communicationintentionality.

（2023?湖南岳陽?統(tǒng)考二模）CERTAINCREATURES-namely,bees-haveevolvedtobeskillfulflying

builders.Toassemble（組裝）anest,workerinsectsteamuptodovariousworktothespecificationofacomplex

designthatendsupbeingmanytimestheirsize.Thisprocesstakesmonths,manytimeslongerthantheaverage

lifespanofallbutthequeen.Meanwhiletheinsectsmustadjustastheygo.

ItistheseinsectbuildingteamsthatinspiredMirkoKovac,aroboticistatImperialCollegeLondon,to

developawaytoimprovetheflexibilityof3Dprinting.Atypical3Dprinterislimitedbytherangeofitsnozzle

（噴嘴），andcanonlymakeobjectssmallerthanitself.DrKovac,steamhasremovedtheselimitationbyusing

flyingrobots.

DrKovacdescribesasystemofflyingrobotsthatiscomposedoftwotypesofmulti-rotordrones:builders

andscanners.Thebuilderscarrythe3D-printingnozzle.Thescannersarerobotsequippedwithcamerasthatare

responsibleformonitoringtheprogressofthebuilders.

Thebuildingprocessalternatesbetweenbuildersandscanners,layerbylayer,printingandadjusting,untila

structureiscomplete.First,abuilderremainssuspendedoveritsareaofoperationandbeginstoreleaseajetor

rushofthebuildingmaterialalongitsflightpath.Thechoiceofmaterialisimportantitmustbelightweight

enoughforthedronestocarrybutstrongenoughtoholdthesubsequentlayersthatwillbebuiltontop.Oncethe

builderrobothassprayedalayerofmaterial,thescannerrobotfliesover,inspectstheprogress.Thesystemthen

computesthenextlayerthatthebuildershouldmake,whilealsocorrectingforanyerrorsthatmighthavebeen

discoveredinwhathasalreadybeenbuilt.

Becausetheflyingrobotscan,intheory,operateanywhere,theycouldfixthingsindangerousorotherwise

inaccessibleplaces.DrKovacsaysthathisrobotscouldbeusedtospotandsealleaksinoilorgaspipelines,

repairleakyinsulationorfixcracksontallbuildings.Thinkingmorelongterm,DrKovacevenseesapotential

futureforhisconstructionrobots,buildingonthesurfacesoftheMoonorMars.

25.Whydoestheauthormentionbeesinthetext?

A.Tobecomeatheme.

B.Tointroduceatopic.

C.Togiveanexplanation.

D.Toanalyzethecause.

26.Whatisthecharacteroftypical3Dprinters?

A.Theycanexpandtherangeofprinting.

B.Theycanmakeadjustmentwhileprinting.

C.Theyaremoreflexiblethantraditionalones.

D.Theycanmakeobjectssmallerthanthemselves.

27.WhatcanWelearnfromthebuildingprocess?

A.TheBuilderscancorrecttheerrorswhilecalculating.

B.Thebuildingmaterialshouldbestrongenoughforscanner.

C.Buildersandscannerscanprintandmonitoratthesametime.

D.Thebuildingprocesshasstrictrequirementofthebuildingmaterial.

28.Whatcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Teamsofflyingrobotscanmake3Dobjects.

B.Teamsofflyingrobotshavealimitedfuture.

C.Theflexibilityoftypical3Dprinterhasbeenimproved.

D.Teamsofflyingrobotshavebeenusedindangeroussituation.

（2023?湖南岳陽?統(tǒng)考二模）Atallhoursoftheday,white-apronedbakersoccupythemselvesinworkingin

theHotBreadKitchen,throwingflouracrossbutcher-blocktables,fillingmetaltrayswithhand-shapedbread,and

shiftingsteaming,freshbreadtocoolingshelves.TheonlybodiesatrestinthisNewYorkCitybakeryarepans

withbread,waitingtobesentintotheoven.Theskilledbakersturnoutaround25varietiesrangingfromclassic

FrenchbaguettestocrispArmenianlavashcrackers-whichtheysellatfarmers,marketsandgourmetstores.

ButHotBreadKitcheni