圖說英語英語語法表（含詞法和句法）-2023高考英語語法圖表

圖說英語：英語語法表

英語構(gòu)詞法

____________構(gòu)成方式_________________________________概念與例子______________________________________________________

(1)合成法(compounding)將兩個或兩個以上的單詞合成在一起而構(gòu)成的新詞，叫做合成詞

English-speaking；man-made；100-meter：typewrite;anywhere;somebody;handwriting

(2)派生法(derivation)在詞根上加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個與原意略有變化或截然相反的詞

unhappy;disagree;impossible;telephone;eastern;careless;dusty;wooden;woolen;buy÷buyer;fifty

(3)轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)把一種詞性用作另一種詞性的方式就叫做詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化，如名詞用作動詞，動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，形容

詞用作動詞等CanyouCanthiscan?Letmehaveatry?HaVeyoubookedyourticket??________

(4)拼綴法(blending)把兩個詞的某些部分結(jié)合在一起，或?qū)⒁粋€單詞的一部分與另一個單詞的一部分結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成

新詞的方法。如：smog(煙霧)是由Sm(smoke)和Og(fog)構(gòu)成的；motel(汽車旅館)

是由mo(motor)和tel(hotel)構(gòu)成的O

(5)截短法(clipping)把原詞加以縮寫，保留部分音節(jié)，省略部分音節(jié)。但是詞性和詞義都保持不變。如：

gym(gymnastics)；math(mathematics)；bike(bicycle)：phone(telephone)：zoo(zoological)；

fridge(refrigerator)_______________________________________________________________________

(6)首字母縮略法(acronym)把社會組織、政治組織的名稱，專有名詞短語或技術(shù)詞語的首字母結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成新詞的方法。

如：VOAfVoiceofAmerica);BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation);TVfteIevision);AIDSfAcquired

ImmuneDeficiencySyndrome);NATO(theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization);PRC(thePeople,s

RePUbIiCOfChina);CPC(theCOmmUniStPartyOfChina);WT0;GDP:BC;AD;NBA;CBA;________________

____________________________________________________前綴與后綴(派生法derivation)__________________________________________

前綴PrefiX意義__________________________________________舉例___________________________________________________

ambi-two;doubleambiguity歧義ambiguous含糊的________________________________________________________

ante-beforeanteport前港；外港；antecedent先行詞antedate倒添日期(填寫比實際日期早)

auto-________SeIf________________auto-alarm自動報警器automobile汽車automatic自動的autonomous自治的________________

anti-against/oppositeantiwar反戰(zhàn)的antifascist反法西斯anti-illiteracy掃除文盲anti-imperialist反帝國主義

Cent⑴-IOO;1/100__________centennial一百年的centimeter厘米centigrade百分度centipede百腳蟲(娛蛾)

Circum-aroundCirCUmPOlar?兩極周圍的circumference圓周；周長CirCUmnaVigate環(huán)航(世界)________________

con-strengthenCOnfirm使堅定COnSoIidate力口固construct??

contra-againstcontraposition相反位置counteraction反作用counterrevolution反革命

Counter-oppositeCoUnterTeVolUtiOnary反革命的；反革命分子COIlnteQttaCk反攻_______________________________

de-down/away/negativedepress壓下deflower采花decompose分解decolor去色

deca-tendecade十年decameter十米

deci-one-tenthdecimeter分米

dis-notdishonest不誠實力dislike不喜歡disagree不同意disinfect不感染(消毒)____________________

e×tra-besides;beyondextrasolar太陽系以夕卜的extraordinary非＞1的extracurricular課夕卜的__________________________

fore-beforeforetell預(yù)言forecast預(yù)報foreleg前腿forenoon上午foresight遠(yuǎn)見

forefather?祖先foresee預(yù)見forefinger前指(食指)foregoing在前的________________________

hyper-above;beyond;hyperactive過度活動的;過度積極的hypersensitive過敏的hypertension過度緊張

excessively__________

i∣-;ir-;notillegal非法的impossible不可能incorrect不正確irregular不規(guī)則的impolite沒禮貌的

im-;in-

in-;im-intoimprison關(guān)押;進(jìn)監(jiān)獄income收入_______________________________________________________

