藍(lán)瑞清英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大表

LanRuiqing'sEnglishGrammarList目錄OverviewofEnglishGrammarPartofspeechandpresencecomponentsSenseandvoice目錄NonfineverbsCompoundsensesandclaimsSubjunctiveMoodandInvertedStructure01OverviewofEnglishGrammarGrammaristhesetofstructuralrulesthatgovernthecompositionofclauses,phrases,andwordsinalanguageDefinitionGrammarprovidesaframeworkfororganizinglanguageandenablingspeakerstounderstandcomplexmeaningsthroughacombinationofwords,phrases,andclausesFunctionGrammardefinitionandfunctionWordclassesEnglishgrammarisbasedonasystemofwordclasses,includingnouns,verbs,objectives,advertisements,positions,connections,andinterferencesPhrasesandclausesPhrasesaregroupsofwordsthatfunctionasaunitwithinaclause,whileclausesaregroupsofwordsthatcontainasubjectandapredicateandcanstandaloneasapresenceSentencestructureEnglishsentimentstypicallyfollowaSubjectVerbObject(SVO)structure,withthesubjectperformingtheactionannotatedbytheverbandtheobjectreceivingtheactionEnglishgrammarsystemTheImportanceofLearningEnglishGrammarCommunication:Understandinggrammarrulesenablespeakerstoconstructclear,coherentintentionsthateffectivelycommunicatetheirintendedmeaningLanguagecomprehension:GrammarknowledgefacilitiestheunderstandingofcomplexsensesandtextsbyhelpingreaderstoidentifytherelationshipsbetweenwordsandphrasesAcademicsuccess:Inacademicsettings,professionalisminEnglishgrammarisoftenaprerequisiteforsuccess,asitenablesstudentstoexpresstheirideasclearlyandconsistentlyinwrittenassignmentsandoralpresentationsProfessionaldevelopment:Intheworkplace,goodgrammarskillscanenhanceanindividual'scredibilityandprofessionalism,leadingtoimprovedjobperformanceandcareeradvancementopportunities02PartofspeechandpresencecomponentsWordsthatrefertopeople,places,things,orideasNounsVerbsObjectivesWordsthatexpressactionorstateofbeingWordsthatdescribenounsorpronouns030201Overviewandclassificationofpartsofspeechwordsthatmodifyverbs,objections,orotheradvertisementsWordsthatexpressrelationshipsbetweennounsorpronounsandotherwordsinasenseOverviewandclassificationofpartsofspeechPositionsAdvantageouswordsthatconnectwords,phrases,orclausesConnectionsWordsthatexpressstrongemotionsorfeelingsInterjectionsOverviewandclassificationofpartsofspeech0102SubjectThenounorpronounthatperformstheactionorisinastateofbeingPredicttheverborverbphrasethatexpressestheactionorstateofbeingofthesubjectObjectThenounorpronounthatreceivestheactionoftheverbComplexawordorphrasethatcompletesthemeaningofapresencebyadvancingadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectorobjectSuperiorawordorphrasethatmodifiestheverb,objective,orverbtoprovideadditionalinformationabouttime,place,Manner,cause,orcondition030405SentencecomponentsandfunctionsVerbsfunctionaspredictionsandcanbeeithermainverbsorauxiliaryverbsAdjectivesmodifynounsorpronounsandcanfunctionassubjects,objects,orcompletenessNounsandpronounstypicallyfunctionassubjectsorobjectsinsensesTherelationshipbetweenpartsofspeechandpresencecomponentsAdvantersmodifyverbs,objectives,orotheradvertisementsandcanfunctionsasadvertisementsConnectionsconnectwords,phrases,orclausesandcanfunctionsascoordinatingconnectionsorsubcoordinatingconnectionsInterjectionsaretypicallystandalonewordsthatexpressstrongemotionsorfeelingsanddonotfunctionaspartofthegraphicalstructureofasensePrepositionstypologicallyfunctionwithnounsorpronounstoformpreparatoryphrasesthatfunctionasadvisorsorcompletenessTherelationshipbetweenpartsofspeechandpresencecomponents03SenseandvoiceTenreferencestothetimeoftheactionorstatedescribedbyaverbinrelationtothetimeofspeakingTherearethreemaintensionsinEnglishgrammar:present,past,andfutureEachmaintensehasseveralsubcategories,suchassimple,continuous,perfect,andperfectcontinuousConceptandtypesoftensionsVoicereferstotherelationshipbetweentheactionofaverbanditssubjectandobjectInactivevoice,thesubjectperformstheactionannotatedbytheverbTherearetwomainvoicesinEnglishgrammar:activeandpassiveInpassivevoice,thesubjectreceivestheactionannotatedbytheverbConceptandtypesofvoiceChoosetheappropriatetensebasedonthetimeoftheactionorstatedescribedEnsureconsistencyintensionandvoicewithinasenseorparagraphRulesforUsingTensesandVoicesUseactivevoicewhenthesubjectperformstheactionandpassivevoicewhenthesubjectreceivestheactionAvoidingpassivevoiceasitcanmakewritingwordsandclear04NonfineverbsInfinitiesThebasicformoftheverb,typicallyendingin"-ing"inEnglish,e.g.,"walking,""swimming."Theycanfunctionasnouns,objectives,oradvertisementsGerundAgerundisaverbformthatendsin"-ing"andfunctionsasanounItisusedwithapropositionorasthesubjectorobjectofaverbForexample,"Ienjoywalkinginthepark."ArticlesArticlesareverbformsthatendin"-ed"(pastparticle)or"-ing"(presentparticle)TheycanfunctionasobjectivesoradvertisementsandareoftenusedtoformperfecttenseorpassivevoiceNonfineverbformsandfunctionsInfinitiesvs.GerundsBothinfinitiesandgerundsendin"-ing,"buttheirfunctionsdifferInfinitescanfunctionasnouns,objectives,oradvisors,whilegerundprimaryfunctionasnounsGerundvs.ParticlesGerundandparticlesbothendin"-ing,"butparticlescanalsoendin"-ed."Gerundfunctionasnouns,whileparticlesfunctionasobjectivesoradvertisementsandareusedtoformperfecttenseorpassivevoiceInfinitivesvs.ParticlesInfinitivesandparticlescanbothfunctionasadvisorsoradvisors,buttheirformsdifferInfinitiesendin"-ing,"whileparticlesendin"-ed"or"-ing."Comparisonofinfinities,gerund,andparticlesNonfiniteverbscanbeusedasnouns,eitherasthesubjectorobjectofasenseForexample,"Walkingisgoodforyourhealth."(subject)or"Ienjoyswimming."(object)NonfiniteverbscanbeusedasobjectionstomodifynounsForexample,"Thewalkingpathwasbeautiful."(presentparticleasanadvisory)or"ThebookwrittenbyJ.K.Rowingisverypopular."(pastparticleasanadvisory)Nonfiniteverbscanalsobeusedasadvisorstomodifyverbs,objections,orotheradvisorsForexample,"Shewalkedquicklytothestore."(presentparticleasanadvertisement)or"Hehasbeenworkinghardallday."(presentparticleasanadvertisement)AsNounsAsAdjectivesAsAdvisorsApplicationofNonfineVerbsinSentences05CompoundsensesandclaimsDefinition:Acompoundpresenceisapresencethatcontainstwoormoreindependentclassesjoinedbyacoordinatingconnection(e.g.,and,but,or)orasemiconductorThestructuralcharacteristicsandtypesofcompoundsensesTypesCompoundsensesjoinedbycoordinatingconnections:Thesesensescombineindependentclauseswithcoordinatingconnections,suchas"Ilikeapples,andhelikesoranges."Compoundsensesjoinedbychromosomes:Thesesensesusechromosomestoseparateindependentclauses,asin"Ienjoyreading;however,Idon'thavemuchtimeforit."ThestructuralcharacteristicsandtypesofcompoundsensesStructuralcharacteristicsEachindependentclaiminacompoundpresencecanstandaloneasacompletepresenceTheclausesarejoinedbycoordinatingconnectionsorsemiconductions,whichcreateaparallelstructureThestructuralcharacteristicsandtypesofcompoundsensesAnounclausefunctionsasanouninasenseItcanactasthesubject,object,orcompletionofaverbForexample,"Whathesaidmadesense."(subject),"Idon'tknowwhattodo."(object),"Thequestioniswhichweshouldgo."(completion)Anattributiveclause,alsoknownasanobjectiveclause,modificationsanounorpronoonItusuallybeginswitharelativeprofessor(e.g.,who,which,that)orarelativeadvocate(e.g.,where,when)Forexample,"ThebookthatIreadwasinteresting."AnadvisoryclausefunctionsasanadvisoryinasenseItmodifiesverbs,objections,orotheradvertisementsAdverbialclausesusuallybeginwithsuborderingconnections(e.g.,because,appropriate,if)Forexample,"Becausehewastired,hewenttobedearly."NounclausesAttributiveclausesAdvisoryclausesExplanationofnounclauses,attributiveclauses,andadvisoryclausesComplexsensescombineindependentanddependentclausesThedependentclause,alsoknownasthesubsidiaryclause,cannotstandaloneasacompletesentenceAnalysisandApplicationofComplexSentencePatternsTypesofcomplexsensesSubjectcoordinate:Thedependentclaimactsasthesubjectofthepresence,asin"Whathesaidwastrue."Verbsubborder:Thedependentclausefunctionsastheverb'sobjectorcompletion,asin"Ibelievethatheishonest."AnalysisandApplicationofComplexSentencePatterns010203ObjectivesubordinateThedependentclausemodificationsanounorpronoun,asin