基本知識(shí)課件

?.?.?????Asmost?Asmostpeoplespendamajorpartofadultlifeatwork,jobsatisfactionisimportantelementofindividualwellbeing.whatfactorscontributetojobsatisfaction?Howrealisticistheexpectationofjobsatisfactionforallworkers????1).Nowadaysmanyadultshavefull-timejobsandtheproportionoftheirlivesspentdoingsuchjobsisveryhigh.Sofeelingsaboutone’sjobmustreflecthowanindividualfeelsabouthisorherlifeasawhole,andbecauseof?1).Nowadaysmanyadultshavefull-timejobsandtheproportionoftheirlivesspentdoingsuchjobsisveryhigh.Sofeelingsaboutone’sjobmustreflecthowanindividualfeelsabouthisorherlifeasawhole,andbecauseofthis,jobsatisfactionisindeedveryimportantforthewellbeingofthatperson.--擴(kuò)寫(xiě)原題2).Employeesgetjobsatisfactioninanumberofways.Firstly,apersonneedstofeelthattheyaredoingvaluedandvaluablework,sopositivefeedbackfromsuperiorsisveryimportantinthisrespect.Asenseoffulfillmentisalsoencouragedifaworkerfeelsthejobisworthdoingbecauseitcontributestothesocietyortheeconomyasawhole.Secondly,whensomeonefeelstheyareimprovingordevelopingtheirskillsthroughtrainingopportunities,forexample,thenthereisasenseofprogressionandpurposethatrewardsaworker.Thesenseofbelongingtoateamoraworkingcommunityalsocontributestojobsatisfactionbecausecolleagueshelpeachothertoenjoytheirworkinglives.Satisfactionisalsoincreasedbyasenseofresponsibilityforandloyaltytoateam.--3個(gè)因素?3).Ofcoursenoteveryoneenjoystheirwork.Hardeconomicrealitiesmeanthatmanypeoplehavelittlechoiceinthekindofjobtheycanget.Insome?3).Ofcoursenoteveryoneenjoystheirwork.Hardeconomicrealitiesmeanthatmanypeoplehavelittlechoiceinthekindofjobtheycanget.Insomecasesanemployeeisworkinginajobthatsuitsneithertheirskillsnortheirpersonality.Somejobsarerepetitiveandboring,andlabourrelationsmaybepoorandleadtoresentmentandinsecurityratherthantojobsatisfaction.--很多方面都可能無(wú)法滿足4).However,eventhoughitisunlikelythatallworkersdofeelhappyintheirwork,Ithinkitisnotunrealistictopromotemorejobsatisfactioninanyjob.Ifthefactorsidentifiedaboveareimplemented,thenanyjobcanbeimprovedandmoreworkerscanfeelgreaterdegreesofjob?Happinessisconsidered?Happinessisconsideredveryimportantin?Whyisitdifficultto?Whatfactorsareimportantin?Happinessisverydifficulttodefine,becauseitmeanssomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Whilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthand?Happinessisverydifficulttodefine,becauseitmeanssomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Whilesomepeoplelinkhappinesstowealthandmaterialsuccess,othersthinkitliesinemotionsandlovingpersonalrelationships.Yetothersthinkthatspiritualpaths,ratherthaneitherthematerialworldorrelationshipswithpeople,aretheonlywaytotrue?Becausepeopleinterprethappinessforthemselvesinsomanydifferentways,itisdifficulttogiveanydefinitionthatistrueforeveryone.However,iftherearedifferentkindsofhappinessfordifferentindividualsthatthefirststepinachievingitwouldbetohaveadegreeofself-knowledge.Apersonneedstoknowwhoheorsheisbeforebeingabletoknowwhatitisthatmakeshimorherhappy.?Ofcourse,factorssuchaslovingrelationships,goodhealth,theskillstoearnalivingandapeacefulenvironmentallcontributetoourhappinesstoo.