inter-________betweenIntemational國際的interpersonal人與人之間的interschool學(xué)校之間的_______________________

kilo-________thousandkilogram千克kilometer千米kilowatt千瓦_(dá)_______________________________________________

macro-long;big;VaSt_______macrograph宏觀圖____________________________________________________________________

micro-small;littlemicrowave微波microbus〃、型公共汽車__________________________________________________

mal(e)-ill;evilmalnutrition營養(yǎng)不良malediction詛咒

mis-wrong;illmisunderstand誤解misdeed惡行mistake錯誤

mono-one;singlemonotone單音monotony單調(diào)monologue獨白monopoly??r

monopolist壟斷者monoxide一氧化物monosyllable單音節(jié)

mult(i)-many;lotmultiform形式多樣的multilateral多邊的multiple多樣的;倍數(shù)

multiPIy乘法multiplication乘法;增加;繁殖___________________________________________________

neo-newneorealism新現(xiàn)實主義_____________________________________________________________________

non-notnon-align不結(jié)盟noncombatant非戰(zhàn)斗人員non-conductor非導(dǎo)體

nonparty無黨派nonsense胡說八道noninterference不干涉___________________________________

out-beyond;moreOUtdOC）r戶外OUtliVe比...活的久OUtgrOW長得比....快

OVer-_______above;beyondoverweight超重OVertake超過;趕上OVertime超過時間OVerWOrk過勞

poly-manyPoIygOn多角形PoIyglOt通曉多種語言的人Polygon多邊形____________________________________

post-afterPoStWar戰(zhàn)后的POSt-IiberatiOn解放后的POStgradUate大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的;研究生_____________________

pre-beforePreWar?戰(zhàn)前的PreVieW預(yù)先：預(yù)觀PreVem/prevention預(yù)防___________________________________

pseudo-false假PSeUdOgQPh偽書；冒名作品PSeUdOnym假名；筆名________________________________________

re-_________again;back_________return回來reform重新組合（改革）remarry再婚repeat重復(fù)________________________________

semi-halfsemi-diameter半徑semiconductor半導(dǎo)體semi-final半決賽

SUb-________Under_____________SUbWay地鐵；地下道SUbOrdinate下級的；次要的SUbrnarine海底的；潛水艇_________________

SUPer-______over;above________SUPerStar超級明星SUPerPoWer超級大國SUPer-Profit超額利潤SUPermarket超市________________

tran(s)-across;overthroughtransportation運輸；交通transect橫切transformation轉(zhuǎn)變

tri-_________threetriangle三角形triple三倍__________________________________________________________________

twi-twotwifold兩倍twice兩次

UItra-_______excessively_________UltraSOniC超聲的__________________________________________________________________________

un-notUnreal不真實UnSeen看不見的UnSeIfiSh無私的UnShakabIe不可動搖的_______________________

under-belowUnderfOOt在腳下Underline下劃線UnderIie放在下面under-mentioned

uni-one;singleuniform一樣的（制服）unify統(tǒng)一unification統(tǒng)一unilateral單方面的

vice√deputy-nextinranktovice-chairman副主席ViCe-PreSidem副總統(tǒng)deputymanager/director副經(jīng)理

__________________________________________________________后綴SUrfiX________________________________________________________

形容詞后綴意義____________________________________________舉例______________________________________________________

-able可...的moveable可移動的；可感動/化的PoSSibIe可能的respectable可敬的

-iblefeasible可行的edible可吃的SUitabIe合適的VaIUabIe有價值的_______________________________

-al-ial屬于...的；national國家的partial部分的essential關(guān)鍵的；重要的

-ual_________具有……性質(zhì)actual實際的normal正常的_______________________________________________________________

-ant∕-ent屬于...的；assistant輔助的

具有……性質(zhì)

-arysecondary第二的(firstly;secondly;thirdly)

-ative-tivetalkative健談的SenSitiVe敏感的active積極的PrOdUCtiVe生產(chǎn)的

-ive

-cian……家（專家）musician音樂家physician物理學(xué)家

-ern方向_______________eastern東部（方）的southern南部（方）的northern北部（方）的western西部（方）的

-ese某國（人）的；某地ChineSe中國（人）的；漢語JaPaneSe日本（人）的；日語

的；語言__________POrtUgUeSe葡萄牙（人）的；葡萄牙語______________________________________________________

-fold________倍數(shù)multifold多倍的___________________________________________________________________________

富有的：充滿雨~~

-fulUSefUl有用的respectful充滿敬意的hopeful充滿希望的meaningful有意義_____________________

-ic屬于...的；POetiC詩歌的POlitiC精明的POIitiCal政治的historic歷史上的

-ical關(guān)于...的_________historical有歷史意義色economic經(jīng)濟(jì)的economical節(jié)約的___________________________________

■ish_________如…的：似…的ChildiSh如小孩的；孩子氣的________________________________________________________________

-ist主義的/者socialist社會主義的/者capitalist資本主義的/者M(jìn)arxist馬克思主義的/者

dialecticalmaterialist辯證唯物主義的/者

-IeSS________無；缺USeIeSS無用的PriCeIeSS無價的；貴重的ValUeleSS沒有價值的________________________________

-like如…的；有…性質(zhì)ChiIdlike孩子般天真的_____________________________________________________________________

?(o)lOgiCal……學(xué)的__________geological地質(zhì)學(xué)的biological生物學(xué)的ecological生態(tài)學(xué)的ZoOIogiCal動物學(xué)的________________

……學(xué)家一

-(O)IogiStgeologist地質(zhì)學(xué)家biologist生物學(xué)家ecologist生態(tài)學(xué)家ZOOlOgiSt動物學(xué)家_____________________

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?（。）|Ogy……學(xué)科geology地質(zhì)學(xué)biolOgy生物學(xué)ecology生態(tài)學(xué)ZOOlOgy動物學(xué)_______________________________

-most_______最……的topmost最高的UtmoSt最大的：極度的_________________________________________________

-some充滿……的troublesome令人煩惱的tiresome討厭的handsome瀟灑的

具有……的

-ward（s）方向(副詞)forward向前inward向內(nèi)westward向西eastward向東northward向北

名詞后綴意義____________________________________________舉例__________________________________________________

-ability行為；性質(zhì)；POSSibiIity可能性PrOdUCtMty生產(chǎn)率SenSibiIity感觀actiVity活動feasibiIity適應(yīng)性

-ibility狀態(tài)

-ivity

-age________性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)ShOrtage短缺Storage儲存advantage彳尤點disadvantage缺點________________________________

-ance∕-ancy行為：性質(zhì)：狀態(tài)assistance輔助dependence依靠independence獨立defense防衛(wèi)

-ence∕-ency

-ar∕-ary人；物；地點______beggar乞丐Cellar?地窖SeCretary秘書Iibrary圖書館_______________________________________

-ation-tion行為；性質(zhì)；reputation名聲instruction教導(dǎo)SitUatiOn情況attention注意

-ion-sion狀態(tài)______________introduction介紹rebellion反叛permission允許

-de∕-cule微小CorPUSde微粒Partide微粒molecule分子_________________________________________________

-dom性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)freedom自由random任意______________________________________________________________

-ee_________被動接受著________examinee考生emplOyee打工仔addressee收信人interviewee被采訪者_(dá)____________________

-er_________主動執(zhí)行者_(dá)_______examiner考官/監(jiān)考人員employer老板addresser寄信人interviewer采訪者_(dá)__________________

-er-or-ar人；物reader讀者teacher老師WOrker工人SaiIOr海員WaSher洗衣機(jī)

engineer工程師inventor發(fā)明者COndUCtor導(dǎo)體：操作員robber強(qiáng)盜________________________

-ery行業(yè)；行為SUrgery夕卜科醫(yī)術(shù)robbery搶劫行為______________________________________________________

-ese________某國人；語言ChineSe中國人；漢語JaPaneSe日本人；日語POrtUgUeSe葡萄牙人；葡萄牙語________________

-factionsatisfaction滿意classification分類purification凈化beautification美化identification區(qū)別/鑒別

-fication

-hood成長階段manhood成年adulthood成年ChildhOod童年_____________________________________________

學(xué)科一

-icsPoIitiCS政治學(xué)OPtiCS光學(xué)mathematics數(shù)學(xué)PhySiCS物理學(xué)________________________________

-ism主義SOCiaIiSm社會主義capitalism資本主義Marxism馬克思主義

dialecticalmaterialism辯證唯物主義______________________________________________________

-ist主義者SOCialiSt社會主義者CaPitaIiSt資本主義者M(jìn)arXiSt馬克思主義者

dialecticalmaterialist辯證唯物主義者_(dá)____________________________________________________

-cian……家____________musician音樂家PhySiCian物理學(xué)家____________________________________________________

……化—

-izationmodernization現(xiàn)代化industrialization工業(yè)化fossilization變成化石

-ment行為；性質(zhì)；achievement成就movement運動improvement;agreement;development

-ness性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)willingness心甘情愿illness疾病

-ship性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)hardship苦難relationship關(guān)系friendship友誼partnership五音伴

動詞后綴意義___________________________________________舉例___________________________________________________

-fy_________使...成為ClaSSify分類PUrify凈化beautify美化SatiSfy滿意_________________________________________

-ize使……化modernize現(xiàn)代化industrializeX）lk1?organize/organization

-en力口/變??????_________widen加寬broaden擴(kuò)寬soften軟化harden變硬strengthen加強(qiáng)

①②③??⑥⑦酶⑩

不定冠詞a(an)的用法

_______m____________________________W_____________________

]a用于發(fā)輔音開始的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前agirl;auniversity;aUSefUlbook(這里的U為元音字母，但發(fā)輔音)

2an用于發(fā)元音開始的詞前(a;e;i;o;u)anEnglishbook;anhour,anhonor,anhonestboy（h不發(fā)音，從元音o

算起）________________________________________________________

3某些抽象名詞具體化時是可數(shù)名詞，其前可Heisasuccessasateacher.?????It,sabigsurprisetowinaprizein

力口a,如success,SUrPriSe,fire,joy,tea_______thematch.

LongJingisafamousteainChina.

4a用于姓氏前表示某個只知道名字而不熟悉AMrLiuiswaitingtoseeyououtside.

的人__________________________________

5在某些句型中可加aItisapitythatyouhavemissedthechance.???

Itisashame/apleasure/anhonorforsb.todosth.

定冠詞the的用法

___________m_____________________________W__________________

1表示上文提到過的人或事物HeboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionarythismorning.Thedictionaryis

Verygood.________________________________________________________

2用在形容詞的最高級前或序數(shù)詞前________ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.thefirst;thesecond

3用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前，表示整體或類別Thepandaisarareanimal.

=Apandaisarareanimal.=Pandasarerareanimals

用來表示世界上獨一無二的事而一

4thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld

5用于表示階級、黨派的名詞前theChineSeCOmmUniStParty;theWOrkingCIaSS_______________________

6用于江河、湖海，山脈，群島等名詞前theYeIIOWRiver；theEaStSea；theHimaIayas；thePaCifiCOCean_______

7用于由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國名______________ThePeople'sRepublicofChina：theUnitedStates

8用于機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、朝代、時代、報刊雜志等theUnitedNations；theStateCouncil；theTangdynasty；thePeople's

IiU___________________________________Daily；theSummerPalace；thePeaceHotel；?theBritishMuseum

9用于表示方位的名詞前theeast;thesouthwest;themiddle;theFarEast;?OntheIeft____________

10用于樂器名詞前，playthepiano;playtheviolin;

但漢語拼音的樂器前不用冠詞____________playerhu;playguzheng

11用于復(fù)數(shù)的姓氏前，表示兩夫婦或全家，在Whenwegotthere,theLiuswerewaitingforus.