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatpeople?Ofcourse,factorssuchaslovingrelationships,goodhealth,theskillstoearnalivingandapeacefulenvironmentallcontributetoourhappinesstoo.Butthisdoesnotmeanthatpeoplewithouttheseconditionscannotbehappy.?Overall,Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspectiveinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.)andwhatisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.).?Likeself-awareness,thisisalsoverydifficulttoachieve,butIthinkthesearethetwofactorsthatmaybemostimportantforachievinghappiness.?1.人人追求幸福?1.人人追求幸福，但是定義不同?2.年齡不同，家庭背景不同，社會(huì)環(huán)境不?3.我認(rèn)為能做自己喜歡的事情是幸福的最主要來(lái)源；除此以外，物質(zhì)?4.總之，幸福是很抽象的。物質(zhì)和精神的滿足能帶來(lái)強(qiáng)烈的幸福感?Charities?CharitiesandorganizationsalwaysgivenamestoparticulardayssuchasChildren’sDay'and'NationalNon-smokingDay’.Whatarethepurposesoftheseparticulardays?Howeffectivearethey??1.陳述事實(shí)/改?1.陳述事實(shí)/改寫(xiě)原題+這些特殊的日子有著積極的意義?2.首先，提醒人們關(guān)注一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀，例如疾病或者貧窮；其次，這?3.事實(shí)上，我覺(jué)得這些特定的日期有一定的意義，但是并不像人們期?4.總之，我覺(jué)得這些日子是應(yīng)該被設(shè)立的，否則很多話題不會(huì)被人們?To?Tobuildaperfectsocietyistheultimateofmanycountries.Whatdoyouthinkareessentialelementstomakeittrue?Howcantheseelementsberealized?1.Discussbothviewsand1.Discussbothviewsandgiveyour??1第一段的任務(wù)是引出爭(zhēng)議的背景或者主題，并且可以通過(guò)改寫(xiě)原題?2仔細(xì)讀題，嚴(yán)格按照原題中的第一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)展開(kāi)，堅(jiān)持用事實(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)?3同第二段一樣，只是論證的主題是題目中的第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)?4).開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山給出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)—Inmyopinion,個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)可以情況而定，或?2.reasons+?1?2.reasons+?1第一段只需要將原題給出的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)即可，千萬(wàn)不要瞎扯一知半解的背景，更不要一上來(lái)就把話題和中國(guó)綁在一起?2第二段自然是把前面已經(jīng)總結(jié)好的原因逐步打開(kāi)。一般給出兩個(gè)原?3第三段的任務(wù)是提出切實(shí)可行的解決方案。第三段的第一句話要，需要寫(xiě)出承上啟下的出色過(guò)渡句?4第四段的任務(wù)是總結(jié)整篇文章的內(nèi)容，因此不需要在這一段展開(kāi)新????3.????3.利弊分Doyouthinkitisapositiveornegative或Doyouthinktheadvantagesoutweighthe?思路一：贊同/?思路二：discuss寫(xiě)?1仔細(xì)讀題，?1仔細(xì)讀題，準(zhǔn)確判斷是哪種類(lèi)型題目?2.劃出限定詞－形容詞，名詞，副詞，連詞?3嘗試深層理解題目：好壞/真正原因所在/目光長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)?4對(duì)于含糊的題目，一定要自己說(shuō)服了自己再寫(xiě)????Overall砍伐森林和過(guò)度種植對(duì)歐洲影響最大，而過(guò)度????Thetable?Thetablegivesinformationaboutstatisticsoflanddegradationinthreeregionsin1990s.Europesufferedthelargestproportionoflanddegradationwhichwas23%,withdeforestationcontributingtothebiggestshare(9.8%),followedbyover-cultivation(7.7%)andover-grazing(5.5%).Conversely,thepercentageofdegradedlandinNorthAmericawasthelowestwithonly5%.Theimpactcausedbyover-cultivationwasmorethantwiceasmuchasthatbyover-grazing,respectively3.3%and1.5%.Thelanddegradationbytreeclearancewasnegligible.InOceania,over-grazingledto11.3%ofdegradedland,comparedwithonly1.7%causedbyover-cultivation,whichaddeduptothetotalamountoflanddegradation(13%)onthisOverall,deforestationandover-cultivationhavethegreatestimpactonEurope,whileover-grazingisthebiggestcontributortolanddegradationinOceania.??1有一類(lèi)圖表，整個(gè)過(guò)程只有單純對(duì)比關(guān)?1有一類(lèi)圖表，整個(gè)過(guò)程只有單純對(duì)比關(guān)???3.abl?1.?2.?1.?2.核心內(nèi)容自己看情況分段(2-3段?3.結(jié)尾段-??Thepiechartcompares5countriesintermsof??Thepiechartcompares5countriesintermsoftheir.......Thetableshowsthecausesofland????ThegraphshowsthechangesinThebarchartshowshow......changed??1).主語(yǔ)saw??1).主語(yǔ)sawa形容詞名Theproportionofelderlypeoplesawaconsiderableincreaseduringthe20-yearperiodfrom5%to17%.Boththepopularityofbeefandlambsaw/showedanincreasingtrend.TheUKsawaremarkableincreaseintermsofthenumberoftouristsfrom???????????2).動(dòng)詞+副Theuseofmobilephonesincreaseddramatically,risingfrom55%to80%.3).Therewasa形容詞+名詞Therewasadramaticincreaseintheuseofmobile??2??2特殊變化—Theproportionofelderlypeopleagedover65almostdoubled/tripled,risingfrom9%in2000to16%in2005.–成倍增長(zhǎng)ThenumberofwildbirdsintheUKhalved,decliningfrom5millionto2.5million減少Between1995and2000,theamountofgoodstransportedbyroadremainedrelativelystable,atapproximately70milliontons.?????3.1先…..???3.1先…..再Thecostofbookshadincreasedto23%by1991beforedecreasingtoonly9%bytheendoftheperiod.???2).總體來(lái)看……，盡管Ingeneral,thesharepricesawadramaticincreasefrom35dollarsin1996to80dollarsin1998,despiteanoticeabledecreasein1997.???3).ThenumberofprisonersintheUSfluctuatedwildly,rangingbetween80,000in1950and120,000in1980.??4).Thisrisewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1990and1995,duringwhichtimethepopularityofbeefalmosttripled.?????The?ThechartsshowhowmuchaUKschoolspentondifferentrunningcostsinthreeseparateyears:1981,1991and2001.Inallthreeyears,thegreatestexpenditurewasonstaffsalaries.Butwhileotherworkers’salariessawafallfrom28%in1981toonly15%ofspendingin2001,teachers’payremainedthebiggestcost,reaching50%oftotalspendingin1991andendingat45%in??Expenditureonresources?Expenditureonresourcessuchasbookshadincreasedto20%by1991beforedecreasingtoonly9%bytheendoftheperiod.Incontrast,thecostoffurnitureandequipmentsawanoppositetrend.Thiscostdecreasedtoonly5%oftotalexpenditurein1991butrosedramaticallyin2001whenitrepresented23%oftheschoolbudget.Similarly,thecostofinsurancesawarisingtrend,growingfromonly2%to8%by?Overall,teachers’salariesconstitutedthelargestcosttotheschool,andwhilespendingincreaseddramaticallyforequipmentandinsurance,therewerecorrespondingdropsinexpenditureonthingssuchasbookandonotherworkers’?Thisbarchartshowsthechangesinthenumberofprisonersoffivedifferentcountriesfrom1930to?Thisbarchartshowsthechangesinthenumberofprisonersoffivedifferentcountriesfrom1930to??In1930,Canadahadthelargestnumberofprisonersat120,000,butthisfiguregenerallyhaddecreasedto90,000by1980,despiteseveralslightincreasesduringthisperiod.Bycontrast,thenumberofprisonersintheUKsawanincreasingtrend,growingfrom30,000in1930to85,000in2000.Thisincreasewasparticularlynoticeablebetween1950and2000,duringwhichtimethefiguremorethandoubled.?WhenitcomestoNewZealand,wecanseethatitsfiguredramaticallydeclinedfrom100,000in1930to50,000in1950beforeclimbingbackto85,000attheendofthisperiod.ThenumbersofAmericanandAustralianprisonersbothfluctuatedobviously,respectivelyrangingfrom95,000to135,000andfrom45,000to70,000.?WhenitcomestoNewZealand,wecanseethatitsfiguredramaticallydeclinedfrom100,000in1930to50,000in1950beforeclimbingbackto85,000attheendofthisperiod.ThenumbersofAmericanandAustralianprisonersbothfluctuatedobviously,respectivelyrangingfrom95,000to135,000andfrom45,000to70,000.??Overall,inmuchofthetimeduringthisperiod,CanadaandtheUShadarelativelylargernumberofprisoners,whilethefigurefortheUKhadbeenthesmallestbefore1970.???11?Thetable?Thetablegivesinformationregardingthenumbersoftouristsfrom6differentcountriesin1975and2005respectively.?In1975,thetotalnumberoftouristsreached8.8million,withJapanhavingthelargestnumber(3.2million),closelyfollowedbySouthKorea(2.9million).AsforChina,theUSandBritain,thenumberoftouristswaslowerthan1million,respectively0.3,0.4and0.9million.Therewere1.1millionpeoplefromEurope,accountingfor12.5%ofthetotal.?Whenitcomesto2005,withthenumber?Whenitcomesto2005,withthenumberofJapanesetouristssoaringto12million,thisfigureremainedthelargest.ThenumbersfromSouthKorea,theUSAandBritaintripledmoreorless,respectivelyreaching1.1and2.9million.Despiteanincreaseof0.5million,thenumberfromChinawasstillthesmallestwithonly0.8million.TherewasthespeediestincreaseinthenumberofEuropeantouristswhichroseto4.5million.?Overall,allthecountrieslistedsawanupwardtrendintermsofnumberof22?1這些圖表提供?1這些圖表提供了信息關(guān)于兩個(gè)國(guó)家的人口結(jié)構(gòu)在2000和2050年?2.在2000年，也門(mén)有96.4%的人口是在60歲以下，分別包括46.3%15-59然而，在意大利15-59歲的人口占到最大比例，達(dá)到61.6%，而14歲以下的人口只有14.3%。意大利60歲以上的人口比也門(mén)的要大很多。?3.到了2050年，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都會(huì)有一個(gè)增長(zhǎng)在老年人比率上，分別增?33??Cam6Cam6T???????1.?2.?1.?2.?3.?4.?1.?2.?3.?1.?2.?3.?4.?5?Thefirstdiagram?Thefirstdiagramshowsaseriesofstepsthroughcementisproduced.Thewholeprocessbeginswiththepreparationofrawmaterialswhicharelimestoneandclay.Afterthat,thetwosubstancesgothroughacrusherandarecrushedintopowder.Whenitcomestothethirdstage,thepowderentersintoamixerinwhichitisfullymixed.Heatingisthefourthstepatwhichthemixtureisheatedwithextremelyhightemperatureinarotatingheater.Itisnoticeablethattheheaterworksclockwise.Beforethewholeprocesscomestotheend,theheatedmixturetravelsthroughthegrinderandbecomesthefinalproduct—cement.Atlast,cementispackedinbagsandusedforconstructional?The?Theseconddiagramgivesinformationaboutproductionofconcretewithfourkindsofmaterials.Ofthefouringredients,graveloccupiesthelargestproportion(50%),comparedwith10%ofwaterand15%ofcement.S