此情況下，這類名詞作復(fù)數(shù)對待__________TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.

12用于某些形容詞或過去分詞前，表示一類人thepoor;therich;theliving;theyoung;thewounded;theoppressed;

或事物________________________________thebeautiful

不用冠詞的情況

___________m_____________________________W__________________

家具，

1①不可數(shù)名詞前paper;icezwater;rice,weather,air,furnituremilk,meat

②不可數(shù)名詞如前面有量詞，則可以用冠詞apieceofpaper(ice,furniture,rice);acupofwater(milk);abowlof

meat(rice)

2三餐飯的名詞前________________________Whendoyouhavelunch??????Aftersupperweusuallytakeawalk

3節(jié)假日等名詞前________________________onNationalDay;onChristmasDay;onTeachers'Day

4球類和棋類運動的名詞前________________playpingpangzplaybasketball;playchess

5當(dāng)man作“人類”講時ManWiIlConqUernature.___________________________________________

6表示某一類人或事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Nowpeoplearelivingahappylife.Treesareplantedeverywhere.

7表示泛指的物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞前________Loveisalwaysstrongerthanhatred.

8名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞或Ilikethispicturebetter.??????Isthatyourbook?

名詞所有格修飾________________________Taketheirchairsaway!???Idonothaveanymoneyonme.

9季節(jié)、月份、星期等名詞前ShelikesspringwhileIlikesummer./Wehavenoclasseson

Saturday.?/?TheLongMarchstartedinOctober1934.

10表示只有一人擔(dān)任的職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前Wehaveelectedhimourmonitor.?

11Word作“消息”講時___________________Wordcamethathewouldgoabroad

12在某些固定詞組里onfoot;bytrain/boat/plane/bus/bike;infact;asamatteroffact;in

class

inchurch;indanger;inhospital;intown;inbed;athome;atschool

atdaybreak;atsunrise;atdusk;atsunset;atnight;atnoon;

gotoschool;gotoclass;gotobed;

frommorningtillnight;fromvictorytovictory;fromdoortodoor

（一）基數(shù)詞

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范圍______________特點_____________________________________________實例________________________________

1~12無規(guī)律___________________________one,two,three,fou?five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve

13~19以teen結(jié)尾______________________thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen

20~90以ty結(jié)尾________________________twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety

21~99十位與個位之間要加連字符twenty-five,sixty-five,ninety-nine

onehundredandone(101)fivehundredandthirty(530)

101~999百位與十位之間通常用andzz

sevenhundredandeighty-nine(789)(美語中常將and省略)

先從右至左數(shù)，每三位數(shù)加一個逗

6275—sixthousand,twohundredandseventy-five

號（即以此把數(shù)目分為若干段）。第z

9,883—ninethousand,eighthundredandeighty-three

一個逗號前的數(shù)為thousand）T）,

65,359—sixty-fivethousand,threehundredandfifty-nine

千以上第二個逗號前的數(shù)m川ion（百萬），

265,468—twohundredandsixty-fivethousand,fourhundredandsixty-eight

第三個逗號前的數(shù)為billion（+

60,263,150—sixtymillion,twohundredandsixty-threethousand,one

億），第四個逗號前的數(shù)為

hundredandfifty

trillion（萬億）______________________

①英語沒有“萬〃這個單位，要表示“萬〃須借用thousand,如“一萬〃用”十千〃表示（tenthousand）,“十萬〃用〃百

千”表示（Onehundredthousand）□

②hundred,thousand,million,billion等詞不帶復(fù)數(shù)詞尾?s（即用單數(shù)形式）。反之,如帶復(fù)數(shù)詞尾$前面不能

用數(shù)字，且后須跟ofo如：5hundredstudents500個學(xué)生；hundredsofstudents成百上千的學(xué)生

③在hundred后通常加上連詞and,不過此and在美國英語中可以省略。若讀數(shù)中沒有hundred,則在

說明

thousand后力Iland。________________________________________________________________________________________

④一個數(shù)的最高位若為“1〃，這個"1〃可用a或。ne表示，但在數(shù)字中間的"1",則只能用。ne,不能用a：如

1600a[one]thousandandsixhundred;6100SiXthOUSandandonehUndred（數(shù)字中間one不可改為a）

⑤在非正式場合，人們也常以hundred為單位來讀數(shù)，對于IIOO至1900之間的整數(shù)尤其如此。

Itcostfifteenhundredpounds.這東西花了1500英鎊。

（二）序數(shù)詞

范圍_________________特點____________________________________________實例___________________________

其中七個例外:first,second,thirdfifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth

1-19各基數(shù)詞尾加thz

其余，如：four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen-nineteenth

20~90_________把y變i后力Ileth____________________twentieth,fortieth,ninetieth

21以后多位數(shù)最后一個數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，其余用基數(shù)詞21st—twenty-first,IlOth—onehundredandtenth

①first,second,third通常可縮寫為1st,2nd,3rd。

凡是以th結(jié)尾的序數(shù)詞可縮寫為“基數(shù)詞+th〃：4th,5th,9th,llth,60th,128th等。_________________________

說明②.hundred,thousand,million等序數(shù)詞形式為hundredth,thousandth,millionth等;這類詞前用數(shù)字“1〃

時，這個“1〃只用。ne,不用a：

onehundredth第100(不說ahundredth)?????????tenthousandth(10,OOOth)第10000

不定數(shù)量詞“多〃的表示法?

dozensOf____________________________________________幾十、許多____________________________

scoresof許多

many,agood(great)many,Irnanya(修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞已許多、大量

hundredsof數(shù)以百計

修飾可數(shù)名詞

thousandsof,thousandsUPonthousandsOf________________成千上萬______________________________

millionsOf____________________________________________數(shù)百萬________________________________

billionsof億萬___________________________________

許多、大量____________________________

alarge(greatzbig,small)number(majority)of

much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,

修飾不可數(shù)名詞許多、大量

Iargeamountsof,aIarge(great,big)sumOf(SUm特指錢)

alotof/lotsof,plentyof,a(large)quantityof,large

二者都可許多、大量

quantitiesof

數(shù)詞的主要用法

?1、表示日期1949年：1949讀作nineteenforty-nine

6月23日：June23rd讀作June(the)twenty-third或thetwenty-thirdofJune

2006年10月：October2006讀作October,twothousandandsix

2000年6月13日：June13th,2000讀作thethirteenthofJune,twothousand

2、表示鐘點半小時用half,一刻鐘用aquarter,半小時以內(nèi)用past或after,超過半小時用to接下?個鐘頭。

08:00eighto,clock或eighta.m.0a.m.09:15ninefifteen或aquarterpast/afternine

02:30twothirty或halfpast/aftertwo05:45fiveforty-five或aquartertosix

14:15fourteenfifteen=2.15p.m.23:05twenty-threeohfive或fivepasttwenty-three

24:00twenty-fouro,clock=midnight10:50tenfifty或tentoeleven

3、表示編號（I）單純的編號，可在基數(shù)詞前加number,簡寫為No.,如No.2（第二）。

（2）序號與事物名詞連用時分三種情況：

①用序數(shù)詞+名詞”或"名詞+基數(shù)詞”。如"第課”可以說或

"the+1theFirstLessonLessonOneo

②用"名詞+數(shù)詞”°如808號房間:Room808；2路公共汽車:BUSNO.2或No.2Bus；

南京路14